Veterinary immunology and immunopathology最新文献

{"title":"Corrigendum to \"Evaluation of serum serotonin as a biomarker of intestinal inflammation in calves\" [Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 284 (2025) 110947].","authors":"Murat Uzti̇mür, Aysu Ece Şengül, Cennet Nur Ünal","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110959","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":" ","pages":"110959"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144182411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and identification of porcine monoclonal antibodies against PEDV from single B cells","authors":"Xuan-ang Wang ,&nbsp;Hong-xuan Li ,&nbsp;Lan-Lan Zheng ,&nbsp;Shi-jie Ma ,&nbsp;Ping-Li Wang ,&nbsp;Li Zhao ,&nbsp;Hong-Ying Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a swine enteropathogenic coronavirus causing severe diarrhea and high mortality in neonatal piglets. Pigs of all ages are susceptible to PEDV, and the humoral immune response plays an important role in preventing PEDV infection. However, there is little information on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against PEDV derived from single B cells of pigs. In this study, we aimed to develop mAbs using antigen-specific single B cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of pigs via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Subsequently, the variable region genes of pig-derived mAbs were amplified and cloned into the plasmid pcDNA3.4 bearing the constant region gene of porcine-derived antibody. Pig-derived mAbs were expressed by transfecting the resultant antibody plasmids into HEK293F cells and validated using indirect Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and Western blotting. The results showed 60 double-positive (antigen⁺ and IgG⁺) single B cells were obtained by flow sorting, of which 36 were positive for PEDV and 24 were positive for the N protein of PEDV. A total of 21 mAbs were expressed and purified. Indirect ELISA results showed that 20 bound specifically to PEDV, 19 recognized the N protein, and none reacted with S1D protein. Seven mAbs reacted with PEDV HN2021, as revealed by IFA. Western blotting showed that three N protein-specific mAbs identified linear epitopes, while the remaining 16 N protein-specific mAbs may recognize conformational epitopes. This study laid a foundation for the structural analysis of PEDV and the development of diagnostic reagents and antiviral drug.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 110951"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperoside improves intestinal mucosal immunity against zearalenone-induced intestinal barrier damage by regulating intestinal flora","authors":"Tianyu Han ,&nbsp;Yan Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhijun Liu ,&nbsp;Lulu Wang ,&nbsp;Yiding Liu ,&nbsp;Shanshan Fei ,&nbsp;Yu Yang ,&nbsp;Tong Wang ,&nbsp;Baiwen Guan ,&nbsp;Mengran Cui ,&nbsp;Qi Zhang ,&nbsp;Haibin Wang ,&nbsp;Guangliang Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin that is immunotoxic and causes intestinal damage. Hyperoside (HYP) is a natural flavonol side with a wide range of sources and has a variety of pharmacological effects. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect and mechanism of HYP on ΖΕΑ-induced intestinal immunosuppression and intestinal injury in piglets. Histological and ultrastructural changes in the ileum of piglets were observed by H&amp;E staining and transmission electron microscopy. The changes of intestinal microorganisms in the ileum of piglets were detected by 16S rRNA technology. Intestinal chemical barriers (MUC-1 and MUC-2), and physical barriers (β-Catenin, TJ-3, TJ-2, MYLK, Claudin2, and Claudin3) were measured by qRT-PCR. The intestinal immune barrier (sIg A) was detected by Elisa. Immune-related cytokines (TLR-4, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-18, IL-6, IL-17, IL-8, IL-25, and TNF-α) were detected by qRT-PCR. The content of ZEA in serum and ileum tissue was detected by Elisa. WB and qRT-PCR were used to detect ferroptosis related indicators (SLC7A11, Gpx4, FTH1, PTGS2, and ACSL4). Our results showed that HYP attenuated ZEA-induced tissue and ultrastructure damage and restored the richness and diversity of intestinal flora in the ileum of piglets. In addition, HYP also alleviated the accumulation of ZEA in the intestine and serum by restoring the chemical, physical and immunological barriers of the ileum. Moreover, HYP was found to attenuate ZEA-induced intestinal ferroptosis. Taken together, our study suggests that HYP can be used as an effective strategy to mitigate ZEA exposure-induced intestinal barrier damage and immune suppression in piglets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 110949"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144166496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does lipopolysaccharide morphology (smooth or rough) of Brucella abortus vaccine strains influence the potency or efficacy of the vaccine?","authors":"Maysa Serpa Gonçalves,&nbsp;Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Brucella abortus</em> exhibits the dissociation phenomenon, in which naturally smooth samples lose the O chain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and become rough, associated with changes in colony shape, culture characteristics, cell morphology, immunological reactions, biochemical reactions and, possibly, virulence. However, the significance and impact of S-R dissociation in cultures (<em>in vitro</em>) or even <em>in vivo</em> is unclear, especially considering that rough samples have already been isolated from clinical samples in different hosts and, also, are successfully used as vaccine strains. Thus, the objective of this study was to review the literature on <em>Brucella</em> spp. LPS to better understand the impact of the LPS morphology in <em>B. abortus</em> in the vaccinal efficacy. The available information indicates that is undeniable that LPS is related to virulence modulation and inducing immunity in the natural hosts of <em>Brucella</em> spp. However, the continuous emergence of rough variants <em>in vivo</em> (infection) or <em>in vitro</em> (cultivation of the microorganism) suggests that this phenotype is part of the biology of the agent and may confer some survival advantage to the bacteria. In fact, for some samples, the permanent or temporary loss of the O chain (O-PS), whether natural or induced, did not necessarily imply a decrease in virulence, immunogenicity, or post-challenge induced protection, since results in both directions were observed in the literature, depending mainly on the parental samples used and the silenced genes. Thus, it is concluded that the emergence of variants related to the smooth/rough LPS of a sample of <em>B. abortus</em> does not necessarily imply changes in the virulence/immunogenicity of that sample and, consequently, in vaccine potency or efficacy, in case of vaccine strains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 110950"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Further assessment of the binding properties of proteins A, G, and chimeric protein AG to immunoglobulins of multiple host species of marine mammals","authors":"Michael Essien Sakyi ,&nbsp;Md. Matiur Rahman ,&nbsp;Ayaka Okada ,&nbsp;Yasuo Inoshima","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Detection of infectious diseases in marine mammals is crucial to reduce the risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens to humans. Although serodiagnostic tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can detect antibodies against such pathogens, commercial secondary antibodies specific to marine mammal species are limited. Proteins A and AG have been previously found to react strongly to the immunoglobulins of pinnipeds and cetaceans. However, the binding properties of immunoglobulins of other marine mammals remain unclear to these proteins. Using ELISA, this study further assessed the binding properties of proteins A, G, and AG in detecting immunoglobulins in marine mammals such as marine fissipeds and sirenians (grouped together ecologically but not taxonomically). Sera/plasmas from two marine fissipeds (polar bears and sea otters), one sirenian (manatees), one pinniped (grey seals), and four cetaceans (Commerson’s dolphins, false killer whales, finless porpoises, and pantropical spotted dolphins) were collected. The results revealed that the immunoglobulins of these marine mammals bound more strongly to proteins A and AG than to protein G, indicating a strong signal intensity in ELISA and a strong antibody-protein complex reaction. This study thus suggests that proteins A and AG can be used as secondary antibodies to detect immunoglobulins against infectious agents in multiple host species of marine mammals in serodiagnostic tests, thereby preventing the transmission of infectious agents from marine mammals to humans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 110948"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer-testis antigen expression in canine melanoma and healthy tissues","authors":"Esther Hindriks ,&nbsp;Wilhelmina Bergmann ,&nbsp;Aitor Martínez Ruiz ,&nbsp;Raffaella De Maria ,&nbsp;Maurice M.J.M. Zandvliet ,&nbsp;Alice J.A.M. Sijts ,&nbsp;Femke Broere","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are promising targets for immuno-oncotherapy. They offer the potential to treat cancers for which effective systemic therapies are lacking, including canine malignant melanoma (CMM). In this study, we investigate the suitability of eight canine orthologs of human CTAs as targets for immunotherapy, including cancer-associated gene 1 (CAGE1), CCCTC-binding factor (CTCFL), DEAD-box helicase 53 (DDX53), the melanoma antigen gene (MAGE), 5′-nucleotidase, cytosolic IB (NT5C1B), P antigen family member 3-like (PAGE3-like), preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME), and synovial sarcoma X chromosome breakpoint (SSX). MAGE proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry in 12.1 % (4/33) of CMM cases, including digital and oral melanoma, with healthy tissue expression restricted to the testis. CTA mRNA was detected by Real-time PCR in canine testis and validated through gel electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing. MAGE, PAGE3-like, and PRAME mRNA were strongly expressed in canine oral melanoma and metastatic cell lines with restricted expression in normal tissues. CAGE1, CTCFL, DDX53, and SSX6 were only weakly expressed or absent in canine oral melanoma. CTCFL and DDX53 expression in healthy tissues was not restricted to the testis, as moderate expression was found in the kidney. These results suggest that dogs express CTAs, similar to humans, and thus CTAs may serve as a target for immunotherapy in dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 110946"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of serum serotonin as a biomarker of intestinal inflammation in calves","authors":"Murat UZTİMÜR ,&nbsp;Aysu Ece ŞENGÜL ,&nbsp;Cennet Nur ÜNAL","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The functions of serotonin have been demonstrated in detail in many different subjects such as aggression, depression and inflammation in human medicine. However, information about the functional effects of serotonin concentration in veterinary medicine is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of serotonin as an inflammatory marker in calves with acute diarrhea. A total of 40 calves, 30 with acute diarrhea and 10 control animals were evaluated. In this study, etiological agents responsible for diarrhea in calves (rotavirus, coronavirus, E. coli, Giardia lamblia, and C. parvum) were identified using immunochromatographic rapid test kits. While serotonin analyses were performed with a high-performance liquid chromatogram, biochemical analyses were performed with an automatic chemistry device. Serotonin (P &lt; 0.001), SAA (P &lt; 0.001), WBC (P &lt; 0.001) and HCT (P &lt; 0.005) levels of calves with acute diarrhea are statistically significantly higher than the control group. In contrast, sodium (P &lt; 0.011) levels of calves with acute diarrhea are significantly lower than the control group. In calves with acute diarrhea, serum serotonin concentration was determined as AUC 0.89; sensitivity 80 %; specificity 80 %, cut-off 135.63 µg/l and p &lt; 0.001. In conclusion, in this study, serotonin concentration increased significantly in parallel with the increase in haptoglobulin and SAA concentration in calves with acute diarrhea, and thus the results obtained show that serotonin can be used as an inflammatory biomarker in calves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 110947"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143912645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Humoral and cell-mediated immune response against the Mce2B (Rv0590/Mb0605) cell-wall protein of Mycobacterium bovis","authors":"Ximena Ferrara Muñiz ,&nbsp;Micaela Encinas ,&nbsp;Wanderson Marques da Silva ,&nbsp;Sergio Gabriel Garbaccio ,&nbsp;Carlos Javier Garro ,&nbsp;Romina Ayelén Sammarruco ,&nbsp;Hugo Adrián Carignano ,&nbsp;María Verónica Bianco ,&nbsp;Ángel Adrián Cataldi ,&nbsp;Martín José Zumárraga ,&nbsp;María Emilia Eirin","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110938","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110938","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease with global distribution. Improved diagnosis is essential thus, research into new diagnostic reagents is valuable. The Mce2B recombinant protein was evaluated as an inducer of immune response The research involved naturally infected cattle with different immunological profiles. Moderate homology (≥ 40 %) between Mce2B of <em>M. bovis</em> and homologous proteins in non-tuberculous mycobacteria was corroborated, as well as the presence of epitopes restricted by the bovine leucocyte antigen class II. Despite this prediction, cell-mediated responses to Mce2B were undetectable in caudal fold tuberculin skin test (CF-TST) positive and non-infected animals. In CF-TST false-negative cattle, a minimal cell-mediated response was observed (5 %; IC 95 %: 0.13–24.9), lower than that elicited by PPDB (35 %; IC 95 %: 15,4–59,2) (<em>p</em> = 0.046) but identical to the recombinant Fusion Protein including ESAT-6, CFP-10, EspC antigens (5 %; IC 95 %: 34.9–96.8). Marginal humoral response (33.3 %; IC 95 %: 4.3–77.7) was observed in the non-infected group. These findings demonstrate that the Mce2B protein is not a suitable antigen for bovine tuberculosis diagnosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 110938"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143878730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the serological responses in pigs after oral vaccination against classical swine fever using two different types of bait","authors":"Steffen Ortmann ,&nbsp;Thomas Lindner ,&nbsp;Denise Meyer ,&nbsp;Anastasia Wiedemann ,&nbsp;Alexander Postel ,&nbsp;Paul Becher ,&nbsp;Ad Vos","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a complementary tool for control of classical swine fever (CSF) in wild boar vaccine baits containing the attenuated and highly efficacious C-strain have been distributed in several countries. Several issues have been identified with the present available bait system, like relatively low uptake by piglets, melting point and mechanical stability. Hence, an alternative bait system has been developed including a more thermo-stable bait matrix and vaccine container. In the present study, the attractiveness and the capability of inducing an adequate immune response of this new bait system (IP) was compared with the present available product (CP) in two groups of 25 pigs each. The pigs of each group were offered the respective bait individually, and the animals were bled at 14 days prior to vaccination and 28 - and 42-days post vaccination (dpv). Blood samples were examined for antibodies in ELISA and virus neutralizing test (VNT). Two and one animal in the CP and IP group refused to consume the bait, respectively. The IP was significantly more rapidly consumed than the CP (p = 0.021). All animals that consumed a bait in both groups tested seropositive in VNT (≥10 ND₅₀) at 28 dpv and reached antibody titers above the threshold for protective immunity (32 ND₅₀) at 42 dpv. Hence, it can be concluded that the new bait system can induce an adequate immune response in pigs after the consumption of a single bait.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 110937"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haemonchus contortus parasitic stages development and host immune responses in lambs of different sheep breeds","authors":"Cintia Hiromi Okino ,&nbsp;Hornblenda Joaquina Silva Bello ,&nbsp;Simone Cristina Méo Niciura ,&nbsp;Gláucia Roberta Melito ,&nbsp;Amanda Freitas da Cunha ,&nbsp;Estevão Camillo da Costa ,&nbsp;Emanuelle Martins de Campos ,&nbsp;Rafaela Tami Ikeda Kapritchkoff ,&nbsp;Alessandro Pelegrine Minho ,&nbsp;Sérgio Novita Esteves ,&nbsp;Ana Carolina de Souza Chagas","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Variable host resistance against <em>Haemonchus contortus</em> infection was extensively associated with sheep breed, but the mechanisms responsible for the enhanced resistance remains scarcely elucidated. The aim of the present study was compare the phenotypic profile of three breeds (Santa Inês, Texel and White Dorper) with the relative expression of immune-related genes in the abomasal mucosa of sheep breeds infected with <em>H. contortus</em>. Besides, these phenotypic profiles were compared with relative expression of immune related genes in the animal abomasum. Decreasing resistance against <em>H. contortus</em> infection among sheep breeds was observed in the following order: Santa Inês, Texel and White Dorper. Differential local immune responses were developed during chronic infection, wherein both Santa Inês and White Dorper presented high activity of innate receptors, especially <em>TLR2</em>, while Th2 related transcripts trended to be superior in the Texel lambs. The White Dorper lambs also presented increased local inflammation since most inflammatory related genes, including the pro-inflammatory mediators <em>NFKBIA</em> and <em>IL1B</em>, and anti-inflammatory cytokines <em>IL10</em> and <em>TGF</em> were upregulated. The host responses to different parasite stages were characterised by <em>TLR2</em> activity during earlier stages, while complement activity (<em>CFI</em>) was involved in the clearance of latter parasite stages. Further, <em>TLR4</em> activity affected the responses to both early and late parasite stages. To our knowledge, this is the first study to point out for differential immune responses among sheep breeds and to different <em>H. contortus</em> parasitic stages. The better elucidation of these host-parasite interactions may improve the immune-prophylactic management of haemonchosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"284 ","pages":"Article 110936"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}