Veterinary immunology and immunopathology最新文献

{"title":"Relationships between liver and rumen fluke infections, milk somatic cells and polymorphisms in the Toll-like receptor 5 gene and vitamin D metabolism-related genes in Holstein dairy cows","authors":"Fatemeh Gheitanchi ,&nbsp;Isabella Jasmin Giambra ,&nbsp;Anna Sophie Hecker ,&nbsp;Christina Strube ,&nbsp;Sven König ,&nbsp;Katharina May","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated polymorphisms in the genes <em>CYP3A4</em>, <em>CYP2R1,</em> and <em>TLR5,</em> and their associations with liver fluke (<em>Fasciola hepatica</em>) and rumen fluke (<em>Calicophoron / Paramphistomum</em> spp.) infections as well as with milk somatic cell count (SCC) as an indicator for mastitis in Holstein Friesian dairy cows. DNA sequencing of the genes’ exons, 5′-, 3′-untranslated regions (UTR), introns, and flanking regions of 24 cows revealed 442 variants (388 SNPs and 54 InDels) including 116 previously unknown variants. We detected three novel non-synonymous variants leading to the derived amino acid exchanges, i.e. <em>CYP3A4</em> p<em>.</em>Gly197Ser, <em>CYP3A4</em> p.Ile388Val, and <em>CYP2R1</em> p.Val11Ala. The newly identified SNP 25:36589922 T &gt; C (ss11846100002) is positioned in the splice site of <em>CYP3A4</em>, but showed no impact on the binding score of the splice enzymes. The <em>CYP2R1</em> and <em>TLR5</em> genes presented 11 SNPs in the 5′- and 3′-UTR, partly influencing transcription factor binding or microRNA target sites. Associations between polymorphisms and constructed haplotypes with infection traits were analysed via (generalized) linear mixed models including further potential confounders. In total, 109 variants in <em>CYP3A4,</em> 37 variants in <em>CYP2R1</em>, and 18 variants in <em>TLR5</em> were significantly associated with <em>F. hepatica</em> and rumen fluke infections, and with SCC. The <em>CYP2R1</em> and <em>TLR5</em> variants were mostly linked to SCC, indicating the genes’ roles in immune responses to bacterial infections. Haplotype analysis revealed significant associations between specific <em>CYP3A4</em> haplotypes and <em>F. hepatica</em> worm count and faecal egg counts. This study revealed significant insights into gene polymorphisms related to vitamin D metabolism and immune response, which seem to play a role in helminth and udder infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 110911"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143578873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors influencing infectious bovine rhinotracheitis reactivity levels through passive immunization in Jersey calves","authors":"Seungmin Ha ,&nbsp;Seogjin Kang ,&nbsp;Mooyoung Jung ,&nbsp;Ui-Hyung Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), caused by bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1), is a major viral disease affecting cattle worldwide. Passive immunity from colostrum is crucial for protecting neonatal calves; however, maternally derived antibodies can interfere with vaccine efficacy, making it vital to understand their dynamics to optimize vaccination timing. This study examined the persistence of IBR-specific antibodies in 55 Jersey calves from birth to 12 weeks of age (pre-vaccination stage) and analyzed factors influencing antibody levels. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of dam breed, parity, IBR reactivity, gestation length, calf sex, and birth weight on IBR reactivity in calves at 12 weeks. The results revealed that Jersey calves exhibited high IBR reactivity levels at birth, which gradually declined over the 12-week period. Dam breed, parity, and IBR reactivity at calving significantly influenced calf IBR reactivity levels at 12 weeks of age (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Calves that received colostrum from Holstein Friesian dams, higher-parity dams, or dams with elevated serum IBR reactivity exhibited higher IBR reactivity levels at 12 weeks of age. These findings highlight the critical role of maternal factors in shaping passive immunity and underscore the need for further research into colostrum quality and antibody absorption to improve vaccination strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"282 ","pages":"Article 110912"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRIM21 interacts with IκBα and negatively regulates NF-κB activation in Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis-infected macrophages","authors":"Chanyu Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaohan Wang ,&nbsp;Xincan Li ,&nbsp;Hexian Li ,&nbsp;Qiuyue Peng ,&nbsp;Xiaoxin Niu ,&nbsp;Yutong Wu ,&nbsp;Zhiying Wang ,&nbsp;Zuoyong Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis</em>, a zoonotic intracellular bacteria, is responsible for abscesses and pyogranuloma formation of the infected host, which is essentially a chronic inflammatory response. Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21) negatively regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines production during <em>C</em>. <em>pseudotuberculosis</em> infection, the mechanism of which remains unclear. This study found that <em>C</em>. <em>pseudotuberculosis</em> infection in macrophages induced phosphorylation of IκB and p65. TRIM21 interacted with IκBα by PRY/SPRY domain, stabilizes IκBα and negatively regulates IκBα phosphorylation in macrophages during <em>C. pseudotuberculosis</em> infection. In addition, TRIM21 positively regulates the ubiquitination of IκBα via K48 linkage rather than K63 linkage in <em>C. pseudotuberculosis</em>-infected macrophages. In brief, our research confirmed that TRIM21 negatively regulates canonical NF-κB activation by interacting with IκBα and decreasing IκBα phosphorylation in macrophages during <em>C. pseudotuberculosis</em> infection. Preventing inflammation induced by <em>C. pseudotuberculosis</em> infection through regulation of the NF-κB pathway is a potential way to control this pathogen.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"282 ","pages":"Article 110910"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Major membrane protein of Mycobacterium avium subp. paratuberculosis activates immune and autophagic pathways in bovine monocyte-derived macrophages","authors":"Jong Hyuk Kim ,&nbsp;Donghee Lee ,&nbsp;Kevin Hall ,&nbsp;Hyunji Jo ,&nbsp;John P. Bannantine ,&nbsp;William C. Davis ,&nbsp;Cleverson de Souza","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Mycobacterium avium</em> subspecies <em>paratuberculosis</em> (<em>Map</em>), the etiological agent of Johne’s disease in ruminants, poses challenges to veterinary health and food safety. Despite an immune response that partially controls early infection, <em>Map</em> persists in macrophages through mechanisms not well understood. Here, we explored how the <em>Map</em> major membrane protein (MMP) modulates immune pathways in bovine monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMΦs). MMP is a key component of the bacterial cell membrane recognized in cattle with Johne’s disease, making it a critical antigenic target for immune studies. Using high-resolution transcriptomics, we identified that MMP stimulation rapidly activates genes linked to pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling, antigen processing, and presentation via MHC I and II pathways. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses highlighted upregulation of TNF, IL-17, and NF-κB signaling cascades, suggesting an immune signaling that may foster cytotoxic T cell development. Phosphorylation assays confirmed that MMP triggers MAPK activation within minutes, implicating both p38 and JNK1/2 in early macrophage responses. Machine learning approaches revealed subtle yet significant MMP-specific gene signatures including <em>ATG5</em> and <em>ATG12</em>, implicated in autophagosome assembly. These findings point to a dynamic interplay between antibacterial autophagy and immunostimulatory pathways elicited by MMP in bovine macrophages. Importantly, our results suggest the relevance of MMP as a potential vaccine target, as it not only elicits immune-activating signals but also engages host defenses critical to restricting <em>Map</em> survival. Overall, this work provides an <em>ex vivo</em> framework for delineating the molecular underpinnings of <em>Map</em> infection, offering new insights into macrophage-based immunity and informing development of novel therapeutic and prophylactic strategies against paratuberculosis. Our data open avenues for translational studies, illuminating the interplay between MMP, macrophages, and protective host immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"282 ","pages":"Article 110901"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting tribromoethanol as a safe and effective murine anesthetic for veterinary clinical and biomedical research","authors":"Catherine Black ,&nbsp;Stephen B. Harvey ,&nbsp;Steven D. Holladay ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Howerth ,&nbsp;Robert Jeff Hogan ,&nbsp;Harrison C. Bergeron ,&nbsp;Robert M. Gogal Jr","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110909","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Mus musculus</em>, the house mouse, is the most widely used mammalian model in biomedical research. Mice frequently undergo injectable anesthesia for numerous research procedures, with the most common anesthetic protocol being ketamine-xylazine (K/X). 2,2,2-Tribromoethanol (TBE), a non-regulated chemical, is also used, but has been linked to peritonitis. The focus of this study was to directly compare these two anesthetic protocols by evaluating induction rates, recovery times, organ weight data, and immune endpoints. Forty-five CD-1 female (8–10 week-old) mice were divided into three experiments. Two anesthetic events were performed 2 weeks apart. For each experiment, mice received an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of sterile phosphate buffered saline, (PBS; n = 3 mice), an IP injection of K/X (n = 6 mice), or an IP injection of sterile TBE (n = 6 mice). In a separate third anesthetic event (n = 5 mice/treatment), post-treatment peripheral blood and peritoneal lavage samples were collected for a 9-plex cytokine analysis. Mice were euthanized 2 weeks after the last anesthetic event. Induction rates were non-significantly but numerically more rapid with TBE as compared to K/X, at 2.7 ± 0.6 min and 4.0 ± 0.7 min, respectively. TBE mice had significantly more rapid recovery time (∼25 min) compared to K/X (∼50 min), which also had 50 % anesthetic mortalities. Organ weight ratios, immune phenotype, cytology, serum and peritoneal lavage cytokine levels, and histopathology were unremarkable. TBE performed better and more safely as a murine anesthetic for light anesthesia compared to K/X based on recovery times, no mortalities, and an absence of local and systemic inflammation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"282 ","pages":"Article 110909"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143520059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pregnancy-induced changes in the toll-like receptor pathway in the ovine duodenum","authors":"Linna Gao ,&nbsp;Haiquan Ding ,&nbsp;Qianqian Shi ,&nbsp;Xinxin Wang,&nbsp;Leying Zhang,&nbsp;Ling Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling plays a key role in the intestinal innate and adaptive immune responses, and pregnancy has effects on intestinal length and villus height. Nevertheless, it is unclear if early pregnancy modulates the expression of TLR members in the duodenum of ewes. In this study, ovine duodenums were obtained at day 16 of the estrous cycle (N16), and days 13, 16, and 25 of gestation (P13, P16, and P25) from ewes, and mRNA and protein expression of TLR members were analyzed. The results showed that early pregnancy increased the expression of TLR3, TLR5, and TRAF6, but did not influence TLR4 expression. In addition, there were increases in expression of TLR2, MyD88, and IRAK1 at P13 and P16, or only at P16 compared to N16 and P25. In summary, these data suggest that early pregnancy modulates the TLR signal pathway in the maternal duodenum, which may be related to the immunoregulation and adaptation of the maternal duodenum in the ovine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"282 ","pages":"Article 110900"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of IgY in egg yolk of Gallus gallus Domesticus by oral vaccination and its characterization with outer membrane of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale","authors":"Muhammad Shahbaz Aslam ,&nbsp;Summiya Khalid ,&nbsp;Nadia Dar ,&nbsp;Zaigham Abbas ,&nbsp;Iram Gull ,&nbsp;Zoha Khan ,&nbsp;Sehreen Ashraf ,&nbsp;Zahoor Qadir Samra","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chicken respiratory disease “Ornithobacteriosis” caused by <em>Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale</em> (ORT) badly affect the poultry industry. In this study, ORT was isolated from chicken tracheal samples by streaking on 5 % sheep blood agar plates and characterized by morphological analysis, biochemical tests and identification by species specific PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene. Characterized ORT was cultured, fixed with formalin and mixed with the normal feed to be used as oral vaccine to egg laying hens for 10 days. After oral vaccination, anti-ORT IgY antibodies were extracted from eggs using PEG precipitation method. The IgY antibodies were further characterized by Native-PAGE, SDS-PAGE, ELISA and Western blot analysis. The successful production of IgY antibodies in eggs and interaction of IgY antibodies with outer membrane of ORT as antigen revealed that this oral vaccine can be used to induce humoral immunity in chickens against ORT. Furthermore, these developed anti-ORT antibodies could be used for the diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in the poultry industry. This oral vaccination technique can be translated to develop egg yolk antibodies against pathogenic bacteria in humans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 110899"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunohistochemical identification of immune cell subsets in formalin- and zinc-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from chicken and duck using commercial antibodies","authors":"Aoi Kurokawa,&nbsp;Yu Yamamoto","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immunohistochemical identification of immune cells in poultry has primarily been performed using frozen tissues, with limited identification in paraffin-embedded tissues. In this study, the following 18 commercially available primary antibodies associated with immune cell phenotypes were tested: anti-CD3, CD4 (clone CT-4 and 2‐35), TCRγδ, TCRαVβ1, TCRαVβ2, CD8, BAFF-R, PAX5, Bu-1a/b, Iba-1, MRC1L-B, CSF-1R, TIM4, MHC class II (clone 2D5 and 21‐1A6), MUM1, and CD45 antibodies in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and zinc-fixed, paraffin-embedded (ZFPE) chicken and duck lymphoid tissues. In chickens, 11 antibodies in FFPE tissue and 16 in ZFPE tissue reacted with the expected antigens under some of the antigen retrieval conditions tested. Antibodies against CD4 (clone CT-4), TCRγδ, TCRαVβ1, CSF-1R, and MHC class II (clone 21‐1A6) were effective only in ZFPE tissue. In ducks, cells in both FFPE and ZFPE tissues were immunolabeled by five antibodies under some of the conditions tested. Antigen retrieval suitable for cellular membrane antigen tended to be heat for FFPE tissues and no treatment for ZFPE tissues. Heat-induced antigen retrieval allowed for better detection of nuclear antigens in both FFPE and ZFPE sections. Our results indicate that commercially available antibodies can immunohistochemically detect some of chicken and duck immune cell subsets in paraffin-embedded sections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 110898"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143387794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunoprotective potential of egg yolk antibodies (IgYs) in controlling necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens","authors":"Zain Ul Abadeen ,&nbsp;Muhammad Tariq Javed ,&nbsp;Tariq Jamil ,&nbsp;Syed Muhammad Faizan","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study was designed to evaluate the immunoprotective role of specific egg yolk antibodies (<em>IgYs</em>). Eighty, day-old broiler chicks were purchased and divided into four groups (G₀, G₁, G₂ and G₃). G₀ served as control negative, while <em>C. perfringens</em> type A (1 ×10⁸ cfu/mL) was given via oral route from days 17–19 of the experiment in group G₁ (control positive). Groups G₂ and G₃ were passively immunized with 1 mL of anti-clostridial <em>IgYs</em> per bird via per os (days 21–24) and IM routes (days 22 and 24), respectively. The birds in group G₁ had higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) values and reduced relative weight of immune organs. The values of various immunological assays inlcuding hemagglutination inhibition titer values against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), titer values of total immunoglobulins and <em>IgY</em> after anti-sheep RBCs (anti-SRBCs) injection and phagocytic potential of circulating macrophages were lower in G₁ compared to G₀. In groups G₂ and G₃ (passively immunized), these pathological alterations were comparatively less severe or absent indicating the immuno-protective role of anti-clostridial <em>IgYs</em> against experimental infection. The results suggest that <em>IgYs</em> could be an effective alternative to antibiotics for controlling necrotic enteritis in poultry, with potential benefits in view of animal health and production costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 110897"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143192851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An attenuated live strain of HY9901 mutant Δgr provides protection against Vibrio alginolyticus in pearl gentian grouper (♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂Epinephelus lanceolatu)","authors":"Mei Tang,&nbsp;Jianru Feng,&nbsp;Xudong Wang,&nbsp;Yu Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Vibrio alginolyticus</em> is a serious aquaculture bacterial pathogen, which is widely distributed in the ocean and rivers, and cause vibriosis in aquaculture. Therefore, it is imperative to develop effective vaccine to prevent vibriosis. In this study, the efficacy of <em>gr</em> deletion strain (<em>Δgr</em>) of <em>V. alginolyticus</em> as an attenuated live vaccine was evaluated in peal gentian grouper by intraperitoneal injection immunization, followed by a wild strain injection challenge. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used for analyzing the expression dynamics of immune-related genes. ELISA was used to assess the serum antibody titer and non-specific enzyme activities were determined by kit. The results showed that the safe dose of <em>Δgr</em> was 1.0 × 10⁶ CFU/mL for pearl gentian grouper, and the immune protection rate of <em>Δgr</em> was 73.08 %, providing significant protection against <em>V. alginolyticus</em>. The expression levels of all the immune-related genes <em>MHC-Iα</em>, <em>TNF-α</em>, <em>IL-1β</em>, <em>IL-16</em> and <em>MyD88</em> were upregulated in liver, spleen, head kidney and thymus within 42 days post-vaccination. In addition, specific antibody IgM, activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme were also significantly increased compared with the control group. It is not only safe for groupers, but also can effectively stimulate both specific and non-specific immunity of fish. These results indicated that <em>Δgr</em> could be used as an effective attenuated live vaccine candidate to prevent pearl gentian grouper against <em>V. alginolyticus</em> in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110887"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143060874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}