Veterinary immunology and immunopathology最新文献

{"title":"Co-infections with Bordetella bronchiseptica in canine: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Ji Young Jang ,&nbsp;Dona Lee ,&nbsp;Se Yeol Oh ,&nbsp;Han Sang Yoo","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Bordetella bronchiseptica</em> is a primary pathogen in canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD), or kennel cough, capable of independently causing respiratory illness and contributing significantly to co-infections with other viral and bacterial agents. Despite its critical role in disease transmission and persistence, the epidemiology of <em>B. bronchiseptica</em> in CIRD remains poorly understood. Limited data on co-infection prevalence and associated risk factors hinder effective management and control of this pathogen.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify the prevalence and risk factors of co-infections with <em>B. bronchiseptica</em> in dogs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive bibliographic search was conducted across four databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. Data extraction included the number of co-infected cases among those with <em>B. bronchiseptica</em>, the identified co-infecting pathogens, study period, geographical location, shelter type, and age.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>From 3994 identified articles, 26 studies were included. The overall prevalence of <em>B. bronchiseptica</em> co-infection was 47 % (95 % CI: 37 %-57 %). Significant differences were observed only in the study period, with co-infection rates higher in the 1900s (77 %) compared to the 2000s (45 %). No significant differences were found for other factors. Frequently co-infecting pathogens included Mycoplasma and canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Co-infections with <em>B. bronchiseptica</em> are common in CIRD, indicating a need for the development of combined vaccines targeting co-infecting pathogens. Furthermore, the establishment of effective prevention and control strategies can be universally applied across different geographical locations, shelter types, and ages. This study provides valuable insights that can inform future research and enhance the overall management and treatment of CIRD in dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110886"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143053597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waste milk consumption in dairy calves: Effects on innate immunity and inflammatory profile","authors":"Bianca Paola Santarosa ,&nbsp;Larissa Miranda Padilha ,&nbsp;Karen Nascimento da Silva ,&nbsp;Luana Camargo ,&nbsp;Cristina de Oliveira Massoco Salles Gomes ,&nbsp;Viviani Gomes","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waste milk (WM) is commonly used in calf feeding to reduce rearing costs; however, its effects on the innate immune response remain unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of WM on the innate immune response and inflammatory profile of pre-weaned dairy calves. Thirty male Holstein calves were assigned to receive pasteurized waste milk (PWM), saleable milk (SM), and WM (n = 10 in each group). Blood samples were collected on D7, D21, D35, D49, and D63 (days of life) to assess the white blood cell (WBC) count, phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), and nitric oxide (NO) production by monocyte-derived macrophages, in addition to the measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers and haptoglobin concentration. A trend towards a higher occurrence of respiratory disease was detected in calves that received WM, followed by PWM. A group effect (P = 0.00) was observed in absolute monocyte values, with higher values found in the WM group. Only the TBARS concentration showed a group × time interaction among all oxidative stress biomarkers, with the highest mean found in calves receiving WM, followed by those receiving PWM and SM. Elevated TBARS concentrations indicated higher lipid peroxidation, which may have resulted from the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to immune challenges from ingesting pathogens present in WM. Haptoglobin concentration was unaffected. WM promoted lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity, suggesting a pro-inflammatory effect. The time-effects of PMN phagocytosis reflected the development of the immune system in neonatal calves, which is consistent with previous studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110885"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune responses of chickens against recombinant Salmonella enterica serotype Heidelberg FimA and FimW fimbriae and FliD and FlgK flagellar proteins","authors":"Hung-Yueh Yeh ,&nbsp;Quentin D. Read","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Implementation of a vaccination program is one of the most effective means to control infectious diseases during food animal production. <em>Salmonella</em>, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a leading bacterial cause of human foodborne illnesses worldwide. The major source of this microorganism for human infection is from consumption of unsanitary poultry products. Although live attenuated vaccines are available, these vaccines suffer from problems including persistence and shedding of <em>Salmonella</em> in and from the vaccinated animals. To overcome these problems, the recombinant <em>Salmonella enterica</em> serotype Heidelberg FliD, FlgK, FimA and FimW subunit proteins that are surface-exposed were produced and tested for their immunogenicity in chickens in this study. As expected, there were no detrimental signs observed in chickens after vaccination during the six-week experimental period. These four proteins migrated in a single band to their respective positions. Analysis of immune responses to the proteins reveals that the immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM and IgA from most vaccinated chickens reacted strongly to the recombinant FliD and FlgK proteins, but not from unvaccinated chickens. On the other hand, IgG, IgM and IgA antibody responses to FimA and FimW from the vaccinated group were no difference from those from unvaccinated chickens, suggesting that the FimA and FimW proteins may be not good antigens, potentially due to their size, composition, and/or structural complexity. In addition, IgG could be induced by FliD and FlgK after a single vaccination. These antibody studies suggest that recombinant FliD and FlgK have potential as targets for vaccine development. Because of the importance of bacterial fimbriae in pathogenesis and for immunogenicity, a chimeric protein of the FimA and FimW proteins is needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110870"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142955555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circulating T cell subpopulations in dairy calves infected with Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 and Bovine herpes virus 1 following modified-live virus booster vaccination: Effects of the administration route and trace mineral supplementation","authors":"A. Hoyos-Jaramillo ,&nbsp;R.A. Palomares ,&nbsp;J.H.J. Bittar ,&nbsp;D.J. Hurley ,&nbsp;A. Rodríguez ,&nbsp;E.A. González-Altamiranda ,&nbsp;S. Kirks ,&nbsp;A. Gutierrez ,&nbsp;S. Wall ,&nbsp;K. Miller ,&nbsp;J. Urdaneta ,&nbsp;K. Skrada ,&nbsp;D. Lopez ,&nbsp;M. Fenley","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the vaccine administration route and the concurrent use of injectable trace minerals (ITM) with booster vaccination on the circulating leukocyte counts and T cell subpopulations in dairy calves challenged with <em>Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2</em> (BVDV2) and <em>Bovine herpes virus 1</em> (BHV1). A total of 60 Holstein male calves were used in this study. Forty-eight calves were administered a MLV intranasal (IN) vaccine containing BHV1, BRSV, BPI3V (Inforce 3®), and randomly assigned to subcutaneous (SC) administration of injectable trace minerals (ITM, n = 24) or saline (SAL, n = 24). Ten weeks later, the calves received booster vaccination using either SC or IN route and a second dose of ITM, or saline, according to previous groups [ITM-SC (n = 12), ITM-IN (n = 12), SAL-SC (n = 12), and SAL-IN (n = 12)]. Additionally, 12 calves did not receive vaccine or treatment (UNVAC, n = 12). Seven weeks after booster all calves were challenged with BVDV2 and seven days later with BHV1. Blood samples were collected on days −7, 0, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12 and 14 for determination of leukocyte counts and T cell subpopulations (CD4⁺, CD8⁺, WC1⁺ and CD25⁺). Unvaccinated calves had a significant leukopenia, compared to the vaccinated calves. There was a significant decrease of CD4⁺ CD8⁺ T cells over time after BVDV2 challenge, being more pronounced in the UNVAC calves. Calves receiving SC vaccination appeared to have greater CD4⁺ T cell number compared to the UNVAC calves. Calves treated with ITM had greater CD8⁺ T cells count than the other groups. Calves in the ITM-IN group had the greatest CD8⁺ T cell count on days 6 and 7 (P &lt; 0.01). All vaccinated groups had steady response of CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells and a slight increase of CD8⁺CD25⁺ T cells. In contrast, UNVAC calves had a significant increase of CD4⁺CD25⁺, CD8⁺CD25⁺ and WC1⁺CD25⁺ T cells on day 14. In conclusion, vaccine administration route and use of injectable trace minerals concurrent with vaccination affected the number CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in response to BVDV2 +BHV1 infection. Trace minerals supplementation concurrent with MLV vaccination might generate an improved cellular immunity against viral infections involved in respiratory disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110871"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142972365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peptide-based vaccine design against Hendra virus through immunoinformatics approach","authors":"Asifa Sarfraz ,&nbsp;Irfa Chaudhary ,&nbsp;Fizza Arshad ,&nbsp;Muhammad Shehroz ,&nbsp;Asia Perveen ,&nbsp;Umar Nishan ,&nbsp;Abid Ali ,&nbsp;Riaz Ullah ,&nbsp;Abdelaaty A. Shahat ,&nbsp;Aqal Zaman ,&nbsp;Mohibullah Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Hendra virus (HeV) has resulted in epidemics of respiratory and neurological illnesses in animals. Humans have contracted diseases with high fatality rates as a result of infected domestic animals, but effective vaccinations and therapies are currently not available against HeV. Herein, we analyzed the proteome of HeV and constructed an effective and innovative multi-epitope vaccine using immunoinformatics techniques. The vaccine construct was generated, targeting one matrix protein, with the help of the five selected B and T cell epitopes, linkers, and adjuvants and evaluated for their immunogenic properties. <em>In-silico</em> analysis revealed that the epitopes were able to interact with immune receptors and had high antigenic qualities. The post-translational modifications (PTMs), globular, disordered regions, and the active site of the vaccine were predicted, and the strong interactions between the vaccine and Toll-like receptor 5 were observed in molecular docking, indicating their potential significance in the immune response to the designed vaccine. The structural and dynamic stability of the vaccine were ensured by the molecular dynamic simulations. The results of the immune simulations indicated that the designed vaccine might activate B and T cells, which produce high levels of antibodies and cytokines to fight HeV infection. The developed vaccine is useful due to its non-toxicity, non-sensitization, good immunogenicity, non-allergic, and antigenic properties, accessed by various tools; however, experimental verification is needed to confirm the findings of the current study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110869"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142928081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In silico design of multi-epitope vaccine candidate based on structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","authors":"Ella Mae Joy S. Sira ,&nbsp;Edward C. Banico ,&nbsp;Lauren Emily Fajardo ,&nbsp;Nyzar Mabeth O. Odchimar ,&nbsp;Kristina Marie Dela Cruz ,&nbsp;Fredmoore L. Orosco","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110881","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most common respiratory disease-causing viral agents. Swine infected with PRRSV exhibit severe respiratory symptoms and reproductive failure, leading to significant economic losses. To address this issue, inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines have been developed. However, the current commercially available PRRSV vaccines do not confer sufficient protection or have safety issues. The use of epitope-based subunit vaccines reduce safety risks by including only specific immunogenic portions of the antigens. To enhance immune protection, this study targeted multiple structural proteins of PRRSV, including GP2, GP3, GP4, GP5, membrane (M), envelope (E), GP5a, and nucleocapsid (N), to enable the discovery of novel epitopes. Thus, a reverse vaccinology approach was utilized to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine construct against PRRSV. Using different tools, seven linear B cell, seven cytotoxic T cell, and three helper T cell epitopes were predicted to be safe, antigenic, and immunogenic. These epitopes were linked together, and a protein adjuvant, heparin-binding hemagglutinin, was added to increase the vaccine's immunogenicity. The construct was then docked to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to assess its ability to initiate the innate immune response. The final vaccine construct was determined to be antigenic, stable, non-allergenic, and soluble. Furthermore, the vaccine demonstrated stable binding to TLR4 based on coarse-grained and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Finally, the immune simulation of the vaccine construct showed a robust immune response against PRRSV. In this study, a candidate vaccine construct was successfully designed as a potential strategy against PRRSV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110881"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chicken adipose tissue is differentially involved in primary and secondary regional immune response to NDV through miR-20a-5p-NR4A3 pathway","authors":"Yi Jiang ,&nbsp;Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinxin Xu,&nbsp;Xiangnan Wang,&nbsp;Yufei Tian,&nbsp;Wei Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoli Ma,&nbsp;Chaolai Man","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mammalian adipose tissue (AT) plays a key role in regulating immune function and anti-infective protection to maintain tissue regional homeostasis. However, it is still unclear whether there are differences in the participation of AT in primary and secondary immune response, and whether avian AT has the similar immune function characteristics to mammals. In this study, we used Newcastle disease virus (NDV) attenuated vaccine to induce primary and secondary immune response in chickens, and the changes of the key regulatory gene <em>NR4A3</em> (nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3) of T cells activation and its targeted miR-20a-5p were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that <em>NR4A3</em> actively participated in immune response of AT, and showed significant differences in expression activities between the two immune processes. \"MiR-20a-5p/<em>NR4A3</em>\" pathway was a potential molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of immune function in AT. Moreover, AT responded differently to the primary and secondary immune response possibly through the different patterns of source, apoptosis and migration for lymphocytes (such as CD8β⁺ T cells). This study can provide directional guidance for further studying immune functions of avian AT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110884"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positive correlation between interleukin (IL) 1 beta to IL-1 receptor antagonist levels in Standardbred racehorses prior to racing","authors":"Jin-Wen Chen ,&nbsp;Darko Stefanovski ,&nbsp;Joanne Haughan ,&nbsp;Zibin Jiang ,&nbsp;Lawrence R. Soma ,&nbsp;Mary A. Robinson","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) are both upregulated following traumatic injury. As IL-1RA blocks inflammatory signaling by IL-1β, overexpression of IL-1β relative to IL-1RA may drive inflammatory diseases. As such, determination of the relationship between IL-1β to IL-1RA expression levels in horses may provide insight into disease states or serve as a therapeutic readout of response to medical interventions. As techniques to detect plasma concentrations of IL-1β and IL-1RA in horses lack sensitivity, we developed and validated novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to assess the levels of these cytokines in Standardbred racehorses prior to racing. The sandwich ELISAs we developed used analyte-specific polyclonal antibodies (PAb) for capture and their biotinylated conjugates for increased sensitivity of detection. Recombinant proteins were used to generate standard curves for calibration and quantification. During assay validation for linearity, specificity, precision, and accuracy, we did not observe any significant cross-reactivity with other proteins tested and serial dilution of plasma samples led to a proportional decrease in signal intensity. Finally, replacement of the detection Ab by capture Ab led to a proportional decrease in signal intensity. Using these ELISAs, we demonstrated that both IL-1β and IL-1RA concentrations increased significantly when whole blood was treated with lipopolysaccharide (p &lt; 0.01). Moreover, we show that while plasma IL-1β and IL-1RA concentrations varied greatly in a Standardbred racehorse population (n = 312) at rest, ranging from 0 ∼ 48 ng/mL and 0 ∼ 112 ng/mL, respectively, they were positively correlated (rho_c = 0.875, Pearson’s r = 0.911, p &lt; 0.001), with data points arranged symmetrically along a line of perfect concordance for the majority of samples. However, a few outliers (n = 7) were identified that deviated from this concordance and had plasma concentrations exceeding the upper limit of the standard curve (6000 pg/mL for IL-1β and 2000 pg/mL for IL-1RA), potentially identifying horses undergoing an inflammatory response. This study identified useful assays to quantify IL-1β and IL-1RA concentrations in equine plasma and suggests that an altered ratio of these cytokines in Standardbred racehorses may be worthy of further investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110868"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A simplified vaccination program elicits an immune response comparable to a complex standard vaccination program in commercial layers under field conditions","authors":"Karen Martiny ,&nbsp;Jens Peter Christensen ,&nbsp;Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager ,&nbsp;Lars Erik Larsen","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Newcastle disease (ND) is a notifiable avian disease responsible for several panzootics, which has resulted in the establishment of mandatory vaccination programs against the virus in several countries including Denmark. This study compared the immune response elicited in layers by the standard vaccination program for ND of a Danish commercial egg production facility with a simplified version of the vaccination program. A commercial flock of layers was followed for 77 weeks from hatching to culling. The flock was divided into two groups according to vaccination program and housed separately. One group received the standard vaccination program consisting of a vector vaccine, a live vaccine (administered twice) and an inactivated vaccine (standard vaccination program). The other group received a newly marketed vector vaccine and the inactivated vaccine of the standard vaccination program (simplified vaccination program). Blood samples were collected at regular intervals from 30 randomly selected layers in each group until culling (77 weeks of age) and analysed for ND antibodies by ELISA assays, which measured antibodies against the nucleoprotein or fusion protein, and hemagglutination inhibition tests. Both vaccination programs provided lasting antibodies until 77 weeks. The simplified vaccination program showed significantly higher fusion protein antibodies and a markedly earlier onset of immunity at five weeks of age (97–100 % seroprevalence) than the standard program. The standard vaccination program reached the same seroprevalence at 14 and 24 weeks of age based on fusion protein antibodies and HI titres, respectively. The inactivated vaccine elicited a boost in antibody titres in both groups, however, boosting with the live vaccine used in the standard vaccination program did not result in an increased antibody response. This might indicate that administering of a vector vaccine prior to a live vaccine inhibits the serological response to the live vaccine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110882"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in expression of FSH and LH receptors in the ovine main immune organs during early pregnancy","authors":"Zhen Yang ,&nbsp;Zhihong Cao ,&nbsp;Yaqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhouyuan Li,&nbsp;Leying Zhang,&nbsp;Ling Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are mainly involved in follicle development and ovulation, but FSH receptor (FSHR) and LH receptor (LHR) are also expressed in the immune system. Nevertheless, it is not clear if gestation affects the expression of the FSHR and LHR in the maternal main immune organs (thymus, lymph node, spleen, and liver). In this study, these organs were sampled from the ewes at the estrous cycle, and during early pregnancy, and mRNA and protein expression of FSHR and LHR were analyzed. The results showed that early pregnancy downregulated mRNA and protein expression of FSHR and LHR in the liver, the FSHR in the thymus and lymph nodes, but upregulated mRNA and protein expression of FSHR in the spleen, and LHR in lymph nodes. In addition, mRNA and protein expression of LHR in the thymus and spleen was changed, which is reported for the first time at present. In summary, early pregnancy regulates the expression of FSHR and LHR in the maternal immune organs, which may be involved in the modulation of maternal immune function, and necessary for pregnancy maintenance in ewes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110867"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142910921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}