Veterinary immunology and immunopathology最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of the relationship between serum endocan level and interleukin-6, procalcitonin, e-selectin in calves with diarrhea, according to the etiological factor","authors":"Cennet Nur Ünal ,&nbsp;Mustafa İssi̇","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate the association between endothelial damage and inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and procalcitonin (PCT) by evaluating the endothelial markers endocan and E-selectin in cases of calf diarrhea. The study population comprised 49 calves (42 with diarrhea and 7 healthy controls). Blood samples were collected from the diarrheic calves on the 7th and 10th days following diagnosis. Treatment was initiated after the first round of blood sampling. In within-group comparisons, the initial measurements revealed significantly elevated levels of endocan and PCT in the <em>E. coli</em> group compared to the measurements taken on the 7th and 10th days. In between-group comparisons, significant differences were observed between the <em>E. coli</em> and control, rotavirus and control, and <em>C. parvum</em> and control groups. The infected groups exhibited markedly higher levels of endocan on days 1, 7, and 10, and elevated IL-6 levels on day 1. Additionally, E-selectin levels were significantly elevated in the infected groups on day 1, with statistically significant differences noted between the <em>E. coli</em> and control groups, as well as the <em>C. parvum</em> and control groups. PCT level was higher in the infected groups on day 1, but there was a significant difference between <em>E. coli</em> and Control, Rotavirus and Control groups. In conclusion, inflammation and endothelial damage were determined in calves infected with <em>E. coli</em>, Rotavirus, and <em>C. parvum</em>. There was also a positive correlation between inflammation and endothelial damage. According to the data obtained, it was concluded that endocan and E-selectin may be useful biomarkers in determining endothelial damage in calves with diarrhea.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 110979"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of serological assays for detecting antibodies against structural proteins elicited by foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccines of serotypes O, A, Asia 1 and SAT 2","authors":"Romina Scian ,&nbsp;Maria Pilar Mejías ,&nbsp;Cecilia Caldevilla ,&nbsp;Sabrina Cardillo ,&nbsp;Viviana Malirat ,&nbsp;Ingrid E. Bergmann","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vaccination is the most effective strategy to control and prevent foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Its effectiveness may be influenced by factors like vaccine formulation, vaccine potency, vaccination strategies, and by circulating variants, which may lead to changes in vaccine requirements and in their control. Serological assays detecting antibodies against structural proteins, such as virus neutralization test (VNT) and structural-protein ELISAs, are widely used to monitor vaccine effectiveness. In overall, serotype-specific tests are required, which should include antigens capable of detecting all variants within a given serotype, particularly those included in the vaccines. This study evaluates the performance of four commercial ELISA kits to detect FMD virus-specific antibody responses in vaccinated cattle and pigs. ELISA results were compared to VNT considered the reference standard. A total of 417 cattle and 189 pig serum samples from animals vaccinated with various formulations, containing O₁ Campos, A24 Cruzeiro, A2001, Asia 1 2015 and SAT 2 2015 strains, were analyzed, along with 50 bovine and 47 pig sera from unvaccinated animals. Analysis of 4170 assays revealed varying ELISA sensitivities across different test formats, influenced by both host species and serotype. Kits demonstrating satisfactory performance and strong correlation with VNT, as measured by Cohen´s kappa coefficient, were identified as potential alternatives to VNT. As expected, tests with antigens homologous to the vaccine strain demonstrated almost perfect agreement with VNT. Nevertheless, some kits which use heterologous, or presumably heterologous, antigens also exhibited very good performances, with kappa values indicating almost perfect to substantial agreement with VNT. All assays showed high specificity, opening the possibility of improving the performance of low-sensitivity kits by adjusting cutoff values. It is highlighted the relevance of using kits with proper validation to ensure the ability to recognize antibodies generated by the vaccines in use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 110978"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro characterization of the E. ruminantium pLAMP multi-epitope DNA poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle vaccine in sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells","authors":"M. Nesane ,&nbsp;A. Pretorius ,&nbsp;W. van Wyngaardt ,&nbsp;S.I. Tshilwane ,&nbsp;F.E. Faber ,&nbsp;H. Steyn ,&nbsp;Y. Lemmer ,&nbsp;M. van Kleef ,&nbsp;N. Thema","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heartwater is a tick-borne disease caused by <em>Ehrlichia ruminantium</em>, that has a major economic impact on smallholder farmers. This study investigates the potential of Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) as a delivery system for the pLAMP multi-epitope DNA vaccine against heartwater. The vaccine was designed to enhance antigen presentation and activation of specific immune responses, including CD4 + and CD8 + T cell activation. Spherical microspheres with smooth surfaces ranging from 180 nm to 5 µm in diameter were produced, with an adsorption efficiency of 83 %. The <em>in vitro</em> release kinetics demonstrated an initial release of adsorbed pLAMP DNA from PLGA NPs peaking at day 7 and again at day 35. Cellular uptake and gene expression were confirmed using the Vitality hrGFP II plasmid that was adsorbed onto PLGA NPs. High throughput transcriptome sequencing was utilized to determine the immune response activated by the vaccine <em>in vitro</em> in immune sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The pLAMP plasmid transcripts were shown to be present, and key immune pathways, including DNA sensing pathways, MHC presentation and CD4 + T cell and CD8 + T cell pathways were activated that corresponded to those identified and used for the vaccine design previously. This is an indication of the capability of the pLAMP-NP vaccine to induce the desired immune responses, demonstrating potential for <em>in vivo</em> studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 110977"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mucoadhesive chitosan-based nano vaccine as promising immersion vaccine against Edwardsiella tarda challenge in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","authors":"Nandhakumar ,&nbsp;Ishwarya Ramachandran ,&nbsp;Preetham Elumalai","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immersion vaccination with a biomimetic mucoadhesive nanovaccine has been shown to induce a strong mucosal immune response against Edwardsiellosis, a serious bacterial disease in Nile tilapia caused by <em>Edwardsiella tarda</em>. This study aims to develop and investigate the efficacy of immersion delivery using a chitosan nano-vaccine (CS) with β-glucan (BG) as an adjuvant to enhance the mucoadhesive properties of the vaccine. The prepared vaccines were nano-sized and spherical as confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the images show that nano vaccine greatly increased the binding and penetrating ability into gills when compared with formalin-killed vaccine. Fingerling-sized Nile tilapia (12 ± 2 g) were randomly assigned to four groups: control, Formalin Killed vaccine (Positive control), Chitosan/β-glucan alone (CS/BG), and Chitosan/β-glucan Vaccine (CS/BG V). Fish received immersion baths on days 1 and 21 with a 30-min booster dose. Samples were collected at two time intervals (14, and 28 days post-vaccination (<em>Dpv</em>)) to evaluate innate immune responses through lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, NBT, and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly elevated in vaccinated fish compared to the control group (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.05). IgM antibody titers, measured by ELISA, peaked at 14 and 28<em>Dpv</em> compared to the non-vaccinated group. Furthermore, after vaccination, gene expression analysis using qRT-PCR showed a significant increase <em>in IgM, TNF-α, IL-1β, TCR- β, MHC-I, and IL-8</em> in the spleen of CS/BG V fishes, with similar antibody responses observed. The efficacy of the vaccine was further assessed by challenging the fish with virulent <em>E. tarda</em> after 36 <em>Dpv</em>, and observed 15 days for cumulative mortality. The results demonstrate that the vaccine showed significant protection of 24.44 %, 37.78 %, 48.89 % and 68.89 % respectively, in groups and high relative percentage survival (RPS) in the C/BG V group compared to the control group. Histopathological examinations of head kidney, spleen, and gills were performed for all four groups showed mild infiltrations. This chitosan nano formulation, adjuvanted with a β-glucan immersion vaccine delivery method, will prove effective for Nile tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>), significantly impacting aquaculture and potentially being applicable against other pathogens in global aquaculture systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 110976"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress and challenges in developing swine immune reagents","authors":"Joan K. Lunney","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110975","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Swine immune reagents are required for scientists to reveal the mechanisms underlying responses to infectious disease and vaccines. This review highlights availability of antibodies and immune proteins to assess complex cellular and tissue interactions and the issues involved in assuring the best panel of reagents continue to be available for the research community. Continuing issues are discussed for the production, characterization and availability of expressed swine immune proteins and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reactive with those proteins and immune cell subset CD (cluster of differentiation) markers. Finally, suggestions are presented for future investments in veterinary immune toolkit efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 110975"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimisation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid preparation for mononuclear cell isolation and cytologic evaluation in free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana)","authors":"Stacey C. Engel ,&nbsp;Tanya J. Kerr ,&nbsp;Gian D. van der Spuy ,&nbsp;Tracey Jooste ,&nbsp;Peter E. Buss ,&nbsp;Jennifer L. Johns ,&nbsp;Michele A. Miller ,&nbsp;Léanie Kleynhans","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding immune responses to infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB), is essential for developing diagnostic tests and studying disease progression. Although TB affects African savanna elephants (<em>Loxodonta africana)</em>, few studies have investigated immune cells and function in this species, especially in the respiratory tract. Techniques for isolating immune cells from elephant bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples have not been previously reported. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and optimise a protocol to isolate and characterise alveolar cell types in BAL fluid collected from free-ranging, African savanna elephants. The optimised protocol incorporated a mucin digestion step, filtration, Ficoll gradient separation and wash steps to remove contaminants and successfully isolate viable populations of alveolar mononuclear cells. The isolated cells were stained with Rapi-Diff and microscopically examined to differentiate and characterise each cell type present. Cells isolated from healthy African elephant BAL samples, using this method, were predominantly alveolar macrophages (92.5 – 100.0 %) followed by lymphocytes (0.0 – 6.0 %), neutrophils (0.0 – 3.0 %) and eosinophils (0.0 – 1.0 %). This study provides the first optimised protocol for the isolation of alveolar mononuclear cells for future investigations into local immune responses to respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 110974"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BVDV non-structural protein 4B promoted autophagy by regulating p62/LC3-II molecule","authors":"Beiyan Wang ,&nbsp;Kaiyue Liu ,&nbsp;Shuyu Wei ,&nbsp;Min Wang ,&nbsp;Jiacheng Zhou ,&nbsp;Shuangshuang Wu ,&nbsp;Yazun Dong ,&nbsp;Yixuan Ma ,&nbsp;Hongyan Liu ,&nbsp;Liquan Yu ,&nbsp;Jinzhu Ma ,&nbsp;Baifen Song","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease that is characterized by diarrhea, fever, leukopenia, and propagation disorders in host animals. Autophagy acts an important regulatory role during virial infection. However, the molecular mechanisms that BVDV induces autophagy remain poorly defined. Here, we report that BVDV non-structural protein 4B (NS4B) promotes autophagy in MDBK cells and HEK-293T cells by reducing the level of p62 protein and increasing the production of LC3-II protein, and NS4B proteins were able to improve autophagy in MDBK cells by inhibiting the phosphorylation of mTOR protein. In addition, NS4B (90–260aa) acts a main role in promoting autophagy. The results reveal a new mechanism of BVDV to induce autophagy in host cells and also provide a new theoretical basis for the interaction between BVDV and host cells, and an important target for the prevention and control of BVDV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 110973"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144491030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monoclonal antibodies targeting the Erns protein of classical swine fever virus: application for virus detection","authors":"Shreya Gopinath ,&nbsp;Madhusudan Hosamani ,&nbsp;Suresh Basagoudanavar ,&nbsp;B.P. Sreenivasa ,&nbsp;Biljo V. Joseph ,&nbsp;Sharanagouda S. Patil","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV; genus <em>Pestivirus</em>), is a highly transmissible disease in pigs that leads to severe economic losses for pig farmers worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis of CSFV infections is crucial for effective containment of the disease, especially in endemic areas. In this study, the full-length viral protein E^rns was successfully expressed in <em>E. coli</em>. The recombinant protein was purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, and its antigenicity confirmed by western blot and indirect ELISA (iELISA) using CSFV-specific antiserum. The purified E^rns protein was then used as an immunogen to generate murine hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A panel of 15 mAbs targeting this protein was characterized using iELISA and western blotting, for their ability to react with native antigens in cultures infected with CSFV. These mAbs have the potential to be used in the development of diagnostic tools, particularly for the detection and titration of virus-infected cultures through endpoint dilution assays.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 110965"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Negative influence of suboptimal quality of drinking water on avian coronavirus pathogenesis and immune response: A Controlled Study","authors":"Muhammad Farooq ,&nbsp;Awais Ghaffar ,&nbsp;Ahmed Ali ,&nbsp;Ryan Rahimi ,&nbsp;Muhammad Azhar ,&nbsp;Ishara M. Isham ,&nbsp;Heshanthi Herath-Mudiyanselage ,&nbsp;Sufna M. Suhail ,&nbsp;Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110964","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the impact of poor drinking water quality on infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) pathogenesis. Drinking water samples from Alberta layer farms were assessed based on physical, chemical, and microbiological properties. The highest-scoring field water (FW), which is suboptimal with higher pH, hardness and bicarbonate concentration was selected, transported in clean containers, and used in this control experiment. Forty-eight specific pathogen free White Leghorn chicks were divided into four groups: Tap water non-infected (TW-control), field water non-infected (FW-control), tap water infected (TW-infected), and field water infected (FW-infected). They were maintained on their respective water types for 7 weeks. The IBV genome load was significantly higher in the lungs of the FW-infected when compared to TW-infected group at 4 days post-infection (dpi). The histopathological lesion scores in the trachea and lungs were higher in the FW-infected birds when compared to the uninfected controls at observed time points. However, the histopathological lesion scores in the trachea and lungs of the TW-infected birds were not different when compared to that of FW-infected group. In the lungs, the CD4 + and CD8 + T cell populations were significantly higher in the TW-infected group at observed time points when compared to uninfected controls. However, the CD4 + and CD8 + T cell populations in lungs of the FW-infected birds were not different when compared to that of TW-infected group. In the spleen, CD4 + and CD8 + T cell populations were significantly higher in TW-infected and FW-infected birds when compared to uninfected controls depending on the observed time point and we did not observe differences in CD4 + and CD8 + T cell populations in spleen between TW-infected and FW-infected birds. These findings suggest that sub-optimal drinking water can exacerbate IBV infection by weakening immune responses and increasing disease severity. Further studies are necessary to observe the effect of suboptimal water quality on the development of vaccine-mediated immune response. Understanding these interactions is key for improving water management strategies for maintaining poultry health and productivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 110964"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144223624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 on inflammation, antimicrobial peptide, and D-dimer levels in Escherichia coli-induced sepsis in neonatal calves","authors":"Emre Eren ,&nbsp;Mustafa Sinan Aktaş","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110963","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110963","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and anticoagulant effects of 1.25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 in neonatal calves with Escherichia coli-induced sepsis. Thirty neonatal Simmental calves were assigned to three groups: Control (<em>n</em> = 10), Medical Treatment (MT; <em>n</em> = 10), and Medical Treatment plus vitamin D₃ (MT + D₃; <em>n</em> = 10). The MT group received standard sepsis therapy, while the MT + D₃ group was additionally administered 20,000 IU/kg intramuscular vitamin D₃. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 1, 3, and 5 to analyze inflammatory cytokines (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10), cathelicidin, D-dimer, iron levels, and hematological parameters. Biochemical indicators including liver, kidney, and heart function, as well as calcium and vitamin D₃ levels, were assessed on days 0 and 5. The MT + D₃ group showed significant clinical and laboratory improvements compared to the MT group. Notably, SpO₂ levels increased, and metabolic acidosis resolved earlier. Hematological findings indicated reduced sepsis-associated anemia, with better preservation of RBC, HGB, and HCT levels. Inflammatory cytokines (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β) significantly decreased, and IL-10 levels were more effectively regulated. Lower D-dimer levels indicated improved coagulation balance. Although cathelicidin levels initially increased, their subsequent decline by day 5 suggested controlled innate immune activation. In conclusion, vitamin D₃ supplementation in combination with standard treatment effectively reduced systemic inflammation, supported innate immunity, and improved coagulation in neonatal calves with sepsis. These results suggest that vitamin D₃ may serve as a beneficial adjunct therapy in bovine neonatal sepsis. Further research is needed to determine optimal dosing strategies and long-term clinical benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 110963"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}