Veterinary immunology and immunopathology最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of IgG responses to Sarcocystis neurona in horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) suggests a Th1-biased immune response","authors":"Catherine J. Angwin ,&nbsp;Izabela de Assis Rocha ,&nbsp;Stephen M. Reed ,&nbsp;Jennifer K. Morrow ,&nbsp;Amy Graves ,&nbsp;Daniel K. Howe","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by <em>Sarcocystis neurona</em> is one of the most important neurological diseases of horses in the Americas. While seroprevalence of <em>S. neurona</em> in horses is high, clinical manifestation of EPM occurs in less than 1 % of infected horses. Antemortem diagnosis has proven challenging as serum antibodies against <em>S. neurona</em> are an indicator of infection but not necessarily disease. Factors governing the occurrence of EPM are largely unknown, although horse immunity might contribute to EPM pathogenesis. Immunoglobulin G is the predominant antibody class in equine serum and consists of four subisotypes; IgG1/2 (IgGa) and IgG4/7 (IgGb) are thought to be indicative of a Th1, cell-mediated immune response, and isotypes IgG3/5 (IgG(T)) and IgG6 (IgGc) are thought to be indicative of a Th2, humoral response. Herein, we examined the hypothesis that EPM occurs due to an aberrant immune response, which will be discernable by IgG subisotypes. A modified ELISA was used to quantify <em>S. neurona</em> antigen-specific IgG sub-isotypes 1/2, 3/5, and 4/7. Based on documented serum concentrations of IgG subisotypes, standard curves were generated using sera from 21 healthy horses and <em>S. neurona</em>-specific IgG subisotype levels were determined in serum and cerebrospinal spinal fluid from infected diseased (n = 93) and infected normal (n = 116) horses. The mean IgG3/5 serum concentration and IgG1/2:IgG3/5 ratio against <em>S. neurona</em> were found to be significantly different between diseased and normal horses, suggesting that the immune response to <em>S. neurona</em> in EPM horses is skewed towards a Th1, cell-mediated response. Unfortunately, these differences were not sufficient for developing a serum-based immunoassay for EPM diagnosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 111009"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of IgG responses to Sarcocystis neurona in horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) suggests a Th1-biased immune response","authors":"Catherine J. Angwin ,&nbsp;Izabela de Assis Rocha ,&nbsp;Stephen M. Reed ,&nbsp;Jennifer K. Morrow ,&nbsp;Amy Graves ,&nbsp;Daniel K. Howe","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by <em>Sarcocystis neurona</em> is one of the most important neurological diseases of horses in the Americas. While seroprevalence of <em>S. neurona</em> in horses is high, clinical manifestation of EPM occurs in less than 1 % of infected horses. Antemortem diagnosis has proven challenging as serum antibodies against <em>S. neurona</em> are an indicator of infection but not necessarily disease. Factors governing the occurrence of EPM are largely unknown, although horse immunity might contribute to EPM pathogenesis. Immunoglobulin G is the predominant antibody class in equine serum and consists of four subisotypes; IgG1/2 (IgGa) and IgG4/7 (IgGb) are thought to be indicative of a Th1, cell-mediated immune response, and isotypes IgG3/5 (IgG(T)) and IgG6 (IgGc) are thought to be indicative of a Th2, humoral response. Herein, we examined the hypothesis that EPM occurs due to an aberrant immune response, which will be discernable by IgG subisotypes. A modified ELISA was used to quantify <em>S. neurona</em> antigen-specific IgG sub-isotypes 1/2, 3/5, and 4/7. Based on documented serum concentrations of IgG subisotypes, standard curves were generated using sera from 21 healthy horses and <em>S. neurona</em>-specific IgG subisotype levels were determined in serum and cerebrospinal spinal fluid from infected diseased (n = 93) and infected normal (n = 116) horses. The mean IgG3/5 serum concentration and IgG1/2:IgG3/5 ratio against <em>S. neurona</em> were found to be significantly different between diseased and normal horses, suggesting that the immune response to <em>S. neurona</em> in EPM horses is skewed towards a Th1, cell-mediated response. Unfortunately, these differences were not sufficient for developing a serum-based immunoassay for EPM diagnosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 111009"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of pro-inflammatory activity and immunogenicity of an inactivated SBA-15 silica vaccine against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in piglets","authors":"Gabriel A. de Aguiar ,&nbsp;Fernando A. Moreira Petri ,&nbsp;Daniela G. da Silva ,&nbsp;Marina L. Mechler-Dreibi ,&nbsp;Tereza S. Martins ,&nbsp;Márcia C.A. Fantini ,&nbsp;Osvaldo A. Sant’Anna ,&nbsp;Hélio J. Montassier ,&nbsp;Luís Guilherme de Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Mycoplasma</em> (<em>M.</em>) <em>hyopneumoniae</em>, the agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (PEP), a primary pathogen of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), reduces productivity and increases economic losses in swine production, with vaccination being the most important method to control the disease in the producing farms. This study evaluates the pro-inflammatory activity and immunogenicity of an inactivated vaccine for <em>M. hyopneumoniae</em> using an SBA-15 silica-based adjuvant in piglets. Forty-eight weaned piglets were divided into four groups (n = 12/group): a commercial vaccine group (CV); an SBA-15 adjuvanted vaccine group (SBA-15-Vac); a control group, receiving a suspension of SBA-15 with PBS, without the antigen (SBA-15-Cont), and a group that received saline solution (NV). SBA-15-Cont group served as a control for adjuvant-related effects, while the NV group served as negative control for lung lesion analysis, only. All animals were challenged, 21 days post vaccination, with <em>M. hyopneumoniae</em> strain 232. The evaluation of clinical signs was performed, and the inflammatory response was evaluated by measuring acute-phase proteins, as well as anti-<em>M. hyopneumoniae</em> IgG and IgA antibody levels. The SBA-15 adjuvant control group demonstrated mild inflammatory responses maintaining stable transferrin and haptoglobin levels after vaccination, suggesting a controlled inflammatory response compared to the commercial vaccine. The SBA-15 group exhibited a delayed but sustained immune response, suggesting a possible depot effect. Acute-phase protein levels, particularly ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin. Our findings support the potential of SBA-15 as a safe and effective adjuvant and highlight that SBA-15 silica nanoparticles are a promising and safe adjuvant in swine vaccines against <em>M. hyopneumoniae</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 111008"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic in vitro heat with lipopolysaccharide stress differentially alters physiological response of Bos indicus and Bos taurus monocyte-derived macrophages","authors":"Kandasamy Rajamanickam ,&nbsp;Visha Pasuvalingam ,&nbsp;Elango Ayyasamy ,&nbsp;Periyasamy Vijayakumar","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The <em>Bos taurus</em> and <em>Bos indicus</em> cattle evolved in different climatic conditions, and they acquired various adaptive traits for their survival. This study unravels the impact of chronic <em>in vitro</em> thermal stress with lipopolysaccharide stress on functional responses of <em>Bos indicus</em> (Kangayam cattle) and <em>Bos taurus</em> (Jersey crossbred cattle) monocyte-derived macrophages. To achieve this, monocyte-derived macrophages from both cattle types were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (1.0 μg/mL) at either 37°C or 40°C for 24 and 48 h, and their cellular and immune responses were evaluated. The results revealed that <em>Bos indicus</em> monocyte-derived macrophages exhibit enhanced cell viability, oxidative and phagocytosis functions, as well as improved autophagy response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation during thermal stress. Additionally, <em>Bos indicus</em> monocyte-derived macrophages demonstrated reduced variability in transcription of genes related to heat shock, cell signalling, and inflammatory cytokines compared to <em>Bos taurus</em>. Factors such as breed, thermal and lipopolysaccharide stress, period of stress exposure, and their interactions have a significant impact on cellular and immune functions of monocyte-derived macrophages. In conclusion, the monocyte-derived macrophages of <em>Bos indicus</em> possess an enhanced immune-thermal resilience property than <em>Bos taurus</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 111007"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic in vitro heat with lipopolysaccharide stress differentially alters physiological response of Bos indicus and Bos taurus monocyte-derived macrophages","authors":"Kandasamy Rajamanickam ,&nbsp;Visha Pasuvalingam ,&nbsp;Elango Ayyasamy ,&nbsp;Periyasamy Vijayakumar","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The <em>Bos taurus</em> and <em>Bos indicus</em> cattle evolved in different climatic conditions, and they acquired various adaptive traits for their survival. This study unravels the impact of chronic <em>in vitro</em> thermal stress with lipopolysaccharide stress on functional responses of <em>Bos indicus</em> (Kangayam cattle) and <em>Bos taurus</em> (Jersey crossbred cattle) monocyte-derived macrophages. To achieve this, monocyte-derived macrophages from both cattle types were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (1.0 μg/mL) at either 37°C or 40°C for 24 and 48 h, and their cellular and immune responses were evaluated. The results revealed that <em>Bos indicus</em> monocyte-derived macrophages exhibit enhanced cell viability, oxidative and phagocytosis functions, as well as improved autophagy response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation during thermal stress. Additionally, <em>Bos indicus</em> monocyte-derived macrophages demonstrated reduced variability in transcription of genes related to heat shock, cell signalling, and inflammatory cytokines compared to <em>Bos taurus</em>. Factors such as breed, thermal and lipopolysaccharide stress, period of stress exposure, and their interactions have a significant impact on cellular and immune functions of monocyte-derived macrophages. In conclusion, the monocyte-derived macrophages of <em>Bos indicus</em> possess an enhanced immune-thermal resilience property than <em>Bos taurus</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 111007"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of pro-inflammatory activity and immunogenicity of an inactivated SBA-15 silica vaccine against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in piglets","authors":"Gabriel A. de Aguiar ,&nbsp;Fernando A. Moreira Petri ,&nbsp;Daniela G. da Silva ,&nbsp;Marina L. Mechler-Dreibi ,&nbsp;Tereza S. Martins ,&nbsp;Márcia C.A. Fantini ,&nbsp;Osvaldo A. Sant’Anna ,&nbsp;Hélio J. Montassier ,&nbsp;Luís Guilherme de Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Mycoplasma</em> (<em>M.</em>) <em>hyopneumoniae</em>, the agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (PEP), a primary pathogen of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), reduces productivity and increases economic losses in swine production, with vaccination being the most important method to control the disease in the producing farms. This study evaluates the pro-inflammatory activity and immunogenicity of an inactivated vaccine for <em>M. hyopneumoniae</em> using an SBA-15 silica-based adjuvant in piglets. Forty-eight weaned piglets were divided into four groups (n = 12/group): a commercial vaccine group (CV); an SBA-15 adjuvanted vaccine group (SBA-15-Vac); a control group, receiving a suspension of SBA-15 with PBS, without the antigen (SBA-15-Cont), and a group that received saline solution (NV). SBA-15-Cont group served as a control for adjuvant-related effects, while the NV group served as negative control for lung lesion analysis, only. All animals were challenged, 21 days post vaccination, with <em>M. hyopneumoniae</em> strain 232. The evaluation of clinical signs was performed, and the inflammatory response was evaluated by measuring acute-phase proteins, as well as anti-<em>M. hyopneumoniae</em> IgG and IgA antibody levels. The SBA-15 adjuvant control group demonstrated mild inflammatory responses maintaining stable transferrin and haptoglobin levels after vaccination, suggesting a controlled inflammatory response compared to the commercial vaccine. The SBA-15 group exhibited a delayed but sustained immune response, suggesting a possible depot effect. Acute-phase protein levels, particularly ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin. Our findings support the potential of SBA-15 as a safe and effective adjuvant and highlight that SBA-15 silica nanoparticles are a promising and safe adjuvant in swine vaccines against <em>M. hyopneumoniae</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 111008"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of genital system inflammatory response in female dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum*","authors":"Paulo Henrique Leal Bertolo ,&nbsp;Maria Eduarda Bastos Andrade Moutinho da Conceição ,&nbsp;Pamela Rodrigues Reina Moreira ,&nbsp;Beatriz Cristiane Mioto ,&nbsp;Rafael Rocha Mello Emboaba da Costa ,&nbsp;Fernanda Ramalho Ramos ,&nbsp;Bethânia Almeida Gouveia ,&nbsp;Maricy Apparíccio Ferreira ,&nbsp;Daniela Bernadete Rozza ,&nbsp;Rosemeri de Oliveira Vasconcelos","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The genital system of female dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) commonly shows lesions on the external genitalia (vulva and vagina). This study aimed to evaluate the inflammatory response in segments of the reproductive tract of female dogs naturally infected with <em>Leishmania infantum</em>, and to correlate these findings with hormonal status (high or low progesterone levels), local parasitism, and local inflammatory infiltrate immunophenotype. Sixteen unspayed, non-pregnant adult female dogs naturally infected with <em>L. infantum</em>, without any other disease, were used. Animals were divided into two groups: G1 (n = 5, high-progesterone phase) and G2 (n = 11, low-progesterone phase). Parasite presence and the immunophenotype of leukocytes infiltrating the genital system (CD3, CD4, CD8, and MCA874) were determined by immunohistochemistry. Chronic inflammatory infiltrate was the predominant lesion and was mainly found in the vulva and vagina. Internal genitalia segments (cervix, uterus, ovary) presented fewer lesions. Animals of G1 group exhibited higher number of immunolabeled parasites in the internal segments of the reproductive tract and of cells positive for CD3 (T lymphocytes) and MCA874 (macrophages) than G2 group. There was no difference for CD4 and CD8 between groups. However, multivariate analysis showed positive correlations with T lymphocyte subtypes, macrophages, and parasite presence in different segments of the reproductive tract of G1 animals. Leukocyte population and number of parasitized cells in the reproductive tract increased with escalating progesterone levels (G1 group), suggesting that estrus and diestrus stages are most favorable to infection maintenance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 111006"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of genital system inflammatory response in female dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum*","authors":"Paulo Henrique Leal Bertolo ,&nbsp;Maria Eduarda Bastos Andrade Moutinho da Conceição ,&nbsp;Pamela Rodrigues Reina Moreira ,&nbsp;Beatriz Cristiane Mioto ,&nbsp;Rafael Rocha Mello Emboaba da Costa ,&nbsp;Fernanda Ramalho Ramos ,&nbsp;Bethânia Almeida Gouveia ,&nbsp;Maricy Apparíccio Ferreira ,&nbsp;Daniela Bernadete Rozza ,&nbsp;Rosemeri de Oliveira Vasconcelos","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The genital system of female dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) commonly shows lesions on the external genitalia (vulva and vagina). This study aimed to evaluate the inflammatory response in segments of the reproductive tract of female dogs naturally infected with <em>Leishmania infantum</em>, and to correlate these findings with hormonal status (high or low progesterone levels), local parasitism, and local inflammatory infiltrate immunophenotype. Sixteen unspayed, non-pregnant adult female dogs naturally infected with <em>L. infantum</em>, without any other disease, were used. Animals were divided into two groups: G1 (n = 5, high-progesterone phase) and G2 (n = 11, low-progesterone phase). Parasite presence and the immunophenotype of leukocytes infiltrating the genital system (CD3, CD4, CD8, and MCA874) were determined by immunohistochemistry. Chronic inflammatory infiltrate was the predominant lesion and was mainly found in the vulva and vagina. Internal genitalia segments (cervix, uterus, ovary) presented fewer lesions. Animals of G1 group exhibited higher number of immunolabeled parasites in the internal segments of the reproductive tract and of cells positive for CD3 (T lymphocytes) and MCA874 (macrophages) than G2 group. There was no difference for CD4 and CD8 between groups. However, multivariate analysis showed positive correlations with T lymphocyte subtypes, macrophages, and parasite presence in different segments of the reproductive tract of G1 animals. Leukocyte population and number of parasitized cells in the reproductive tract increased with escalating progesterone levels (G1 group), suggesting that estrus and diestrus stages are most favorable to infection maintenance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 111006"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanding tropism: Avian B cells as novel cellular target of infectious bronchitis virus","authors":"Sufna M. Suhail,&nbsp;Motamed E. Mahmoud,&nbsp;Ishara M. Isham,&nbsp;Ahmed Ali,&nbsp;Muhammad Farooq,&nbsp;Anne Shehara Perera,&nbsp;Lahiru W. Waduge,&nbsp;Luke Xiu,&nbsp;Susan C. Cork,&nbsp;Ashish Gupta,&nbsp;Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes infectious bronchitis (IB), which is a major concern for the global poultry industry as a result of substantial economic losses. Although epithelial cells were described as the primary target cells of IBV, other susceptible cell types including macrophages and monocytes, have been identified, where productive infection impairs cellular functions. Avian B cells are central to antibody-mediated immunity in chickens against pathogens, including IBV; however, it remains unknown if IBV can infect and replicate in B cells. This study investigated whether Delmarva (DMV)/1639 IBV can infect B cells in the bursa of Fabricius (BF) <em>in vivo</em> and in DT–40 cells <em>in vitro</em>. <em>In vivo</em>, a significantly higher viral genome load was observed in the BF at 3 days post-infection (dpi), with similar result in sorted B cells from the BF. Viral RNA was found to be localized within B cells of the BF using an <em>in situ</em> hybridization combined with immunohistochemistry. <em>In vitro</em>, a comparable trend in viral genome load was observed in infected DT–40 cells and culture supernatants up to 72 h post-infection (hpi). Immunofluorescence assay revealed a significantly higher percentage of DT–40 cells expressing IBV nucleoprotein. Inoculation of DT-40 cells with virus-containing supernatant confirmed infectivity as did inoculation of embryonated eggs, which resulted in IBV-specific lesions including dwarfing and stunting. These findings demonstrate that IBV can infect and replicate productively in avian B cells; however further studies are warranted to elucidate the impact of IBV infection on B cell function and its role in disease pathogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"288 ","pages":"Article 111005"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A DIVA-compatible Mycobacterium bovis triple mutant vaccine confers protection against bovine tuberculosis in mouse model","authors":"Federico Carlos Blanco ,&nbsp;Renée Onnainty ,&nbsp;María Rocío Marini ,&nbsp;Laura Inés Klepp ,&nbsp;Rosana Valeria Rocha ,&nbsp;Luciana Andrea Villafañe ,&nbsp;Cristina Lourdes Vazquez ,&nbsp;Ana Canal ,&nbsp;Gladys Granero ,&nbsp;Fabiana Bigi","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a pulmonary infectious disease caused by <em>Mycobacterium bovis</em>, affecting cattle and a wide range of mammals, including humans. Despite its significant impact on global livestock production, no commercial vaccine is currently available, partly due to potential interference with standard diagnostic tests. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a triple <em>M. bovis</em> mutant lacking the immunodominant antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10, as well as the virulence factor Ag85A. This mutant is compatible with DIVA (Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals) diagnostics based on ESAT-6 and CFP-10 detection. The triple mutant was assayed both alone and in a heterologous prime-boost regimen using recombinant Ag85A conjugated to chitosan nanocapsules. Protection was assessed by quantifying <em>M. bovis</em> colony-forming units (CFUs) in the lungs and spleen following challenge. Organ homogenates were cultured on solid media, and CFUs were enumerated at five and ten weeks post-plating. At five weeks, all vaccinated groups demonstrated comparable protection in the lungs. In the spleen, both the triple mutant and BCG groups showed reduced CFU counts compared to the unvaccinated group. By ten weeks, lung protection was most pronounced in the prime-boost and BCG groups, whereas spleen protection was restricted to the prime-boost group. At this stage, persistence of the triple mutant was detected in both lungs and spleen, highlighting the need for further evaluation of its residual virulence. Post-challenge immune responses were assessed by measuring CD4 +KLRG1-CXCL3 + T cells, a subset previously associated with protective immunity against tuberculosis, among other T cell populations evaluated. Vaccinated mice exhibited a significant expansion of this population compared to unvaccinated controls. Notably, higher frequencies of these cells correlated with reduced pulmonary bacterial burden, reinforcing their potential as a biomarker of protective immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"289 ","pages":"Article 111001"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}