Veterinary immunology and immunopathology最新文献

{"title":"Resting and activated bovine neutrophils and eosinophils differ in their responses to adrenergic agonists","authors":"Angela Howell ,&nbsp;Natasa Arsic ,&nbsp;Philip Griebel","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) provide a rapid response to infection and tissue damage and stress can modify these critical innate immune defences. The study of adrenergic receptor (AR) expression and function in bovine PMNs is limited but both neutrophils and eosinophils express numerous AR genes but differ significantly in their expression of individual AR genes. A flow cytometric technique was developed to differentiate between bovine neutrophils and eosinophils so both neutrophil and eosinophil responses to adrenergic agonists could be analysed. Neutrophils and eosinophils displayed significantly different changes in CD11b, L-selectin, and CD44 expression when activated by bovine serum opsonized zymosan and recombinant bovine interferon gamma. The responses of activated and resting neutrophils and eosinophils were then compared following stimulation with endogenous adrenergic agonists, epinephrine (E) norepinephrine (NE), and synthetic agonists targeting α1-, α2-, or β-ARs. Both resting and activated neutrophils and eosinophils displayed differences in iROS, CD44, and L-selectin expression following stimulation with E and NE. Resting neutrophils displayed pro-inflammatory responses to both E and NE, while resting eosinophils displayed a pro-inflammatory response to only NE. No single synthetic adrenergic agonist fully recapitulated responses observed with either E or NE and responses to adrenergic agonists were dose-dependent. In conclusion, bovine eosinophils and neutrophils responded to multiple adrenergic agonists by altering expression of proteins involved in immune surveillance and pro-inflammatory responses. Significant differences in neutrophil and eosinophil responses to adrenergic agonists are consistent with their differences in AR gene expression. This highlights the importance of analysing separately these two PMN subpopulations when investigating the effects of either endogenous or synthetic AR agonists.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 110758"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165242724000448/pdfft?md5=912f520d44e8fe04e77f8554edecfd50&pid=1-s2.0-S0165242724000448-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140647596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential antigenicity of individual Mycoplasma hyorhinis variable lipoproteins","authors":"Precy D. Magtoto ,&nbsp;Bailey L. Arruda ,&nbsp;Ronaldo L. Magtoto ,&nbsp;Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz ,&nbsp;Rina B. Opulencia ,&nbsp;David H. Baum ,&nbsp;Jeff J. Zimmerman ,&nbsp;Luis G. Giménez-Lirola","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The <em>Mycoplasma hyorhinis</em> (<em>Mhr</em>) variable lipoprotein (Vlp) family, comprising Vlps A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, are highly variable in expression, size, and cytoadhesion capabilities across <em>Mhr</em> strains. The ‘Vlp system’ plays a crucial role in cytoadhesion, immune evasion, and in eliciting a host immunologic response. This pilot study described the development of Vlp peptide-based ELISAs to evaluate the antigenic reactivity of individual Vlps against <em>Mhr</em> antisera collected throughout a longitudinal study focused on <em>Mhr</em> strain 38983, reproducing <em>Mhr</em>-associated disease under experimental conditions. Specifically, serum samples were collected at day post-inoculation 0, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 from <em>Mhr</em>- and mock (Friis medium)-inoculated cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs. Significant <em>Mhr</em>-specific IgG responses were detected at specific time points throughout the infection, with some variations for each Vlp. Overall, individual Vlp ELISAs showed consistently high accuracy rates, except for VlpD, which would likely be associated with its expression levels or the anti-Vlp humoral immune response specific to the <em>Mhr</em> strain used in this study. This study provides the basis and tools for a more refined understanding of these Vlp- and <em>Mhr</em> strain-specific variations, which is foundational in understanding the host immune response to <em>Mhr</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 110768"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165242724000540/pdfft?md5=d512d9054235515962262d4ab992959d&pid=1-s2.0-S0165242724000540-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140779635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative structural and immunological analysis of outer membrane proteins and dermonecrotic toxin in Bordetella bronchiseptica canine isolate","authors":"Ji Young Jang ,&nbsp;Myung Whan Oh ,&nbsp;Chaeyeong Na ,&nbsp;Young Bin Im ,&nbsp;Soojin Shim ,&nbsp;Hyoung Joon Moon ,&nbsp;Han Sang Yoo","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Bordetella bronchiseptica</em> is a pathogen causing respiratory infections in mammals. With the improving understanding of companion animals’ welfare, addressing the side effects of bordetella vaccine gains importance in dogs. Studies on diverse subunit vaccines are actively pursued in humans to safely and effectively control bordetellosis. Therefore, our objective was to develop a canine bordetella vaccine inspired by human vaccine development. We evaluated the immunogenicity of the two bacterial components: the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and the dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) from a canine isolate of <em>B.</em> bronchiseptica. <em>In-silico</em> analysis identified eight domains of DNT, and Domain 3 was selected as the most promising antigen candidate. Additionally, the OMPs were extracted and examined using SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. The distinct immunological characteristic of OMPs and DNT-3 were examined individually and in combination. Gene expression and cytokine production were also evaluated in DH82 cells after stimulation with those antigens. Treatment with OMPs resulted in higher level of Th1 related cytokines, while DNT-3 induced a predominant response associated with Th17 and Th2 in the cytokine production. Synergistic effects were observed exclusively on IL-23, indicating increase of a potential risk of side effects when OMPs and DNT act together. These findings provide valuable insights into the reactogenicity of conventional <em>Bordetella</em> vaccines. Further, the presented preclinical data in this study offer an alternative method of the development for an optimal next-generation <em>Bordetella</em> vaccine for companion animals and humans, replacing the acellular vaccines containing both toxin and protein components.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 110756"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140637867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of differentially expressed genes and metabolism signaling pathway in the spleen of broilers supplemented with probiotic Bacillus spp.","authors":"Anh Duc Truong ,&nbsp;Ha Thi Thanh Tran ,&nbsp;Huyen Thi Nguyen ,&nbsp;Nhu Thi Chu ,&nbsp;Lanh Phan ,&nbsp;Hoai Thi Phan ,&nbsp;Ngoc Thi Pham ,&nbsp;Van Hai Nguyen ,&nbsp;Lan Huong Nguyen ,&nbsp;Dang Kim Pham ,&nbsp;Phu- Ha Ho ,&nbsp;Hoang Vu Dang","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Probiotics are essential in the body’s nutrients, improving the ratio of meat to meat, immune response, and preventing diseases. In this study, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), enriched related pathways, and Gene Ontology (GO) terms among blank negative control (NC), supplemented with <em>Bacillus</em> spp. (BS) and commercial probiotic (PC) groups after a 42-day fed supplementation. The results showed that 2005, 1356, and 2189 DEGs were significantly altered in BS vs. NC, PC vs NC, and BS vs PC groups, respectively. On the other hand, 9 DEGs were further validated by qRT-PCR, indicating that the qRT-PCR and RNA-Seq results were more consistent. Therefore, the GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of DEGs showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched to metabolism signalling pathways (alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, ether lipid metabolism, and metabolic pathway, etc) and immune response pathways (cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, MAPK signalling pathway, and intestinal immune network for IgA production, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction etc). These results will provide a better understanding of the role of probiotics in chicken development and provide basic information on the genetic development of chickens.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"272 ","pages":"Article 110755"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140621855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An isotonic protein solution favorably modulated the porcine intestinal immune response and cellular adhesion markers and reduced PEDV shedding in vivo","authors":"Dmytro M. Masiuk ,&nbsp;Andrii V. Kokariev ,&nbsp;Stefan G. Buzoianu ,&nbsp;Ava M. Firth ,&nbsp;Victor S. Nedzvetsky","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes immensely large economic losses worldwide in the swine industry. PEDV attacks the intestine, disrupts intestinal epithelium morphology and barrier integrity, and results in profound diarrhea and high mortality. A commercially available isotonic protein solution (IPS) (Tonisity Px) has anecdotally been reported to be effective in supportive treatment of piglets with active PEDV infections. This study evaluated the effects of supplementing (or not) the drinking water of 14 day old PEDV-infected piglets with the IPS on the content of E-cadherin, fibronectin, interferon-alpha (IFN-α), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in duodenal tissue. The content of PEDV DNA in feces was also measured. Though both groups had similar PEDV shedding at day 1, IPS piglets had significantly lower PEDV shedding at day 5, 14 and 21. The IPS group also had a shorter duration of PEDV virus shedding.</p><p>Levels of E-cadherin and fibronectin, both of which are structural proteins in the intestine, remained unchanged from baseline in the IPS group, whereas the same molecules decreased significantly in the control group. IFN-α, an antiviral cytokine, and MMP-9, an enzyme that aids in tissue remodeling, were increased at days 5 and 14 post infection, and then decreased at day 21 post-infection in the IPS group compared to control.</p><p>Overall, the IPS used in this study enhanced epithelial intercellular adhesion (E-cadherin) and extracellular matrix structure (fibronectin), resulted in significantand favorable changes in MMP-9 activity, and favorably modulated IFN-α production.</p><p>This is the first report of this panel of biomarkers, especially MMP-9 and IFN-α, in the face of <em>in vivo</em> PEDV infection. This is also the first report to investigate a commercially available swine product that does not need to be administered in solid feed, and that is already registered for use throughout Asia, Europe, South America, and North America.</p><p>Overall, the results of this study serve to clarify the behavior of 4 key biomarkers in the presence of <em>in vivo</em> PEDV infection. The results also indicate that IPS (Tonisity Px) supplementation is a viable intervention to modulate the porcine intestinal immune response with favorable effects on the intestine.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 110753"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165242724000394/pdfft?md5=ee489e289a4b2c9865cd5be899956348&pid=1-s2.0-S0165242724000394-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140546095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational antigenic insights into the novel NADC-34-like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) isolate YC-2020","authors":"Maria Karolaynne da Silva ,&nbsp;Jonas Galileu Ferreira de Aquino ,&nbsp;Claudio Bruno Silva de Oliveira ,&nbsp;João Firmino Rodrigues-Neto ,&nbsp;Miadur Rahman ,&nbsp;Shahina Akter ,&nbsp;Umberto Laino Fulco ,&nbsp;Yousef A. Bin Jardan ,&nbsp;Samir Ibenmoussa ,&nbsp;Jonas Ivan Nobre Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this computational study, we advanced the understanding of the antigenic properties of the NADC-34-like isolate of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), named YC-2020, relevant in veterinary pathology. We utilized sequence comparison analyses of the M and N proteins, comparing them with those of NADC34, identifying substantial amino acid homology that allowed us to highlight conserved epitopes and crucial variants. Through the application of Clustal Omega for multiple sequence alignment and platforms like Vaxijen and AllerTOP for predicting antigenic and allergenic potential, our analyses revealed important insights into the conservation and variation of epitopes essential for the development of effective diagnostic tools and vaccines. Our findings, aligned with initial experimental studies, underscore the importance of these epitopes in the development of targeted immunodiagnostic platforms and significantly contribute to the management and control of PRRSV. However, further studies are required to validate the computational predictions of antigenicity for this new viral isolate. This approach underscores the potential of computational models to enable ongoing monitoring and control of PRRSV evolution in swine. While this study provides valuable insights into the antigenic properties of the novel PRRSV isolate YC-2020 through computational analysis, it is important to acknowledge the limitations inherent to <em>in silico</em> predictions, specifically, the absence of laboratory validation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 110754"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140548985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zymosan and lipopolysaccharide decrease gene expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in peripheral organs in chicks","authors":"Maki Takahashi ,&nbsp;Tomohisa Ishida ,&nbsp;Sakirul Khan ,&nbsp;Ryosuke Makino ,&nbsp;Mark A. Cline ,&nbsp;Tetsuya Tachibana","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nitric oxide (NO) is gaseous bioactive molecule that is synthesized by NO synthase (NOS). Inducible NOS (iNOS) expression occurs in response to pathogenic challenges, resulting in the production of large amounts of NO. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) in birds during pathogenic challenge. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the influence of intraperitoneal (IP) injection of zymosan (cell wall component of yeast) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a cell wall component of gram-negative bacteria) on NOS expression in chicks (<em>Gallus gallus</em>). Furthermore, the effect of NOS inhibitors on the corresponding behavioral and physiological parameters was investigated. Zymosan and LPS injections induced iNOS mRNA expression in several organs. Zymosan had no effect on eNOS mRNA expression in the organs investigated, whereas LPS increased its expression in the pancreas. Zymosan and LPS decreased nNOS mRNA expression in the lung, heart, kidney, and pancreas. The decreased nNOS mRNA expression in pancreas was probably associated with the NO from iNOS provided that such effect was reproduced by IP injection of sodium nitroprusside, which is a NO donor. Furthermore, pancreatic nNOS mRNA expression decreased following subcutaneous injection of corticosterone. Furthermore, IP injections of a nonspecific NOS inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, and an nNOS-specific inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole, resulted in the significant decreases in food intake, cloacal temperature, and feed passage via the digestive tract in chicks. Collectively, the current findings imply the decreased nNOS expression because of fungal and bacterial infections, which affects food intake, body temperature, and the digestive function in birds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 110752"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140348144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monophosphoryl lipid A and poly I:C combination enhances immune responses of equine influenza virus vaccine","authors":"Dong-Ha Lee ,&nbsp;Jueun Lee ,&nbsp;So Yeon Ahn ,&nbsp;Thi Len Ho ,&nbsp;Kiyeon Kim ,&nbsp;Eun-Ju Ko","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Equine influenza is a contagious respiratory disease caused by H3N8 type A influenza virus. Vaccination against equine influenza is conducted regularly; however, infection still occurs globally because of the short immunity duration and suboptimal efficacy of current vaccines. Hence the objective of this study was to investigate whether an adjuvant combination can improve immune responses to equine influenza virus (EIV) vaccines. Seventy-two mice were immunized with an EIV vaccine only or with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), or MPL + Poly I:C. Prime immunization was followed by boost immunization after 2 weeks. Mice were euthanized at 4, 8, and 32 weeks post-prime immunization, respectively. Sera were collected to determine humoral response. Bone marrow, spleen, and lung samples were harvested to determine memory cell responses, antigen-specific T-cell proliferation, and lung viral titers. MPL + Poly I:C resulted in the highest IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies and hemagglutination inhibition titers among the groups and sustained their levels until 32 weeks post-prime immunization. The combination enhanced memory B cell responses in the bone marrow and spleen. At 8 weeks post-prime immunization, the combination induced higher CD8+ central memory T cell frequencies in the lungs and CD8+ central memory T cells in the spleen. In addition, the combination group exhibited enhanced antigen-specific T cell proliferation, except for CD4+ T cells in the lungs. Our results demonstrated improved immune responses when using MPL + Poly I:C in EIV vaccines by inducing enhanced humoral responses, memory cell responses, and antigen-specific T cell proliferation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 110743"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140181921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of Bacillus subtilis on the immunity, mucosal tissue morphology, immune-related gene transcriptions, and intestinal microbiota in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) with two feeding methods: Continuous versus discontinuous feeding","authors":"Yingli Gao ,&nbsp;Ruiming Tan ,&nbsp;Zicheng Wang ,&nbsp;Lu Qiang ,&nbsp;Haijing Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110742","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110742","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Probiotics as dietary additives can improve weight gain, feed efficiency, and disease resistance in cultured fish. In this research, we evaluated and compared the effects of <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> on immunity, mucosal tissue morphology, immune-related gene transcriptions, and intestinal microbiota in flounder (<em>Paralichthys olivaceus</em>) by a 30-day feeding experiment based on a continuous feeding schedule (E1) and a discontinuous feeding schedule (E2). As a result, the use of <em>B. subtilis</em> exerted the best positive effects on survival rate, enzyme activity, mucosal tissue morphology, immune-related gene transcriptions, and intestinal microbiota in flounders. Alkaline phosphatase (AKP), lysozyme (LZM), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the liver of E2 were higher than those of E1 (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the villi length in the intestinal tract and the fold length in the stomach of E2 were also higher than in E1 (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The <em>il-1</em> expression levels in the spleen were significantly increased in E2 (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) compared to E1. We performed 16 S rRNA sequencing analysis to find that <em>Bacillus</em> in E1 (1.06%) and E2 (1.01%) had higher relative abundances than in E0 (0.053%) at the end of the experiments, indicating that short-term application of <em>B. subtilis</em> with the continuous or discontinuous feeding method can allow both the adaptation of the ecosystem to the presence of probiotics by the establishment of new species in the gut microbiota and the ability these new probiotic species to perform corresponding functions. No significant differences in the ability of probiotic establishment were observed between E1 and E2. Our findings provided a unique perspective to explore the mechanism of immune enhancement with probiotics and to screen the optimal administration strategy in aquaculture application for probiotic use. Together, these results point to some level of enhancement in immune status by continuous and discontinuous feeding after a short-term feeding period, which could be used as a prophylactic strategy for flounder health management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 110742"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140181831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of CD3, FoxP3, and granzyme B immunostaining in canine renal cell carcinoma","authors":"Ashleigh Cournoyer ,&nbsp;Hayley Amerman ,&nbsp;Charles-Antoine Assenmacher ,&nbsp;Amy Durham ,&nbsp;James A. Perry ,&nbsp;Allison Gedney ,&nbsp;Nicholas Keuler ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Atherton ,&nbsp;Jennifer A. Lenz","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density plays an important role in anti-tumor immunity and is</p><p>associated with patient outcome in various human and canine malignancies. As a first assessment of the immune landscape of the tumor microenvironment in canine renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we retrospectively analyzed clinical data and quantified CD3, FoxP3, and granzyme B immunostaining in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples from 16 dogs diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma treated with ureteronephrectomy. Cell density was low for all markers evaluated. Increased numbers of intratumoral FoxP3 labelled (+) cells, as well as decreased granzyme B+: FoxP3+ TIL ratio, were associated with poor patient outcomes. Our initial study of canine RCC reveals that these tumors are immunologically cold and Tregs may play an important role in immune evasion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 110741"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165242724000278/pdfft?md5=0207131ae67d46ab7ce3dcd0500aedc5&pid=1-s2.0-S0165242724000278-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140181752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}