Veterinary immunology and immunopathology最新文献

{"title":"Chicken adipose tissue is differentially involved in primary and secondary regional immune response to NDV through miR-20a-5p-NR4A3 pathway","authors":"Yi Jiang ,&nbsp;Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinxin Xu,&nbsp;Xiangnan Wang,&nbsp;Yufei Tian,&nbsp;Wei Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoli Ma,&nbsp;Chaolai Man","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mammalian adipose tissue (AT) plays a key role in regulating immune function and anti-infective protection to maintain tissue regional homeostasis. However, it is still unclear whether there are differences in the participation of AT in primary and secondary immune response, and whether avian AT has the similar immune function characteristics to mammals. In this study, we used Newcastle disease virus (NDV) attenuated vaccine to induce primary and secondary immune response in chickens, and the changes of the key regulatory gene <em>NR4A3</em> (nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3) of T cells activation and its targeted miR-20a-5p were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that <em>NR4A3</em> actively participated in immune response of AT, and showed significant differences in expression activities between the two immune processes. \"MiR-20a-5p/<em>NR4A3</em>\" pathway was a potential molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of immune function in AT. Moreover, AT responded differently to the primary and secondary immune response possibly through the different patterns of source, apoptosis and migration for lymphocytes (such as CD8β⁺ T cells). This study can provide directional guidance for further studying immune functions of avian AT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110884"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positive correlation between interleukin (IL) 1 beta to IL-1 receptor antagonist levels in Standardbred racehorses prior to racing","authors":"Jin-Wen Chen ,&nbsp;Darko Stefanovski ,&nbsp;Joanne Haughan ,&nbsp;Zibin Jiang ,&nbsp;Lawrence R. Soma ,&nbsp;Mary A. Robinson","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) are both upregulated following traumatic injury. As IL-1RA blocks inflammatory signaling by IL-1β, overexpression of IL-1β relative to IL-1RA may drive inflammatory diseases. As such, determination of the relationship between IL-1β to IL-1RA expression levels in horses may provide insight into disease states or serve as a therapeutic readout of response to medical interventions. As techniques to detect plasma concentrations of IL-1β and IL-1RA in horses lack sensitivity, we developed and validated novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to assess the levels of these cytokines in Standardbred racehorses prior to racing. The sandwich ELISAs we developed used analyte-specific polyclonal antibodies (PAb) for capture and their biotinylated conjugates for increased sensitivity of detection. Recombinant proteins were used to generate standard curves for calibration and quantification. During assay validation for linearity, specificity, precision, and accuracy, we did not observe any significant cross-reactivity with other proteins tested and serial dilution of plasma samples led to a proportional decrease in signal intensity. Finally, replacement of the detection Ab by capture Ab led to a proportional decrease in signal intensity. Using these ELISAs, we demonstrated that both IL-1β and IL-1RA concentrations increased significantly when whole blood was treated with lipopolysaccharide (p &lt; 0.01). Moreover, we show that while plasma IL-1β and IL-1RA concentrations varied greatly in a Standardbred racehorse population (n = 312) at rest, ranging from 0 ∼ 48 ng/mL and 0 ∼ 112 ng/mL, respectively, they were positively correlated (rho_c = 0.875, Pearson’s r = 0.911, p &lt; 0.001), with data points arranged symmetrically along a line of perfect concordance for the majority of samples. However, a few outliers (n = 7) were identified that deviated from this concordance and had plasma concentrations exceeding the upper limit of the standard curve (6000 pg/mL for IL-1β and 2000 pg/mL for IL-1RA), potentially identifying horses undergoing an inflammatory response. This study identified useful assays to quantify IL-1β and IL-1RA concentrations in equine plasma and suggests that an altered ratio of these cytokines in Standardbred racehorses may be worthy of further investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110868"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A simplified vaccination program elicits an immune response comparable to a complex standard vaccination program in commercial layers under field conditions","authors":"Karen Martiny ,&nbsp;Jens Peter Christensen ,&nbsp;Charlotte Kristiane Hjulsager ,&nbsp;Lars Erik Larsen","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Newcastle disease (ND) is a notifiable avian disease responsible for several panzootics, which has resulted in the establishment of mandatory vaccination programs against the virus in several countries including Denmark. This study compared the immune response elicited in layers by the standard vaccination program for ND of a Danish commercial egg production facility with a simplified version of the vaccination program. A commercial flock of layers was followed for 77 weeks from hatching to culling. The flock was divided into two groups according to vaccination program and housed separately. One group received the standard vaccination program consisting of a vector vaccine, a live vaccine (administered twice) and an inactivated vaccine (standard vaccination program). The other group received a newly marketed vector vaccine and the inactivated vaccine of the standard vaccination program (simplified vaccination program). Blood samples were collected at regular intervals from 30 randomly selected layers in each group until culling (77 weeks of age) and analysed for ND antibodies by ELISA assays, which measured antibodies against the nucleoprotein or fusion protein, and hemagglutination inhibition tests. Both vaccination programs provided lasting antibodies until 77 weeks. The simplified vaccination program showed significantly higher fusion protein antibodies and a markedly earlier onset of immunity at five weeks of age (97–100 % seroprevalence) than the standard program. The standard vaccination program reached the same seroprevalence at 14 and 24 weeks of age based on fusion protein antibodies and HI titres, respectively. The inactivated vaccine elicited a boost in antibody titres in both groups, however, boosting with the live vaccine used in the standard vaccination program did not result in an increased antibody response. This might indicate that administering of a vector vaccine prior to a live vaccine inhibits the serological response to the live vaccine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110882"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in expression of FSH and LH receptors in the ovine main immune organs during early pregnancy","authors":"Zhen Yang ,&nbsp;Zhihong Cao ,&nbsp;Yaqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhouyuan Li,&nbsp;Leying Zhang,&nbsp;Ling Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are mainly involved in follicle development and ovulation, but FSH receptor (FSHR) and LH receptor (LHR) are also expressed in the immune system. Nevertheless, it is not clear if gestation affects the expression of the FSHR and LHR in the maternal main immune organs (thymus, lymph node, spleen, and liver). In this study, these organs were sampled from the ewes at the estrous cycle, and during early pregnancy, and mRNA and protein expression of FSHR and LHR were analyzed. The results showed that early pregnancy downregulated mRNA and protein expression of FSHR and LHR in the liver, the FSHR in the thymus and lymph nodes, but upregulated mRNA and protein expression of FSHR in the spleen, and LHR in lymph nodes. In addition, mRNA and protein expression of LHR in the thymus and spleen was changed, which is reported for the first time at present. In summary, early pregnancy regulates the expression of FSHR and LHR in the maternal immune organs, which may be involved in the modulation of maternal immune function, and necessary for pregnancy maintenance in ewes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110867"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142910921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of neutrophil chemotaxis in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)","authors":"Soichiro Ishisaka,&nbsp;Yuichi Yokotani,&nbsp;Takao Segawa,&nbsp;Takuya Itou","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cetaceans have adapted to aquatic life by evolving various anatomic and physiologic traits, but biological defense mechanisms specific to aquatic mammals that protect against pathogenic microorganisms in the aquatic environment have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in bottlenose dolphins in response to various chemotactic factors and compared the migration response with that of terrestrial animals such as cows and humans to characterize biological defense mechanisms unique to cetaceans. Bottlenose dolphin neutrophils showed strong chemotactic activity toward zymosan-activated serum and recombinant human interleukin-8 but no chemotaxis toward <em>N</em>-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or leukotriene B₄ at any concentration examined. Bovine and human neutrophils showed the strongest chemotactic activity at 37°C, whereas chemotactic activity declined significantly at 15°C and 4°C. By contrast, bottlenose dolphin neutrophils exhibited relatively strong chemotactic activity even at 15°C. These results suggest that the mechanism by which bottlenose dolphin neutrophils detect chemoattractants differs from that of terrestrial mammals and that the immune system of cetaceans may be cold-adaptive, allowing the animals to exert robust host defense responses in aquatic habitats, which tend to be colder than the terrestrial environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 110883"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cadmium exposure induced spleen inflammation by activating the MAPK/NF-κB/ NLRP3 signaling pathway and the intervention effect of astilbin","authors":"Tiezhu Chen ,&nbsp;Tianyu Han ,&nbsp;Yusong Miao ,&nbsp;Liangchun Yan ,&nbsp;Zhijun Liu ,&nbsp;Han Dong ,&nbsp;Tingting Cheng ,&nbsp;Yiding Liu ,&nbsp;Yu Yang ,&nbsp;Shanshan Fei ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Cheng ,&nbsp;Guangliang Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant with strong immunotoxicity effects. Despite this, the mechanisms by which Cd causes spleen damage in chickens are not well understood. Astilbin (ASB) is a dihydroflavone glycoside with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation properties. In the present study, a chicken spleen injury model induced by cadmium exposure (90d) was established to explore the specific mechanisms of Cd-induced spleen injury. If and how ASB ameliorates the damage was also explored. A total of 60 chickens were randomly divided into four groups: Con, Cd, ASB, and Cd+ASB groups. The pathological changes in the spleen were observed by H&amp;E staining. Cd-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and the involvement of the MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 in ameliorating spleen damage were also analyzed by Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that Cd exposure for 90 days damaged the spleen, which mainly manifested as eosinophil infiltration, an increase in MDA content, a decrease in the CAT, GSH, SOD, and T-AOC, and activation of MAPK/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. The overall outcome of these events was the induction of oxidative stress and inflammation in the spleen of the chickens. Interestingly, ASB treatment ameliorated Cd-induced damages. In conclusion, the present study revealed the specific mechanism of Cd-induced spleen damage using a chicken model. But ASB ameliorates Cd-induced cadmium poisoning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 110889"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by CH138+ granulocytes isolated from blood, colostrum, and milk of Holstein cows during transition period","authors":"Cynthia Pereira da Costa e Silva ,&nbsp;Karina Médici Madureira ,&nbsp;Vinicius Alvim Passos Baldacim ,&nbsp;Juliana França dos Reis Costa ,&nbsp;Bianca Paola Santarosa ,&nbsp;Cristina de Oliveira Massoco Salles Gomes ,&nbsp;Viviani Gomes","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.110888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the functional activity of CH138 + granulocytes in the blood, colostrum, and transitional milk of Holstein cows throughout the transition period. Thirteen cows were assessed weekly, beginning three weeks before calving (W-3, W-2, and W-1), on the day of calving, and continuing to three weeks postpartum (W1, W2, and W3). Physical examination of the udder tissue, bacterial cultures, and blood immune function tests were performed. Microscopic Somatic Cell Count (MSCC), phagocytosis, and intracellular ROS production by CH138 + granulocytes in colostrum and transitional milk were measured weekly, from calving to W3. Disease incidence was recorded, with four cows developing metritis at W2. Mammary gland edema, affecting parenchymal tissue consistency, was the main physical finding. Non-Aureus Staphylococcus spp. dominated the bacterial isolates from the mammary secretions (67.5 %). MSCC was highest in colostrum and decreased postpartum. Bacterial culture rates peaked at calving; however, colostrogenesis limited the detection of clinical mastitis through specific examinations. Blood neutrophil function decreased at W-2 and W-1, likely increasing the risk of mammary infection and weakening the neutrophil response at calving. This immune suppression, which affects both the mammary gland and systemic immunity, was exacerbated by postpartum metritis. The findings showed heightened vulnerability to bacterial infection postpartum, which was linked to reduced cell viability and CH138 + granulocyte function. Neutrophil function in mammary secretions gradually improves post-calving, supporting immune recovery and declining infection rates. These findings provided valuable insights into the immune adaptations of CH138 + granulocytes in colostrum and transitional milk, enhancing understanding of mammary and systemic immune responses during the transition period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 110888"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143075723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ staining with antibodies cross-reactive in pigs, cattle, and white-tailed deer facilitates understanding of biological tissue status and immunopathology","authors":"Jayne E. Wiarda ,&nbsp;Eraldo L. Zanella ,&nbsp;Adrienne L. Shircliff ,&nbsp;Eric D. Cassmann ,&nbsp;Crystal L. Loving ,&nbsp;Alexandra C. Buckley ,&nbsp;Mitchell V. Palmer","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Identifying cellular markers within archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues is critical for understanding tissue landscapes impacting animal health, but <em>in situ</em> detection methods are limited in veterinary species by a restricted toolbox of species-compatible immunoreagents. We identify antibodies with conserved <em>in situ</em> reactivity to IBA-1 (macrophages/dendritic cells), CD3ε (T cells), Pax5 (B cells), Ki-67 (cycling cells), and cytokeratin type I/II (epithelial cells) in FFPE tissues of pigs, cattle, and white-tailed deer. Multiplexed brightfield detection (IBA-1/CD3ε/Pax5) in lymph nodes of all three species demonstrated species-specific and species-conserved features of cellular architecture. Multiplexed fluorescent staining in pig lymph nodes for IBA-1/CD3ε/Pax5/Ki-67 allowed detection of colocalizing signals and identification of active germinal centers. Antibody compatibility with RNA <em>in situ</em> hybridization was confirmed for all antibodies in all species, allowing co-detection of RNA markers, which is a strategy highly useful in veterinary species where protein-reactive reagents are often lacking. Multiplexed protein and RNA staining was performed in tonsil tissue of a pig infected with Senecavirus A, enabling identification of virally-infected cell types via simultaneous detection of host cell type-specific proteins and virus-specific RNA. Findings have important applications for future <em>in situ</em> identification and comparative study of tissue landscapes and immunopathology in a diverse range of veterinary species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 110865"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142886142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cathelicidins in farm animals: Structural diversity, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential in the face of antimicrobial resistance","authors":"Ram Parsad,&nbsp;Sonika Ahlawat,&nbsp;Meena Bagiyal,&nbsp;Ritika Gera,&nbsp;Pooja Chhabra,&nbsp;Upasna Sharma,&nbsp;Reena Arora,&nbsp;Rekha Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110866","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cathelicidins are a diverse family of antimicrobial peptides found across many vertebrate species, playing a pivotal role in the innate immune system. These peptides exhibit a variety of structural motifs, including α-helices, β-hairpins, and random coils, contributing to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The structural diversity of cathelicidins allows them to interact with a wide range of microbial targets, thereby enhancing their antimicrobial efficacy. Distinct species produce specific cathelicidins, each adapted to meet their unique immune requirements. Cathelicidins primarily function by disrupting microbial membranes, leading to cell lysis. Beyond their direct antimicrobial action, they possess immunomodulatory properties that bolster host defense mechanisms. These properties include promoting chemotaxis, enhancing phagocytosis, and inducing cytokine production, thereby modulating the host immune response. The therapeutic potential of cathelicidins is significant, especially in light of the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). As conventional antibiotics lose efficacy, cathelicidins emerge as promising alternatives due to their unique mechanisms of action and reduced likelihood of inducing resistance. Recent research underscores their potential in treating infections, inflammatory diseases, and even cancer. Advances in synthetic biology offer promising prospects for effective cathelicidin-based therapies in the future. This review summarizes the diversity, modes of action, and clinical prospects of cathelicidins specific to farm animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 110866"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142872984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recombinant African swine fever virus p30–flagellin fusion protein promotes p30-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice","authors":"Xia Huang ,&nbsp;Xilong Kang ,&nbsp;Shunzi Han ,&nbsp;Chuang Meng ,&nbsp;Hongqin Song ,&nbsp;Xinan Jiao ,&nbsp;Zhiming Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>African swine fever (ASF) is a transmissible and deadly viral disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV) that has considerably affected the global pig industry. Vaccination is considered a potentially effective method to control ASF. However, live attenuated vaccines can't protect against all circulating virus isolates. Subunit vaccines can induce both cellular and humoral immune responses, but often require the addition of adjuvants. Flagellin, a stimulator of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), functions as a potent adjuvant by enhancing cellular and humoral immune responses. However, its high antigenicity may cause severe systemic inflammation. In this study, an <em>Escherichia coli</em> expression system was used to express ASFV p30 protein (p30) fused with <em>Salmonella</em> Typhimurium FliCΔD2D3 (without the D2 and D3 domains of FliC). The immunological effect of p30-FlicΔD2D3 protein in mice was evaluated. Results revealed that the ASFV p30 protein and the p30-FlicΔD2D3 fusion protein were effectively expressed by the <em>E. coli</em> expression system. <em>In vitro</em> activity analysis showed that the p30-FlicΔD2D3 fusion protein could be recognized by ASFV-positive serum, had good immunoreactivity, and remarkably promoted IL-8 secretion related to TLR5 activity in HEK293-mTLR5 cells. However, p30-FlicΔD2D3 induced significantly lower levels of inflammatory factor IL-8 than that induced by wild-type flagellin. Immunization with the p30-FlicΔD2D3 fusion protein considerably promoted cellular and humoral immune responses in mice. Therefore, the p30-FlicΔD2D3 protein retained good immune reactivity and TLR5 agonist efficacy. It also enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. This work offered valuable information that will be helpful to develop ASF subunit vaccines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23511,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary immunology and immunopathology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 110864"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142822783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}