Veterinary immunology and immunopathology最新文献

{"title":"Waste milk consumption in Holstein calves: Effect on systemic adaptive immunity","authors":"Karen Nascimento da Silva ,&nbsp;Andrea Micke Moreno ,&nbsp;Bianca Paola Santarosa ,&nbsp;Larissa Miranda Padilha ,&nbsp;Letícia Reis ,&nbsp;Matheus Ricardo Curti Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Marcelo Paulino das Neves ,&nbsp;Viviani Gomes","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waste milk (WM) is unsuitable for human consumption due to the presence of drug residues, particularly antimicrobials and anti-inflammatory agent, as well as its high microbial load and somatic cell counts (SCC). Consequently, WM is commonly used to feed dairy calves. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of WM on humoral and cellular immunity in Holstein calves. Calves were assigned to three groups: saleable milk (SM, n = 10), pasteurized waste milk (PWM, n = 10), and raw WM (n = 10). Animals were monitored daily using standardized health scoring systems, and clinical samples were collected on days 7, 21, 35, 49, and 63 of life. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated, cultured, and stimulated with concanavalin A (ConA), <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Lactobacillus johnsonii</em>, <em>L. reuteri</em>, and <em>Bifidobacterium longum</em> to assess proliferation (BrdU incorporation) and cytokine production (ELISA). Humoral responses were evaluated by serum total protein (STP), Brix refractometry, and IgG concentration. Generalized linear models revealed significant group differences. Clinical profiles were similar among groups. PWM and WM calves exhibited higher monocyte, lymphocyte, and total PBMC counts. Proliferation was greater in SM and PWM calves in response to ConA, <em>E. coli</em>, and <em>L. johnsonii</em>. SM and PWM calves showed higher IL-4 production, whereas WM calves had increased IL-17. IL-10 production was highest in SM. IgG concentrations increased across all groups; however, WM calves exhibited earlier and higher levels, while SM calves maintained the lowest. STP and Brix (%) trends paralleled IgG results. In conclusion, WM elicited an earlier and more intense pro-inflammatory immune response, PWM showed intermediate effects, and SM promoted greater IL-10 production, potentially modulating inflammation in calves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 111051"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rainbow trout gut epithelial cells upregulate MHCII transcript expression in response to experimental infection with the anglerfish parasite Spraguea americanus","authors":"Noah P. Rogozynski ,&nbsp;Mariam S. Abdulsayed ,&nbsp;Maya J. Jacewicz ,&nbsp;Tania Rodríguez-Ramos ,&nbsp;Emily Jenkins ,&nbsp;Brian Dixon","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular parasites implicated in the collapse of numerous North American fisheries and aquaculture industries over the past century. Although the majority of fish-infecting microsporidia are transmitted via ingestion, very little is known regarding the role of gut epithelial cells in anti-microsporidian immunity. In the absence of cell lines from Lophiid fishes, the present study investigates this phenomenon via experimental infection of the rainbow trout gut epithelial cell line RTgutGC with spores of the anglerfish parasite <em>Spraguea americanus</em>. As early as 1-day post-infection, mature spores attached to the plasma membranes of RTgut cells and induced spore uptake via an endocytic process. After uptake, spores persisted within individual, tight-fitting endosomes for 2 weeks, during which no lysosome/phagolysosome fusion or spore degradation was observed. Moreover, infected RTgut cells upregulated transcripts encoding the MHCII (Major histocompatibility class 2) alpha and beta chains while downregulating transcripts encoding the invariant chain (14−1), the 35 kDa subunit of IL-12, IL-1β and the class I component β2 m (beta-2 microglobulin). While <em>S. americanus</em> spores were ultimately incapable of germinating and developing within RTgut cells, these observations indicate that the cell line RTgutGC may possess M-cell-like characteristics and that gut epithelial cells may play a crucial role in sampling and presenting exogenous antigens during the initial stages of microsporidia infection in teleosts. To this end, future use of this novel <em>in vitro</em> infection can inform the development of novel strategies to protect susceptible finfish stocks from microsporidia outbreaks, thus helping these industries keep pace with growing global demands for fish protein.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 111062"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current situation and emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus lineages in Egypt: Historicment SAT1 Introduction, and Vaccine Policy Implications","authors":"Mohamed Samy Abousenna","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2026.111063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) continues to impose significant constraints on livestock health and productivity in Egypt due to the persistent circulation, evolution, and transboundary introduction of antigenically diverse foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes and lineages. Since the 1950s, Egypt has experienced recurrent incursions of serotypes O, A, and SAT2, accompanied by progressive antigenic shifts, including the emergence of O/EA-3, A/Africa G-IV, and SAT2 Lib-12. Recent developments have further reshaped the national epidemiological landscape. In 2022, the detection of FMDV-A-Egy-AHRI-RL385-Ven-2022, phylogenetically linked to the EURO-SA lineage, provided the first evidence of intercontinental viral introduction into Egypt. This was followed in 2025 by the first confirmed incursion of serotype SAT1 (topotype I), previously absent from Egypt and its vaccine formulations.</div><div>The introduction of SAT1 into a fully naïve livestock population triggered rapid viral spread and revealed a critical immunological gap associated with longstanding trivalent vaccination strategies. Vaccine-matching analyses conducted at the Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics revealed that ongoing antigenic drift, particularly within serotypes A and SAT2, had diminished the protective capacity of traditional vaccines. In response, vaccine formulations were updated to incorporate A EURO-SA, A Africa G-IV, and SAT2 Lib-12, and a monovalent SAT1 vaccine was developed for emergency deployment.</div><div>This review integrates historical, molecular, antigenic, and epidemiological evidence to assess recent FMDV evolution in Egypt and its implications for vaccination policy. The findings highlight the urgent need for adaptive FMD control strategies that combine continuous genomic surveillance, systematic vaccine matching, and dynamic antigen updating to protect Egypt’s livestock sector against an increasingly complex and evolving viral threat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 111063"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145967057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomic profiling reveals early immune activation and metabolic remodeling in lymphoid tissues following in ovo Marek’s disease virus mRNA vaccination in chickens","authors":"Janan Shoja Doost ,&nbsp;Alexander Yitbarek ,&nbsp;Sarah K. Wootton ,&nbsp;Shahriar Behboudi ,&nbsp;Shayan Sharif","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is a highly contagious oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that continues to threaten global poultry production, highlighting the need for next-generation vaccines. Although <em>in ovo</em> delivery of conventional MDV vaccines has been effective, vaccine leakiness has accelerated viral evolution by promoting the selection of more virulent, immune-evasive strains. mRNA vaccines offer a flexible and rapidly adaptable platform capable of inducing potent immune responses, yet their application against MDV remains unexplored in the <em>in ovo</em> context. Here, we report the first <em>in ovo</em> administration of a bivalent MDV mRNA vaccine encoding glycoprotein B (gB) and phosphoprotein 38 (pp38). RNA sequencing of the spleen and bursa of Fabricius at 12-, 24-, and 48-hours post-vaccination revealed distinct, time- and tissue-specific transcriptional programs. In the spleen, differential expression analysis (fold-change ≥ 2, padj &lt; 0.05) demonstrated early activation of caudal-type homeobox 1 (<em>CDX1</em>) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (<em>STAT1</em>), together with interferon-stimulated antiviral genes MX dynamin-like GTPase 1 (<em>MX1</em>), 2′–5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like (<em>OASL</em>), and interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 (<em>IFIT5</em>). In contrast, the bursa exhibited persistent modulation of colipase (<em>CLPS</em>), chymotrypsinogen B1 (<em>CTRB1</em>), and deoxyribonuclease I (<em>DNASE1</em>), indicating metabolic and apoptotic remodeling. These results demonstrate that <em>in ovo</em> mRNA vaccination against MDV rapidly activates organ-specific immune and metabolic pathways, providing a transcriptomic framework for the rational design of poultry mRNA vaccines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 111052"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145864781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intradermal administration of a novel adjuvant cyclopolyphosphazene (CPZ-75B) in pigs induces innate immune responses comparable to poly[di(sodiumcarboxylatoethylphenoxy)phosphazene] (PCEP)","authors":"Dylan J. Chand ,&nbsp;Rani Kanthan ,&nbsp;Kezia R. Fourie ,&nbsp;Leonie Bettin ,&nbsp;Pooja Choudhary ,&nbsp;Donaldson Magloire ,&nbsp;Haoming Liu ,&nbsp;Alison Jeffery ,&nbsp;Barbara Ribeiro de Souza Cortez ,&nbsp;Siew Hon Ng ,&nbsp;Royford B. Magiri ,&nbsp;Heather L. Wilson ,&nbsp;George K. Mutwiri","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, we evaluated innate immune responses induced by a novel cyclopolyphosphazene called CPZ-75B in piglets in the absence of antigen. Furthermore, we compared responses induced by this novel CPZ-75B adjuvant to PCEP, a known polyphosphazene adjuvant previously studied in a variety of animal species. Piglets were injected intradermally with 100 microliters of the following: PCEP (100 µg), CPZ-75B (133 µg) or PBS and the local cellular infiltrate and cytokine production were evaluated at the site of injection. CPZ-75B induced significant production of the cytokines IL-13, IL-1β, and IL-17A relative to the PBS control. However, CPZ-75B responses were significantly lower than those induced by PCEP. Both CPZ-75B and PCEP induced significant infiltration of injection sites with MHC II⁺ and CD3⁺ cells compared to PBS controls. In addition, PCEP but CPZ-75B induced significant increase in CD107a⁺ at the injection sites. Our study is the first to show that the new cyclophosphosphazene (CPZ-75B) induces transient innate immune responses at the injection site which may be important in stimulation of antigen-specific immunity if co-injected with vaccine antigens. Further studies are required to confirm the adjuvant activity of CPZ-75B when co-administered with antigens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 111061"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of subclinical hyperketonemia on primary immunoglobulins, immune-antioxidant enzymes and acute-phase proteins in postparturient Indian mithun (Bos frontalis) cows reared semi-intensively","authors":"Vivek Joshi ,&nbsp;Lipenthung Y. Ezung ,&nbsp;J.K. Chamuah ,&nbsp;R. Vikram ,&nbsp;Kezhavitou Vupru ,&nbsp;Kobu Khate ,&nbsp;M.H. Khan ,&nbsp;P.S. Girish","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Managing subclinical ketosis (SCK), which Indian mithun <em>(Bos frontalis)</em> cows experience at least once within four weeks postpartum, requires understanding the interaction of immuno-inflammatory mediators and hyperketonemia. This study aimed to explore the interplay of SCK with the major immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA), acute-phase proteins (haptoglobin, Hpt; serum amyloid A, SAA), and immune-antioxidant enzymes (lactoperoxidase, LPO; lysozyme, LZM; superoxide dismutase, SOD) in postparturient mithun cows. Thirty SCK mithun cows were selected based on blood BHBA (≥1.10 mmol/l) from two semi-intensive mithun farms. Serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, Hpt, SAA, LPO, LZM and SOD were measured at 1, 2 and 4 weeks postpartum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. SCK group had significantly lower IgA values in the first week postpartum and higher IgG values in the second and fourth week. Higher concentrations (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) of Hpt, SAA, SOD, and LZM were seen in SCK mithuns during the first week postpartum compared to healthy controls. No significant differences were observed in postpartal LPO. Hpt and SAA concentrations showed a significant positive correlation with BHBA (R=0.39, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001 and R=0.27, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001, respectively) and NEFA (R=0.17, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.01 and R=0.13, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001, respectively). Serum IgA and SCK biomarkers (BHBA, NEFA) had negative relationships (R=0.44, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001 and R=0.41, <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05, respectively). These findings illustrate that immunologic dysregulation, inflammation and oxidative stress mediate less severe ketosis (SCK) in the early postpartum mithun cows. Conclusively, this justifies the need of developing strategies to control postpartum hyperketonemia in mithun cows. Future studies on the viability of using antiinflammatory and antioxidant therapy to prevent SCK from worsening to clinical ketosis are warranted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"292 ","pages":"Article 111050"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145792258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"G-CSF in feline medicine: From molecular mechanisms to clinical applications","authors":"Lei Xiong ,&nbsp;Zhang Zhang ,&nbsp;Xin Liu ,&nbsp;Qiang Lai ,&nbsp;Fei Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiaozhen Peng ,&nbsp;Weifang Luo ,&nbsp;Yi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a crucial hematopoietic growth factor essential for granulopoiesis, inflammation, and immune responses in humans and animals. Although widely used in human medicine for neutropenia and transplantation support, its applications in feline medicine, encompassing neutropenia, infection management, and transplantation, remain underexplored, with limited comprehensive reviews. A significant limitation of recombinant human G-CSF (rhG-CSF) treatment in cats is the risk of developing neutralizing antibodies, which can target G-CSF and potentially reduce its efficacy. Developing feline-specific or long-acting variants offers potential solutions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and other databases up to August 1, 2025. Search terms included “G-CSF”, “granulocyte colony-stimulating factor”, “feline”, and “cat”. Studies reporting the clinical use of G-CSF in cats were included.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>rhG-CSF administration elevated neutrophil and lymphocyte counts but could induce transient neutropenia and immunogenicity. In contrast, recombinant feline G-CSF (rfG-CSF) demonstrated improved bioactivity and did not generate anti-drug antibodies in small-scale studies with follow-up periods extending beyond one year. Novel long-acting variants, including PEGylated rfG-CSF (PEG-rfG-CSF) and a fusion protein, exhibited prolonged half-life and enhanced efficacy compared to standard forms.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>rfG-CSF represents a promising therapeutic alternative to rhG-CSF for managing neutropenia in cats, primarily due to its lack of immunogenicity. Future development efforts should focus on optimizing these long-acting formulations and maximizing bioactivity to facilitate widespread clinical adoption and commercialization in veterinary medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 111045"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145726288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BoAHV-1 and −5 differentially modulate TLR3 signaling and type I IFN in neural cells","authors":"Juan José Rosales ,&nbsp;María Belén Brunner ,&nbsp;Milagros Junco ,&nbsp;Lucía Martínez Cuesta ,&nbsp;Maia Marin ,&nbsp;Sandra Pérez","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Varicellovirus bovinealpha</em> (BoAHV)-1 and −5 (formerly known as bovine alphaherpesviruses 1 and 5) are closely-related neurotropic viruses with distinct neuropathogenic potential. In this study, we investigated how BoAHV-1 and BoAHV-5 modulate toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling pathway and type I interferon (IFN) response in neural cells. Stimulation of neural cells with the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) induced transient upregulation of TRIF, IRF-3, NF-κB, and IFN-α, mainly at early time points. BoAHV-1 infection triggered a delayed but sustained upregulation of IRF-3 and IFN-β, coinciding with a progressive increase in TRIF expression, which was subsequently downregulated at later stages. In contrast, BoAHV-5 infection elicited a rapid and robust early innate immune response characterized by strong IRF-3, NF-κB, and IFN-α transcription. Furthermore, BoAHV-5 induced sustained high IFN-β levels throughout infection, suggesting engagement of alternative antiviral pathways, likely RIG-I/MDA-5 receptors. These findings highlight distinct immunomodulatory strategies employed by BoAHV-1 and BoAHV-5 in neural cells. While BoAHV-1 infection is characterized by a delayed antiviral response, BoAHV-5 mounts a strong but transient immune response. BoAHV-5 suppresses TLR3 signaling and likely activates alternative pathways, such as RIG-I/MDA5 signaling. Overall, this study provides additional insight on BoAHV manipulation of the innate immunity and its role in neuropathogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 111046"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ex vivo-stimulated cytokine expression in whole blood indicates swine influenza vaccine-induced immune memory","authors":"Giulia Fantoni ,&nbsp;Andrea Müllebner ,&nbsp;Nimród Pálmai ,&nbsp;Péter Trampus ,&nbsp;Kathrin Lillie-Jaschniski ,&nbsp;Han Smits ,&nbsp;Navodita Maurice ,&nbsp;Krishna Latha ,&nbsp;J. Catharina Duvigneau ,&nbsp;István Kiss","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Swine influenza viruses (SwIAV) pose a zoonotic threat and contribute to interspecies viral reassortment. Effective vaccination strategies are essential, yet accessible correlates of protection remain limited. We simplified a whole blood (WB) assay to assess immune memory <em>ex vivo</em> in pigs vaccinated with Respiporc FLU3® (n = 6) versus placebo controls (n = 6), followed by homologous challenge with SwIAV (H1avN1). Vaccinated pigs exhibited no lung lesions and minimal viral loads. WB samples, collected pre- and post-vaccination and at day 1 and 5 post-challenge (dpch), were stimulated with SwIAV to quantify <em>IL2</em>, <em>IL4</em>, <em>IFNγ</em>, <em>TNFα</em>, and granzyme B (<em>GZMB</em>) mRNA via qPCR. High <em>IL2</em> and moderate <em>IL4</em> mRNA elicited in WB post-booster predicted reduced viral load and lung pathology. Concomitantly, high <em>IFNγ</em> in WB from controls at 5dpch correlated with lesion severity, indicating excessive inflammation in non-vaccinates. Post-challenge, <em>IL4/IL2</em> mRNA ratios increased in virus-stimulated WB of vaccinates, suggesting Th2-associated resolution of infection. In contrast, controls showed declining <em>IL4/IL2</em> ratios post-challenge, correlating with disease severity. Thus, the simplified WB assay allows identification of virus-specific immune responses associating with protection, without requiring extensive laboratory infrastructure. By recording the <em>ex vivo</em>-triggered SwIAV-specific <em>IL4/IL2</em> mRNA dynamics, which develop between booster and challenge monitoring immune memory may simplify determination of vaccination success.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 111024"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145595077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of drinking water quality on immune responses to viral vaccines in layer chickens","authors":"Muhammad Farooq,&nbsp;Awais Ghaffar,&nbsp;Anne Shehara Perera,&nbsp;Susan Cork,&nbsp;Yan Dong Niu,&nbsp;Sylvia Checkley,&nbsp;Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drinking water quality is a critical factor in poultry production, and suboptimal drinking water can negatively influence immune functions leading to reduced vaccine efficacy. In the field study, we assessed drinking water quality on Alberta layer farms and evaluated its impact on vaccine-induced immune responses. Chemical, physical and microbiological analyses were performed on 26 water samples collected from Alberta layer farms and serological response for poultry viral vaccines were evaluated at the same time. The water hardness, pH, bicarbonates, and dissolved sodium exceeded acceptable limits in 34 %, 50 %, 46 %, and 27 % of the farms, respectively. Farm-level data revealed no significant direct correlation between water quality scores and vaccine induced serological response. For the controlled experiment, specific pathogen-free White Leghorn chicks were assigned to 4 groups: tap water control (TW-control), field water control (FW-control), tap water vaccinated (TW-vaccinated), and field water (FW-vaccinated), two of the groups were vaccinated against infectious bronchitis while maintaining unvaccinated controls and all 4 groups were maintained on their respective water sources for ∼8 weeks. Controlled experiments showed that vaccinated birds receiving FW had 600 units lower mean antibody titers compared to those given TW, which is statistically not significant. The vaccinated FW group also showed reduced CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell populations in the spleen and lungs, along with altered IFN-γ and significantly increased IL-10 transcription. In conclusion, although the field data showed a lack of correlation between water quality and vaccine induced serological response, the control experiment revealed that poor water quality might influence the infectious bronchitis vaccine effectiveness in layers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 111035"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145617273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}