Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique最新文献

{"title":"Les sportifs doivent ils devenir pharmacologue pour éviter les résultats analytiques anormaux lors des tests anti-dopage ?","authors":"Jean-Claude Alvarez","doi":"10.1016/j.toxac.2025.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxac.2025.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23170,"journal":{"name":"Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique","volume":"37 3","pages":"Pages 265-267"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentaires sur l’article de Laeticia Leveque… vers une toxicologie discount ?","authors":"Pascal Kintz , Jean-Michel Gaulier , Anne-Laure Pélissier","doi":"10.1016/j.toxac.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxac.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23170,"journal":{"name":"Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique","volume":"37 3","pages":"Pages 268-269"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De l’importance à ne pas considérer de façon dogmatique que les cheveux poussent de 1 cm par mois","authors":"Pascal Kintz","doi":"10.1016/j.toxac.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxac.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23170,"journal":{"name":"Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique","volume":"37 3","pages":"Pages 263-264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic exposure to tramadol and neurodegeneration: A literature review","authors":"Parisa Hashemizadeh ,&nbsp;Maryam Farokhipour ,&nbsp;Houssein Ahmadi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxac.2025.03.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxac.2025.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span>Tramadol is often recommended by healthcare professionals to help manage pain levels in patients suffering from various illnesses. Several studies have confirmed a connection between tramadol use and increased oxygen-free radicals, as well as activation of apoptosis and autophagy signaling pathways. These factors could damage the neuronal activities<span> and ultimately cause brain damage. The abuse of tramadol is becoming more prevalent, with a noticeable rise in incidents involving poisoning and even fatalities associated with this particular drug. There has been a lack of review articles specifically examining the impacts of tramadol on </span></span>neurodegeneration<span><span><span> by focusing the oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis signaling pathways. The objective of this current research was to examine the most recent animal experiments regarding the impact of prolonged tramadol exposure on causing </span>neurotoxicity<span> via oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis pathways. Specially, provides insights into molecular and cellular mechanisms. This review indicates the increase of oxidative stress activity, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation and the decrease of antioxidant enzymes and </span></span>neurotrophic factors<span> following the chronic use of tramadol in different brain regions in animals. This implies that the damage caused to the nerve cells can be regarded as the primary concern when considering the chronic administration of this medication. Future research should prioritize well-designed clinical trials to assess the safety and effectiveness of tramadol in humans.</span></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":23170,"journal":{"name":"Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique","volume":"37 3","pages":"Pages 281-293"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mise à jour 2023–2024 des cas d’intoxication identifiés dans un contexte de pratique de chemsex au laboratoire de toxicologie du CHU de Lille : les tendances actuelles","authors":"Ronny Lefint ,&nbsp;Nicolas Gladieux ,&nbsp;Juliette Faillie ,&nbsp;Alexandr Gish ,&nbsp;Florian Hakim ,&nbsp;Corentin Grenier ,&nbsp;Benjamin Hennart ,&nbsp;Marie Lenski ,&nbsp;Nicolas Beauval ,&nbsp;Jean-François Wiart ,&nbsp;Camille Richeval ,&nbsp;Luc Humbert ,&nbsp;Sylvie Deheul ,&nbsp;Delphine Allorge ,&nbsp;Jean-michel Gaulier","doi":"10.1016/j.toxac.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxac.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>À la suite d’un premier bilan réalisé début 2023 (période 2020–2023), il nous a semblé intéressant d’identifier à nouveau les cas d’intoxication dans un contexte de chemsex traités dans notre laboratoire au cours des 2 dernières années.</div></div><div><h3>Méthode</h3><div>Sur une période de 22 mois (entre début mars 2023 et fin décembre 2024), nous avons recherché les dossiers d’analyses de toxicologie biologique ou médico-légale en lien avec une pratique de chemsex.</div></div><div><h3>Résultats</h3><div>Nous avons identifié 22 cas d’intoxication incluant 2 dossiers médico-légaux (2 décès). Toutes les victimes étaient des hommes âgés de 21 à 60 ans (moyenne de 34 ans). Tous avaient pris des dérivés synthétiques de la cathinone (X-MMC et/ou X-CMC). Cinq dossiers sont positifs à la kétamine. La prise de GHB a été retrouvée dans 16 des 22 dossiers (73 %), et la prise de stimulants dans 8 des 22 dossiers (36 %) : cocaïne, MDMA, MDA et méthamphétamine.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion-conclusion</h3><div>Parmi ces cas d’intoxication concernant des hommes de plus en plus jeunes, les associations de psychotropes sont fréquentes, tout particulièrement GHB et dérivés synthétiques de la cathinone<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->cocaïne. Ces résultats demeurent un panorama local, restreint, et probablement sous-évalué, des intoxications survenant dans un contexte de pratique de chemsex. Toutefois, et par rapport à l’étude précédente, ces résultats semblent indiquer une consommation accrue (systématique ?) de dérivés synthétiques de la cathinone, une franche augmentation de l’usage de la kétamine (7/22 dossiers <em>versus</em> 9/48 dans l’étude précédente) et du GHB/GBL (16/22 dossiers versus 21/48 dans l’étude précédente).</div></div><div><h3>Background</h3><div>After an initial review at the beginning of 2023 (covering the period from 2020 to 2023), we thought it would be worthwhile to repeat the same study of chemsex intoxication cases treated in our laboratory over the last two years.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Over 22 months (from march 2023 to december 2024), we searched for biological or forensic toxicology analysis records linked to chemsex practice.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We identified 22 cases of intoxication, including 2 forensic files (2 deaths). All victims were males aged between 21 to 60 years old (mean age was 34 years). All had consumed synthetic cathinone derivatives (X-MMC and/or X-CMC). Five cases were positive for ketamine. GHB use was found in 16 of 22 files (73%), and stimulant intake in 8 out of 22 files (36%): cocaine, MDMA, MDA and methamphetamine.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion-conclusion</h3><div>These cases of intoxication are affecting younger and younger men. Psychotropic drug combinations are frequent, particularly GHB and synthetic cathinone derivatives with or without cocaine. These results remain a local, restricted, and probably underestimated overview of intoxication cases occu","PeriodicalId":23170,"journal":{"name":"Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique","volume":"37 3","pages":"Pages 376-385"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tolérance du propylène glycol contenu dans le Toxicarb® en pédiatrie avant 5 ans : étude rétrospective en Gironde à partir des données d’un centre antipoison","authors":"Adrien Cal,&nbsp;Ingrid Brisset,&nbsp;Magali Labadie","doi":"10.1016/j.toxac.2025.01.097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxac.2025.01.097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectif</h3><div>Le Toxicarb®, seule spécialité contenant du charbon actif commercialisé en France est contre-indiqué chez l’enfant de moins de 5 ans en raison de la quantité de propylène glycol contenue en tant qu’excipient. Les principaux effets d’une intoxication par celui-ci sont des signes neurologiques, cardiocirculatoires et une acidose lactique. L’objectif de l’étude est de définir s’il existe des cas d’intoxication liés au propylène glycol contenu dans le Toxicarb® administré à dose unique dans cette population à partir d’une série rétrospective des dossiers signalés au centre antipoison de Nouvelle-Aquitaine.</div></div><div><h3>Méthode</h3><div>Extraction du système d’information des dossiers des enfants de moins de 5 ans ayant reçu du Toxicarb® dans la prise en charge d’une suspicion d’intoxication en Gironde sur 4 ans.</div></div><div><h3>Résultats</h3><div>Au total, 56 dossiers ont été extraits. Les agents responsables des intoxications étaient majoritairement des médicaments. Parmi les enfants ayant reçu du Toxicarb® à la posologie de 1<!--> <!-->g/kg, 51 n’ont présenté aucun symptôme attribuable au charbon actif. Cinq patients ont présenté des symptômes (autres que des vomissements) après administration de Toxicarb® pouvant être imputés aux agents d’intoxication.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>La tolérance clinique du Toxicarb® est bonne chez l’enfant de moins de 5 ans et la balance bénéfice/risque semble avantageuse pour des intoxications potentiellement graves.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Toxicarb®, the only specialty containing activated charcoal marketed in France, is contraindicated in children under 5 years of age, due to the amount of propylene glycol it contains as an excipient. The main effects of propylene glycol poisoning are neurological and cardiocirculatory signs, and lactic acidosis. The aim of the study was to determine whether there are cases of poisoning linked to propylene glycol contained in Toxicarb® administered as a single dose in this population, based on a retrospective series of cases reported to the Nouvelle-Aquitaine Poison Control Center.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Extraction from the Information System of the files of children under 5 years of age who received Toxicarb® in the management of a suspected poisoning in Gironde over 4 years.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 56 files were extracted. The agents responsible for poisoning were mainly drugs. Of the children who received Toxicarb® at a dosage of 1<!--> <!-->g/kg, 51 showed no symptoms attributable to activated charcoal. Five patients showed symptoms (other than vomiting) after administration of Toxicarb® that could be attributed to the poisoning agents.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Toxicarb® is well tolerated in children under 5 years of age, and the benefit/risk balance appears to be favourable for potentially severe intoxications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23170,"journal":{"name":"Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique","volume":"37 3","pages":"Pages 339-346"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vol après administration cachée de scopolamine : la preuve par l’analyse des cheveux","authors":"Alice Ameline ,&nbsp;Jean-Sébastien Raul ,&nbsp;Pascal Kintz","doi":"10.1016/j.toxac.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxac.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectif</h3><div>La scopolamine est un alcaloïde tropanique présent chez les solanacées vireuses, particulièrement abondantes en Amérique Latine. Elle possède une action sédative et provoque des hallucinations délirantes, de l’amnésie et des pertes de conscience. La scopolamine est largement utilisée en médecine pour traiter le mal des transports, les troubles de la mobilité gastro-intestinale et les râle agoniques en soins palliatifs, mais peut également être détournée à des fins criminelles dans un contexte de soumission chimique. Les auteurs rapportent le cas d’un homme en voyage au Panama, drogué, kidnappé et volé sous l’influence de scopolamine.</div></div><div><h3>Méthode</h3><div>Afin de documenter l’exposition, une méthode spécifique d’identification et de dosage de la scopolamine dans les cheveux a été optimisée en chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem.</div></div><div><h3>Résultats</h3><div>La scopolamine a été mesurée dans les cheveux de la victime à 15<!--> <!-->pg/mg dans le segment correspondant à la période des faits.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>En se basant sur les rares données disponibles dans la littérature, cette concentration apparaît comme compatible avec une exposition unique, mais il convient de discuter de l’importance de divers facteurs influençant le résultat final, dont la contribution de la sueur, la couleur des cheveux ou encore leur vitesse de pousse.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Scopolamine is a tropane alkaloid present in virulent nightshades, particularly abundant in Latin America. It has a sedative action and causes delusional hallucinations, amnesia and loss of consciousness. Scopolamine is used in medicine to treat motion sickness, gastrointestinal motility disorders and death rattles in palliative care, but also for criminal purposes in contexts of drug-facilitated crime. The authors report the case of a man visiting Panama, drugged, kidnapped and robbed under the influence of scopolamine.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A specific method for the identification and dosage of scopolamine in hair was optimized in liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Scopolamine was measured in the victim's hair at 15<!--> <!-->pg/mg in the segment corresponding to the period of the facts.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Based on the limited data available in the literature, this concentration seems consistent with a single exposure, but it is appropriate to discuss the importance of various factors influencing the final result, including the contribution of sweat, the color of the hair, or the hair growth rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23170,"journal":{"name":"Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique","volume":"37 3","pages":"Pages 355-360"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative approaches to monitor illicit drug use and novel psychoactive substances in Tunisia using wastewater-based epidemiology","authors":"Bilel Moslah ,&nbsp;Omar Smaoui ,&nbsp;Thomas Néfau ,&nbsp;Mohamed Anouar Nouioui ,&nbsp;Dorra Amira ,&nbsp;Mohamed Ksibi ,&nbsp;Abderrazek Hedhili","doi":"10.1016/j.toxac.2025.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxac.2025.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span>Numerous studies have confirmed the presence of organic compounds in wastewater, including residues of drugs of abuse and novel psychoactive substances at trace concentrations. This research investigated the presence of these emerging micropollutants in influent wastewaters from five Tunisian Wastewater Treatment Plants. Composite samples of influent wastewater (collected over 24</span> <!-->hours) were gathered continuously for 7<!--> <span><span>days in November 2021. A well-optimized multi-residue liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was employed to identify and quantify 11 drug of abuse compounds or their metabolites. Among the sewage plants studied, cannabis and ecstasy were the most frequently detected substances. In this study, a novel wastewater-based epidemiology approach was introduced to estimate </span>illicit drug<span> usage, enabling the calculation and assessment of collective illicit drug consumption at a community level. The average cannabis consumption in the examined cities ranged from 1.6 to 31.93</span></span> <!-->g/day/1000 inhabitants. Ecstasy consumption ranged from 0.1 to 7.26<!--> <span><span>g/day/1000 inhabitants. Furthermore, a qualitative study on novel psychoactive substances was carried out, assessing 32 different substances in wastewater samples. Out of these 32 substances tested at all sampling sites, 16 were tentatively identified. These identified novel psychoactive substances represented a broad spectrum of categories, including synthetic opioids, synthetic cathinones, </span>amphetamine derivatives<span>, and synthetic cannabinoids.</span></span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":23170,"journal":{"name":"Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique","volume":"37 3","pages":"Pages 361-375"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Décès en lien avec des pharmacobézoards : à propos de deux cas","authors":"Antoine Baudriller ,&nbsp;Chadi Abbara ,&nbsp;Marie Briet ,&nbsp;Nathalie Jousset ,&nbsp;Stéphane Malbranque ,&nbsp;Donca Zabet ,&nbsp;Léa-Héléna Rossi ,&nbsp;Céline Durfort ,&nbsp;Sévérine Ferec ,&nbsp;Guillaume Drevin","doi":"10.1016/j.toxac.2024.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxac.2024.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Les pharmacobézoards sont des types particuliers de bézoards, formés d’un amas d’un ou plusieurs médicaments. Ils peuvent être observés à la suite d’une overdose et/ou d’une administration régulière de médicaments. Une telle entité clinique doit conduire à une prise en charge spécifique afin d’éviter la survenue de complications mécaniques et/ou toxicologiques, pouvant aboutir au décès. Dans ce contexte, les auteurs rapportent deux cas de décès en lien avec des pharmacobézoards, l’un impliquant un homme de 63 ans, l’autre impliquant une femme de 55 ans. Dans les deux cas, l’autopsie a objectivé la présence de concrétions médicamenteuses de consistance gélatineuse dans l’estomac. En outre, le suicide a été retenu comme mode de décès. Les analyses toxicologiques réalisées dans le sang périphérique fémoral retrouvaient des concentrations élevées de : duloxétine (4139&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;μg/L) dans le premier cas ; d’oxycodone (1306&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;μg/L), de noroxycodone (272&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;μg/L), de tramadol (11 000&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;μg/L), d’O-desméthyltramadol (200&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;μg/L) et de doxépine (680&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;μg/L) dans le deuxième cas. Dans la littérature, les décès en lien avec des pharmacobézoards demeurent rares. Le premier cas a été publié en 1939 et concernait une femme de 59 ans. Plusieurs cas ont par la suite été rapportés. Ces cas impliquaient divers médicaments tels que l’hydroxyde d’aluminium, la cholestyramine, la clomipramine, le méprobamate, etc. Concernant la cause de décès, celui-ci peut être en lien avec des complications mécaniques et/ou à la toxicité médicamenteuse. Ici, et ce pour les 2 cas, la cause du décès n’a été attribuée qu’à la toxicité médicamenteuse.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pharmacobezoars or medication bezoars are specific types of bezoars formed by the conglomeration of medications and/or medication vehicles. They may be observed either following an acute overdose or during routine administration of medications. Such clinical entities must be specifically managed to avoid the occurrence of mechanical but also toxicological complications. Here, the authors report two pharmacobezoar-related fatalities involving a 63-year-old male and a 55-year-old female. In both cases, the presence of medicinal concretions of gelatinous consistency in the stomach was revealed. Furthermore, suicide was considered as the mode of death. Toxicological analysis performed in femoral blood highlighted high concentrations of: duloxetine (4139&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;μg/L) in the first case; oxycodone (1306&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;μg/L), noroxycodone (272&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;μg/L), tramadol (11,000&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;μg/L), O-demesthyltramadol (200&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;μg/L) and doxepine (680&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;μg/L) in the second case. Overall, pharmacobezoar-related fatalities remain rare. The first documented case has been published in 1939 and involved a 59-year-old female. Several cases have been subsequently reported, involving various medications such as aluminium hydroxide, cholestyramine, clomipramine, meprobamate, etc. ","PeriodicalId":23170,"journal":{"name":"Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique","volume":"37 1","pages":"Pages 53-61"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141845001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining electron ionization and chemical ionization with GC-HRMS to improve confidence in new psychoactive substances identification","authors":"Romain Magny ,&nbsp;Véronique Dumestre-Toulet ,&nbsp;Bertrand Brunet ,&nbsp;Mathieu Le Seigle ,&nbsp;Arnaud Divo ,&nbsp;Laurence Labat ,&nbsp;Pascal Houzé","doi":"10.1016/j.toxac.2024.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxac.2024.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;To assess a workflow combining electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) with gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) for toxicological screening.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The identification of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in biological samples remains an analytical challenge especially when context and seized products are not available. On one hand, the analytical platform GC-EI-MS allows to query a large number of database including numerous NPS compounds. On the other hand, this platform still suffer from sensitivity in scan mode, mass measurement accuracy and the extensive in-source fragmentation leads in most cases to the absence of the molecular ion. To circumvent these drawbacks, we propose to implement a two steps pipeline for the untargeted toxicological screening of NPS using a GC-HRMS platform with two complementary ion sources. The developed workflow was applied to a forensic case of a man found at home deadly.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Material and methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sample preparation was based on a liquid-liquid extraction performed on collected biological samples which included bile, lung and liver exudates as well as urine. The biological extracts were then analyzed on GC-HRMS Orbitrap® platform using sequentially EI and CI as ion sources. Source parameters were optimized for chemical ionization using gas calibrant. A data processing workflow were implemented to automatically processed GC-EI-HRMS data, including a deconvolution step, using MZmine 3.9.0 and Compound Discoverer 3.0 which allowed to perform database querying in the NIST environment. For GC-CI-HRMS, additional data processing steps using MZmine 3.9.0 were also developed.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The automatic data processing of GC-EI-HRMS along with database querying allowed to propose the identification of six NPS sparsely encountered namely fluoroethylamphetamine as well as five designer benzodiazepines, desalkylgidazepam, bromazolam, pyrazolam, fluclotizolam and deschloroetizolam, all detected in the whole investigated biological samples. Regarding the identification steps, taking as exemple fluoroethylamphetamine, the EI-HRMS data displayed several product ions diagnostic of parts of the molecule but the molecular ion and thus the isotopic pattern cannot be readily detected. As a second step, analyzing the extracts using GC-CI-HRMS in positive ion mode with the same analytical parameters enabled the rapid detection of fluoroethylamphetamine as an [M&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;+&lt;!--&gt; &lt;!--&gt;H]&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; ion at the same retention time as observed when performing analysis with EI. This complementary two-steps analysis have been performed for each proposed NPS. In addition to the identification of NPS, opioid substitution medication, including methadone and its metabolite EDDP, were also detected, as well as antiretrovirals, including raltegravir, abacavir, and lamivudine.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Discussion–conclusion&lt;/h","PeriodicalId":23170,"journal":{"name":"Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique","volume":"37 1","pages":"Page S60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}