Veterinary immunology and immunopathology最新文献

{"title":"Interleukin- 17A as an Immunomodulatory Cytokine in Animal Health and Diseases: A Systematic Review","authors":"Anita Dalal ,&nbsp;Gajendra Singh ,&nbsp;Akhil K. Gupta ,&nbsp;Naresh Kumar Kakker ,&nbsp;Sonu Kumari","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), a pro-inflammatory cytokine primarily produced by Th17 cells, has emerged as a pivotal immunological mediator in both protective and pathological processes across different animal species in addition to human beings. Over the past decade, research has expanded significantly, elucidating IL-17A’s roles in host defense, immune modulation, disease progression and vaccine induced immune responses. The present review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of IL-17A within the context of veterinary medicine. IL-17A has been implicated in protection from various diseases as well as in their pathogenesis in different contexts. Different diseases like bovine mastitis, bovine tuberculosis, canine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, avian viral infections and many others, the raised expression of IL-17A helps predict how mild or severe a case will be. Diagnostic potential has been demonstrated, particularly in cattle, where IL-17A serves as a promising biomarker for mycobacterial infections and inflammatory responses. In vaccination, recombinant and plasmid-based IL-17A delivery has enhanced immune protection against pathogens such as bovine herpesvirus and Marek’s disease virus in poultry, suggesting utility as a novel adjuvant. Furthermore, studies in swine and poultry have revealed age- and tissue-specific dynamics of IL-17A during immune maturation and infection. While IL-17A contributes to immunopathology in some contexts, it also holds promise for advancing vaccine development, diagnostics, and targeted immunotherapy in veterinary practice. The shared role of IL-17A in veterinary and human health highlights the need of a One Health approach, acknowledging the interdependence of human, animal and environmental well-being. Understanding IL-17A's function across species can reveal cross-species therapeutic strategies and vaccination programs, promoting a holistic approach to manage inflammatory and infectious diseases. Further, research into IL-17A's mechanisms and its modulation could lead to more effective treatments and prevention strategies, benefiting both human and animal health. This review highlights critical discoveries, emerging tools and future directions to harness IL-17A for improving animal health, productivity and disease control strategies in both livestock and companion animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"294 ","pages":"Article 111078"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial ecology, functional implications, and associated factors influencing poultry intestinal health","authors":"Noor Aminullah ,&nbsp;Hikmatullah Langar ,&nbsp;Obaidullah Mahaq ,&nbsp;Mohammad Naeem Azizi ,&nbsp;Ahmadullah Zahir","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gut health is a dynamic phenomenon regulated by the balanced interaction among gastrointestinal tract morphological structure, resident microbiota, and available nutrients, producing an integrated barrier that ensures efficient physiological functions, enhanced immune competence and optimal productivity. Gut health is recognised as a crucial factor for optimum management, farming economy, and sustainable commercial poultry production. Poultry gut health has become a central focus, particularly following restrictions applied on the use of antimicrobial growth promoters in poultry production due to rising global concerns about microbial resistance. Intestinal integrity and health are being regulated by microbiota metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which modulate intestinal morphogenesis <em>vis-à-vis</em> villus size, crypt depth and physiological functions, including feed digestion, nutrients synthesis and absorption, and immune response. Any disturbances arising from nutritional imbalances, microbial infections, environmental stress, or poor management practices compromise epithelial health, barrier integrity, and physiological functions, leading to impaired growth performance and productivity. This review provides an overview of poultry gut health, highlighting the interdependence of gut microbiota, gut morphogenesis, physiology, environmental factors affecting gut health, and management approaches for sustainable poultry production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 111065"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145963428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal assessment of immune responses against Bartonella henselae in experimentally infected cats","authors":"Nurul Afiqah Shamsul-Bahri ,&nbsp;Sharina Omar ,&nbsp;Malaika Watanabe ,&nbsp;Farina Mustaffa-Kamal","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the relationship between innate and adaptive immunity in <em>B. henselae</em>-positive cats by assessing the <em>B. henselae</em>-specific immune markers and bacteremia levels. Five cats were infested with <em>Bartonella</em>-carrying fleas to mimic natural infection, while three healthy cats served as uninfected controls. Blood samples were collected over 12 weeks to evaluate bacterial load from whole blood, TLR-4, TLR-9, IL-10, and TNF-α expression in PBMCs using qPCR, as well as IgM and IgG titers and CD4/CD8 profiles via immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. All experimentally infected cats became bacteremic by Week 1 post-infection (p.i) and remained positive throughout the study, demonstrating successful flea-mediated transmission and persistent infection. Bacterial loads exhibited an undulant pattern with inter-individual variability accompanied by dynamic changes in immune response throughout the study. TNF-α expression was significantly higher in infected cats (p = 0.036) compared to control cats from Week 4 to Week 12 p.i, indicating a delayed pro-inflammatory response. In contrast, no statistically significant differences were observed for TLR-4, TLR-9, or IL-10 expression, although temporal variation was noted. TNF-α and IL-10 expression showed a strong positive correlation, suggesting coordinated regulation of inflammatory and regulatory cytokine responses over time. All infected cats seroconverted by Week 2 p.i, with sustained IgG titers, while altered CD4:CD8 ratios were observed in three of five animals, highlighting heterogeneity in adaptive immune responses. Overall, these findings indicate that <em>B. henselae</em> establishes persistent infection in cats characterized by sustained bacteremia and dynamic, temporally regulated immune responses. This study provides novel insight into the kinetics of innate and adaptive immunity during feline <em>B. henselae</em> infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 111077"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune profiling of the buffalo mammary gland across graded low somatic cell counts under tropical conditions","authors":"Manisha Choudhary,&nbsp;Ajay Kumar Dang","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Milk somatic cell count (SCC) indicates udder health and milk quality, but levels much lower than the normal range may signal mammary gland immunocompromise. This study evaluated the immunological status of the buffalo mammary gland across graded low SCC levels under non-infectious conditions (&lt;2 ×10⁵ cells/mL). Forty-eight clinically healthy Murrah buffaloes in early lactation were categorized into four SCC groups: Group 1 (0.20–0.60 ×10⁵ cells/mL), Group 2 (0.61–0.90 ×10⁵ cells/mL), Group 3 (0.91–1.40 ×10⁵ cells/mL), and Group 4 (1.41–1.90 ×10⁵ cells/mL). Buffaloes were screened using the California mastitis test (CMT) and infrared thermography (IRT) to eliminate subclinical mastitis (SCM). Immunological assessments included milk differential leukocyte counts (DLC), phagocytic activity (PA) of neutrophils and macrophages, lymphocyte proliferation response (LPR), cytokine concentrations (IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-10), and milk cortisol levels. Buffaloes having low SCC showed predominant lymphocytes along with significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher PA and T-cell proliferation, indicating strong mammary immune competence. With increasing SCC, neutrophil proportion and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2 and TNF-α) increased significantly (p &lt; 0.05). However, IL-10 and cortisol remained consistent across all groups. IRT imaging showed uniform udder temperature, indicating no inflammation. The findings show that very low SCC in buffalo milk reflects immune balance, not immunosuppression, due to effective leukocyte function and cytokine regulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 111064"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145963427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytokine dysregulation and lymphopenia in dogs naturally infected with canine parvovirus type 2c","authors":"César Pedroza-Roldán ,&nbsp;Mauricio Realpe-Quintero ,&nbsp;Claudia Lisette Charles-Niño ,&nbsp;Jeannette Barba-León ,&nbsp;Jorge Gaona-Bernal","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs, particularly in unvaccinated puppies. Despite its clinical significance, the immunological mechanisms driving disease progression remain poorly understood. In this study, we analysed hematologic parameters, molecular viral typing, and the plasma cytokine profiles of 41 dogs naturally infected with CPV-2c, compared to 15 healthy controls. Lymphopenia and elevated IL-6, MCP-1, IL-8, IL-10, and KC-like levels were strongly associated with mortality. Conversely, lower IFN-γ levels correlated with recovery. Dead dogs exhibited strong correlations between IL-6 and KC-like, IL-6 and MCP-1, and IL-8 and MCP-1. All infected dogs harboured the CPV-2c variant, as confirmed by RFLP and sequencing. Although these results are based on single time-point measurements at admission, they highlight that cytokine profiling, particularly of IL-6, MCP-1 and IFN-γ, alongside lymphocyte counts, may serve as useful biomarkers for disease severity and prognosis in CPV-2c-infected dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 111076"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146137895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oclacitinib modulates IL-2 driven T-cell activation through CD25 regulation: A comparative analysis with prednisolone","authors":"Erin McDonald,&nbsp;Xin Tong,&nbsp;Mary McCarthy,&nbsp;Eric Kehoe,&nbsp;Matthew Whitney,&nbsp;Kaitlyn Wagner,&nbsp;Josh Berwanger,&nbsp;Sayli Pokal,&nbsp;Yinglun Zhan,&nbsp;Sarah Apple,&nbsp;Ross Darling","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Canine Atopic Dermatitis is a T-cell mediated allergic response, with T-cells contributing to skin inflammation through a complex interplay of cytokines and chemokines. Parallels between human AD and canine AD are well-established, supported by transcriptomic and immunologic data that highlight the critical contributions of T-cell subsets to disease progression. To support translational research and therapeutic evaluation, we developed a high-purity isolation protocol for canine T-cells and characterized their proliferation, activation, and cytokine production in response to clinically relevant concentrations of oclacitinib (OM) and prednisolone. Robust T-cell proliferation and activation were achieved in vitro using bead-bound CD86 and plate-bound anti-CD3 with IL-2 supplementation. T-cells treated with OM exhibited dose-dependent reductions in CD25 + T-cell frequency and CD25 expression, particularly in highly proliferative cells. Conversely, prednisolone-treated T-cells closely resembled controls, with progressive increases in CD25 expression and CD25 + cell percentages across divisions. OM also showed a trend toward reduced secretion of IL-8, KC-like, and IL-10, while neither drug significantly affected TNFα, GM-CSF secretion, or cell viability. These findings demonstrate distinct immunomodulatory effects of OM and prednisolone on canine T-cell activation and effector function and establish a robust <em>in vitro</em> platform for future assessment of immune-modulating agents in canine models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 111074"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the detection method of Brucella differential type PCR","authors":"Yajie Luo ,&nbsp;Yun Qin ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanmin Zhang ,&nbsp;Jing Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaofang Liu ,&nbsp;Chunxia Liu ,&nbsp;Luchao Zuo ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Lv ,&nbsp;Hao Liu ,&nbsp;Mingming Xie ,&nbsp;Yu Yu ,&nbsp;Tengyu Wang ,&nbsp;Yiming Sun ,&nbsp;Haifeng Wen ,&nbsp;Wenlong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Currently, the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis in some developing countries still primarily rely on \"vaccination + quarantine and culling.\" However, the inability to differentiate between natural infection and vaccine-induced antibodies in immunized livestock has become a new challenge in veterinary clinical diagnosis. To address the issue of distinguishing between wild-type <em>Brucella</em> strains and attenuated vaccine strains in vaccinated animals, this study developed singleplex and multiplex PCR assays targeting six differential loci (<em>NC7250</em>, <em>GL2189</em>, <em>wbkF-wbkD</em>, <em>WP788.1</em>, <em>eryC</em>, and <em>BP26</em>). The primer concentrations and reaction conditions were optimized, ultimately determining the optimal primer concentration ratio as 2:1:1:4:2:4 and the optimal annealing temperature as 60 °C. The results demonstrated that the singleplex PCR exhibited excellent specificity, accurately distinguishing between different <em>Brucella</em> species as well as the A19 and S19 vaccine strains. The hexaplex PCR yielded negative results for non-target bacteria such as Streptococcus and Salmonella. The detection sensitivities were as follows: 1.99 × 10⁻¹ ng/μL for S2 strain DNA, 2 × 10⁻¹ ng/μL for Rev.1 strain DNA, and 2 × 10⁰ ng/μL for S19 strain DNA. The singleplex and hexaplex PCR methods targeting six genes established in this study enable the simultaneous differentiation of wild-type <em>Brucella</em> strains from commonly used vaccine strains, effectively addressing the clinical gap in diagnostic techniques for strain discrimination. This provides a scientific basis for veterinary quarantine, disease eradication, and vaccine selection strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 111075"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic signatures of cytomorphological heterogeneity in canine transmissible venereal tumor","authors":"Fabián D. López-Valbuena ,&nbsp;William F. Osorio-Zambrano ,&nbsp;Luis M. Montoya-Flórez ,&nbsp;Noeme Sousa-Rocha","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a naturally occurring, clonally transmissible cancer that persists in hosts through mechanisms of immune evasion and adaptation. It presents three cytomorphological subtypes—plasmacytoid, lymphocytoid, and mixed—each linked to distinct clinical behaviors and therapeutic responses. These phenotypes likely reflect divergent transcriptional programs, but their molecular basis remains poorly defined.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to describe transcriptional profiles associated with CTVT subtypes and identify pathways underlying their biological behaviors.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed RNA-Seq data from 10 CTVT tumors classified into plasmacytoid, lymphocytoid, and mixed subtypes. Differential expression analysis was conducted using DESeq2, followed by functional enrichment (DAVID), protein–protein interaction analysis (STRING), and co-expression network construction with Pearson correlation and Louvain clustering.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The strongest transcriptional divergence was observed between plasmacytoid and lymphocytoid subtypes, with 237 differentially expressed genes enriched in immune pathways. Plasmacytoid tumors showed upregulation of immune-related genes, including <em>CXCL10</em>, <em>IL15</em>, <em>CD74</em>, and <em>DLA-DQA1</em>, forming MHC-II co-expression modules. Lymphocytoid tumors upregulated genes involved in DNA repair and proliferation, such as <em>ATM</em>, <em>PCBP1</em>, and <em>CDK1</em>. Comparisons with the mixed subtype revealed fewer DEGs and limited enrichment, suggesting an intermediate transcriptional profile.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our findings reveal subtype-specific transcriptional programs in CTVT. The plasmacytoid subtype displayed enriched immune signatures, particularly in antigen presentation and cytokine signaling, while the lymphocytoid subtype showed a proliferative, immune-silent profile. Mixed tumors exhibited intermediate or transitional features. These insights support a molecular taxonomy of CTVT and highlight potential biomarkers for future prognostic and therapeutic stratification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 111044"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145820988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the effect of exogenous 25-(OH)D3 vitamin administration on colostral and serum cytokine levels, lactoferrin and IgG concentration in prepartum period holstein heifer","authors":"Murat Uzti̇mür","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a single dose of 25-(OH)D3 vitamin injection in pregnant holstein heifers on cytokine concentrations (IL-6 and IFN-γ) in heifer colostrum and serum, colostral lactoferrin, and IgG and vitamin D concentrations in calves. The control group (n: 10) and the vitamin D group (n: 10) were composed of heifer Holstein 8 ± 2 days before calving. Blood samples were collected on day 265 ± 2 of gestation in the vitamin D and control groups, before vitamin D and physiological saline administration, and at the time of parturition. Colostrum and serum samples were analyzed for lactoferrin, IgG, IL-6, and IFN-γ by bovine-specific ELISA, solid-matter digital refractometry, and vitamin D by LC-MS/MS. The colostral IFN-γ (p &lt; 0.015), IgG (p &lt; 0.035), lactoferrin (p &lt; 0.001), and Brix (p &lt; 0.035) concentrations of the vitamin D group were significantly higher than those of the control group. Serum IL-6 (p&lt;0.002) and IF-γ (p&lt;0.001) concentrations were significantly lower in the group that received vitamin D at parturition compared to the control group. In contrast, serum 25-(OH)D concentrations in heifers treated with vitamin D were significantly higher than in the control group (p&lt;0.003). The serum 25-(OH)D concentration of calves born from heifers administered vitamin D was significantly higher than the control group (p &lt; 0.006). Serum vitamin D concentration in calving cows showed a negative correlation with IL-6 (r=-0.663, p&lt;0.001) and IFN-γ (r=-0.687, p&lt;0.001) levels, while it showed a positive correlation with colostrum IFN-γ (r=0.446, p&lt;0.048), colostral lactoferrin (r=0.686, p&lt;0.001), and calf serum vitamin D concentration (r=0.598, p&lt;0.005). In conclusion, this study determined that administering vitamin D to holstein heifer increased colostrum cytokine concentrations and lactoferrin levels, decreased serum pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations at parturition, and increased colostrum IgG and Brix values. Additionally, the increased serum vitamin D concentration had a positive impact on the health and well-being of the animals by suppressing inflammatory cytokines. Vitamin D supplementation in holstein heifers can increase vitamin D levels in calves and significantly improve colostrum quality and cow health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 111049"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145792257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased expression of the purinergic receptor P2Y6 in the bovine lung following experimental BRSV infection","authors":"Halie E. West ,&nbsp;Bryan S. Kaplan ,&nbsp;Natasha L. Mast ,&nbsp;Randy E. Sacco","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a major viral pathogen frequently associated with bovine respiratory disease complex. Recent studies identified P2Y6, a purinergic receptor to be involved in the recruitment of leukocytes as part of the host response to viral infections. P2Y6 is a G-protein-coupled purinergic receptor expressed by leukocytes and epithelial cells that recognizes uridine diphosphate, a danger-associated molecular pattern. P2Y6 signaling upregulates CCL-2, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 expression. CXC chemokines were previously shown to be upregulated during BRSV infection. Adenosine receptors, G-protein-coupled purinergic receptors expressed on immune cell subsets, have immunoregulatory functions. To examine the expression of purinergic receptors and chemokines during BRSV infection, challenged Holstein calves were euthanized on 7 and 14 days post-infection (DPI) at peak and convalescing stages of infection, respectively. Real-time PCR and RNA in-situ hybridization were utilized to evaluate the expression of purinergic receptors and chemokines in lung samples. On 7 DPI, P2Y6, CXCL9, and CXCL10 were significantly upregulated. In contrast, adenosine A₃ receptor gene expression was lower than controls. On 14 DPI, P2Y6 expression trended higher compared to controls, while chemokine expression was decreased. Future studies are needed to examine the potential role of P2Y6 in regulating chemokine induction during BRSV infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 111060"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145900611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}