Veterinary dermatology最新文献

{"title":"Use of a Cytobrush for Sampling the Ear Canal of Dogs With Otitis Externa.","authors":"Nicoly Radaeli Atanasio, Gabriela Reis Ledur, Danilo Marcondes Filho, Daniel Guimarães Gerardi","doi":"10.1111/vde.70036","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vde.70036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cytological examination of the ear canal is essential for evaluating dogs with otitis externa (OE). The conventional sampling method uses a swab. However, the cytobrush (gynaecological cervical brush), already used for cytological collection from other anatomical sites, has not been adequately investigated for this purpose in dogs with OE.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To compare the cytobrush as a sampling tool for the ear canal of dogs with OE and compare it with the swab technique.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Thirty ears from 17 dogs with OE, presented at a veterinary teaching hospital, were included for sampling.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Cytological samples were collected using both a cytobrush and a swab in random order. Two independent and blinded evaluators quantified micro-organisms (cocci, bacilli, yeasts), mononuclear cells, polymorphonuclear cells and epithelial cells. Animal discomfort during sampling was assessed using a scoring system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant differences were found between the methods regarding the presence of micro-organisms or inflammatory and epithelial cells (p > 0.05), indicating equivalence between techniques. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC > 0.9) demonstrated high reproducibility between evaluators. Although the oto-podal reflex was more frequent with the cytobrush, it did not significantly impact overall animal discomfort.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>The cytobrush is an effective, safe and well-tolerated sampling method, and may be considered a viable alternative to the swab for collecting samples from the ear canal of dogs with OE.</p>","PeriodicalId":23599,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary dermatology","volume":" ","pages":"227-235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12967878/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145482863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning Model for an App-Based Tool to Assist With the Diagnosis of Canine Atopic Dermatitis.","authors":"Xavier Langon, Mathieu Montoya, Isabelle Gourdon","doi":"10.1111/vde.70031","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vde.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a chronic condition requiring life-long management. Accurate diagnosis can be challenging, with no reliable diagnostic test.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to generate a simple diagnostic model for cAD.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Machine learning by Random Forest was applied to metadata from a prospective dataset of clinical cases definitively diagnosed with cAD alone or another dermatosis. The dataset underwent a division of 67% for training and 33% for testing, with the model being trained via stratified K-fold cross-validation on the former portion, while performance assessment was conducted on the latter portion. Nine referral clinicians across four European countries contributed 645 cases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Modelling confirmed the value of the four tested metadata on a dog's history and reduced the initial 15 lesion locations tested to three. Metadata for the final model were: predisposed breed (any from a list of 31), predominantly indoor life, dermatitis onset age between 6 months and 3 years, dermatitis chronic, recurrent or a permanent background. Lesion locations were axilla, inguinal and other. Diagnostic prediction was 95% sensitive and 84% specific.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>This model is a relevant prototype for an app-based tool to support general practitioners in the diagnosis of cAD alongside existing tests. It has high sensitivity and specificity based on four questions and three lesion locations obtained from a standard history and clinical examination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23599,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary dermatology","volume":" ","pages":"236-246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12967876/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Randomised, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Challenge Test With Single Food Items in Dogs With Atopic Dermatitis and Adverse Food Reactions.","authors":"Evi I Sofou, Elisa Samuel, Svetlina Aleksandrova, Manolis Chatzis, Manolis N Saridomichelakis","doi":"10.1111/vde.70041","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vde.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Identification of offending foods in dogs with adverse food reactions is usually based on \"deterioration\" during open food challenges.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To examine the placebo effect during double-blinded, placebo-controlled food challenges using a predefined set of criteria for relapse.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Twelve dogs with atopic dermatitis and adverse food reactions.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Dogs were serially challenged with 40 g/day of eight food items (beef, chicken, codfish, corn flour, cow's milk, hen's egg, lamb, wheat), for 1 week, each mixed with their elimination diet and water. An additional two challenges were placebo (elimination diet mixed with water). Owners and investigators were blinded to the challenges and the order of the 10 challenges was randomised for each dog. Relapse was defined as moderate-to-severe owner global assessment of challenge deterioration and/or > 100% increase of Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI-04) score (with the score at the end being > 9) and/or > 100% increase of pruritus using a Visual Analog Scale (with the score at the end being > 1.9/10).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most (91.7%) dogs were positive to one to six challenges with food items, yet half of them also were falsely positive in one placebo challenge. Two dogs had only one placebo challenge. The number of positive challenges to foods did not differ between dogs with positive and negative placebo challenges.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>The placebo effect during double-blinded food challenges creates doubts about the accuracy of the results of challenges with food items in this and in previous studies where open food challenges were used.</p>","PeriodicalId":23599,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary dermatology","volume":" ","pages":"247-256"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12967879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145678703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Epidermal Growth Factor on Tympanic Membrane Epithelial Migration in Canine Models.","authors":"Yujin Lee, Seulgi Bae","doi":"10.1111/vde.70038","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vde.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tympanic membrane epithelial migration (TMEM) protects the external ear canal from infections and aids in the removal of keratin. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) accelerates tissue regeneration by stimulating cell proliferation and migration.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>Topical application of EGF will accelerate the canine TMEM rate.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Three male beagle dogs.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Six TMs were divided into control and experimental phases. The experimental phase was assessed 2 weeks after the control phase and involved weekly EGF applications (0.5 mg/mL; 25 μg in 50 μL of phosphate-buffered saline), while the control phase involved no treatment. TMEM was assessed by applying ink spots to the TM and tracking migration on Day (D)0, D7, D14 and D21. A paired Student's t-test was used to compare the daily TMEM rates between phases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The EGF-treated phase had a significantly higher mean TMEM rate (235.0 ± 91.76 μm/day) than the control phase (146.83 ± 69.95 μm/day), showing a 60.1% increase (p < 0.05). The mean difference was 88.2 μm/day (95% confidence interval [CI]: 36.8-139.5). This difference was statistically significant based on both the paired t-test (p = 0.020) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p = 0.031). No differences were noted between the left and right ears, and no adverse effects occurred.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>These results suggest that EGF increases TMEM in dogs. These initial findings suggest potential clinical applications of EGF. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and evaluate their therapeutic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":23599,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary dermatology","volume":" ","pages":"269-273"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145606176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Combination Oclacitinib and Lokivetmab Therapies After Monotherapeutic Failure in 44 Dogs: A Retrospective Study.","authors":"Jeremy C Bachtel, McKenna Snidow","doi":"10.1111/vde.70034","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vde.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Oclacitinib and lokivetmab are generally effective monotherapies for the treatment of canine allergic dermatitis yet treatment failures may occur.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the efficacy of the combination of oclacitinib-lokivetmab therapy (COLT) in dogs that previously failed monotherapy.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Forty-four client-owned dogs diagnosed with allergic dermatitis that did not respond to both oclacitinib and lokivetmab as monotherapies were then treated with COLT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-seven of 44 (61.4%) dogs responded adequately to COLT based on a ≥ 2 cm reduction in the pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS) score from baseline and client/clinician consensus on improvement. In dogs that responded, the mean pVAS for monotherapy (oclacitinib and lokivetmab group data combined) was 6.87 of 10 and fell to 2.67 of 10 after COLT (61.1% decrease; p < 0.0001). No adverse effects were noted with COLT.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>This study suggests that in dogs not adequately responsive to oclacitinib or lokivetmab monotherapy, COLT may provide superior control of pruritus.</p>","PeriodicalId":23599,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary dermatology","volume":" ","pages":"287-292"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145445966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VETCOP: A New Tool for Understanding Pet Owner Topical Steroid Treatment Phobias in the Treatment of Canine Atopic Dermatitis: A Study From China and Singapore.","authors":"Hock Siew Han, Di Zhang, Fan Wang, Xinghui Chen, Jing Jing Ye, Xiang Tang, Qianchun Cui, Xiaohui Quan, Siyang Li, Taranpreet Rai, Kevin Wells","doi":"10.1111/vde.70040","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vde.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Topical corticosteroids (TCS) phobia refers to the negative feelings and beliefs related to TCS. TCS phobia may lead to a lack of adherence to therapy and treatment failure in patients diagnosed with atopic dermatitis.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To quantify TCS phobia amongst pet owners of dogs diagnosed with canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) with the hypothesis that there is no TCS phobia.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A validated topical corticosteroid phobia (TOPICOP) questionnaire adapted for veterinary use-termed Veterinary Topical Corticosteroid Phobia (VETCOP)-plus four additional questions were uploaded onto an online platform. Pet owners of dogs diagnosed with cAD from China and Singapore were recruited into the study via a QR code, and data were statistically analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 363 respondents (276 female, 87 male) were enrolled in this study. The global median VETCOP score was 52.8%, with females exhibiting higher TCS scores compared to males, and older (> 60-year-old) pet owners expressing higher TCS scores than other age brackets. Surveyed pet owners expressed utmost concerns about their need for reassurances when TCS are prescribed and their willingness to pay for more expensive allergic medication other than glucocorticoids (topical or systemic).</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>Based on the findings of this study, TCS phobia could potentially be a widespread problem in veterinary dermatology, and veterinary surgeons may be the only source of information regarding the use of TCS on pets. The failure to communicate or reassure pet owners when TCS is prescribed may lead to therapeutic failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":23599,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary dermatology","volume":" ","pages":"319-330"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145805606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Congenital Non-Epidermolytic Ichthyosis in Two Littermate Mixed-Breed Yorkshire Terriers.","authors":"C Lorente-Méndez, S Peña, A Cerezo","doi":"10.1111/vde.70033","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vde.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Congenital non-epidermolytic ichthyosis was diagnosed in two littermate mixed-breed Yorkshire terrier puppies. Histopathological results confirmed lamellar orthokeratosis; genetic testing for known mutations was negative. Topical treatment improved clinical signs, yet relapse occurred upon discontinuation. This case expands the breeds affected and emphasises the need for life-long management.</p>","PeriodicalId":23599,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary dermatology","volume":" ","pages":"222-226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145337530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Der f 2/Zen 1-LAMP1 Plasmid-Based Vaccine Immunotherapy in Dogs With Atopic Dermatitis: A Proof-of-Concept Study.","authors":"Petra Bizikova, Chigusa Matsumoto, Shoji Ogino, Toshihiro Tsukui, Kim Love, Marcy Murphy, Ina Herrmann","doi":"10.1111/vde.70037","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vde.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>DNA-based vaccination rapidly induces strong cellular and humoral immune responses, which may be enhanced by inclusion of lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP).</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This proof-of-concept study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a Der f 2/Zen 1-LAMP-based DNA vaccine immunotherapy in client-owned dogs with nonseasonal AD sensitised to Dermatophagoides farinae (Df).</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Fifteen dogs positive for Df only and 20 dogs with reactivity to additional environmental allergens received either a low (0.5 mg/0.1 mL) or high (2 mg/0.4 mL) dose of the vaccine intradermally.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Four doses of vaccine were administered every 2 weeks. Pruritus, Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI)-04, average daily medication scores (AvdMS) and adverse events (AE) were recorded over 24 weeks. Owner perception of treatment efficacy (OGATE) was assessed at the end.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pruritus and CADESI-04 improved regardless of the sensitisation profile and the vaccine dose. After 24 weeks, despite a statistically insignificant reduction of AvdMS, 71%, 46% and 86% of dogs reached PVAS < 3.6, PVAS < 2 and CADESI-04 < 10, respectively. There was no statistically significant effect of AvdMS on PVAS or CADESI-04, meaning that the concurrently administered topical and/or systemic treatment(s) were unlikely to have been responsible for the observed PVAS and CADESI-04 reduction. Twenty-one owners (60%) rated the vaccine efficacy as good-to-excellent. No severe AEs were reported.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>These results of this proof-of-concept study support not only the safety of DNA vaccine immunotherapy in dogs with AD, but also its potential clinical benefits. A double-blinded, ≥ 12 month long, controlled study with more subjects should follow to further confirm the true efficacy of this vaccine.</p>","PeriodicalId":23599,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary dermatology","volume":" ","pages":"306-318"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12967877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145597616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pinnal Parakeratotic Hyperkeratosis Consistent With Zinc-Responsive Dermatosis in 16 French Bulldogs.","authors":"Rachel J Dubin, Charles W Bradley, M Kelly Keating, Lisa A Murphy, Wayne S Rosenkrantz","doi":"10.1111/vde.70039","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vde.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Zinc-responsive dermatosis, characterised by parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, is most commonly reported in Arctic breeds and, more recently, suspected in Boston terriers.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To describe the clinical and histological features of pinnal parakeratotic hyperkeratosis in French bulldogs, evaluate the response to zinc supplementation, and compare tissue zinc concentrations between affected and unaffected dogs.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Sixteen French bulldogs with histologically confirmed parakeratotic hyperkeratosis were identified retrospectively across the United States. Follow-up information was obtained from medical records and owner email surveys. Tissue zinc concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in skin biopsy samples from affected and control French bulldogs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All 16 dogs had bilateral pinnal hyperkeratosis; six also had lesions on the nasal bridge, scrotum or tail. Of 12 dogs that received oral zinc supplementation, eight (67%) improved or achieved complete resolution, including four that responded to zinc supplementation alone. Relapse occurred in four dogs following discontinuation of supplementation, with improvement in three upon reintroduction. Tissue zinc concentrations did not differ significantly between affected and control biopsy samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>French bulldogs may be predisposed to pinnal parakeratotic hyperkeratosis suggestive of zinc-responsive dermatosis. Zinc methionine supplementation at approximately 2 mg/kg/day was associated with clinical improvement in most cases. Prospective studies are warranted to clarify pathogenesis, compare zinc formulations, and establish diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":23599,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary dermatology","volume":" ","pages":"274-286"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145716058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical, Histopathological and Molecular Characterisation of Canine Epitheliotropic Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma With Cytotoxic Interface Dermatitis: A Retrospective Case Series.","authors":"L Smith, F Banovic, M Pariser, K Trainor","doi":"10.1111/vde.70029","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vde.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Apoptotic keratinocytes have been described with canine epitheliotropic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (eCTCL) without further detailed characterisation of this feature.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>This study aims to characterise confirmed eCTCL cases enriched with apoptotic keratinocytes as a novel cytotoxic variant of canine eCTCL.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Canine eCTCL cases from a veterinary pathology diagnostic laboratory database were searched from 2018 to 2024.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Haematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were examined for evidence of lymphocytes, apoptotic keratinocytes with lymphocytic satellitosis, and epitheliotropism in the lower half of the epidermis and adnexal structures by a board-certified veterinary pathologist. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD3 and CD20 was performed in addition to clinical follow-up with response to treatment, and PCR for Antigen Receptor Rearrangement (PARR) assay (T and B cell).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six cases with representative features were identified. Various breeds were affected with a median age of 10 years at presentation. Skin lesions included generalised crusting, scaling, erythema and erosions/ulcerations; mucocutaneous junctions were involved in three of six dogs. Histopathological results confirmed an interface cytotoxic pattern eCTCL in all cases, marked by lymphocytic epitheliotropism and apoptotic keratinocytes. IHC staining demonstrated > 90% strong CD3⁺ T-cell immunoreactivity in the epidermis and follicular epithelium in all cases. All six confirmed cases showed clonality for the T-cell receptor gene using PARR analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>This cytotoxic variant of canine eCTCL clinically and histologically can resemble other cutaneous diseases with cytotoxic dermatitis (e.g., hyperkeratotic erythema multiforme). IHC and clonality testing and monitoring response to treatment may be necessary for definitive diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23599,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary dermatology","volume":" ","pages":"257-268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145114302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}