Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods最新文献

{"title":"Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogels for 3D Modeling of Tumor Tissues.","authors":"Amir M Alsharabasy, Abhay Pandit","doi":"10.1089/ten.TEC.2024.0271","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ten.TEC.2024.0271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although routine two-dimensional (2D) cell culture techniques have advanced basic cancer research owing to their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and reproducibility, they have limitations that necessitate the development of advanced three-dimensional (3D) tumor models that better recapitulate the tumor microenvironment. Various biomaterials have been used to establish these 3D models, enabling the study of cancer cell behavior within different matrices. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a key component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in tumor tissues, has been widely studied and employed in the development of multiple cancer models. This review first examines the role of HA in tumors, including its function as an ECM component and regulator of signaling pathways that affect tumor progression. It then explores HA-based models for various cancers, focusing on HA as a central component of the 3D matrix and its mobilization within the matrix for targeted studies of cell behavior and drug testing. The tumor models discussed included those for breast cancer, glioblastoma, fibrosarcoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and melanoma. The review concludes with a discussion of future prospects for developing more robust and high-throughput HA-based models to more accurately mimic the tumor microenvironment and improve drug testing. Impact Statement This review underscores the transformative potential of hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogels in developing advanced tumor models. By exploring HA's dual role as a critical extracellular matrix component and a regulator of cancer cell dynamics, we highlight its unique contributions to replicating the tumor microenvironment. The recent advancements in HA-based models provide new opportunities for more accurate studies of cancer cell behavior and drug responses. Looking ahead, these innovations pave the way for high-throughput, biomimetic platforms that could revolutionize drug testing and accelerate the discovery of effective cancer therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"452-499"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth Differentiation Factor 5-Induced Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Enhance Tendon Healing.","authors":"Sik-Loo Tan, Chee-Ken Chan, T Sara Ahmad, Seow-Hui Teo, Wuey-Min Ng, Lakshmi Selvaratnam, Tunku Kamarul","doi":"10.1089/ten.TEC.2024.0230","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ten.TEC.2024.0230","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have immense potential for use in musculoskeletal tissue regeneration; however, there is still a paucity of evidence on the effect of tenogenic MSCs (TMSCs) in tendon healing &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;. This study aimed to determine the effects of growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5)-induced rabbit MSCs (rbMSCs) on infraspinatus tendon healing in a New Zealand white rabbit model. In this study, bone marrow-derived rbMSCs were isolated, and 100 ng/mL GDF5 was used to induce tenogenic differentiation in rbMSC. The effects of GDF5 on rbMSC &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; were assessed by total collagen assay, gene expression analysis, and immunofluorescence staining of tenogenic markers; native tenocytes isolated from rabbit tendon were used as a positive control. In &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;, a window defect was created on the infraspinatus tendons bilaterally. After 3 weeks, the rabbits (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 18) were randomly divided into six groups and repaired with various interventions: (1) surgical suture; (2) fibrin glue (FG); (3) suture and FG; (4) suture, FG, and rabbit tenocytes (rbTenocyte); (5) suture, FG, and rbMSCs, and (6) suture, FG, and TMSC. All animals were euthanized at 6 weeks postoperatively. The &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; GDF5-induced rbMSCs (or TMSC) showed increased total collagen expression, augmented scleraxis (&lt;i&gt;SCX&lt;/i&gt;), and type-I collagen (&lt;i&gt;COL1A1&lt;/i&gt;) mRNA gene expression levels. Immunofluorescence showed similar expression in GDF5-induced rbMSC to that of rbTenocyte. &lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt; histological analysis showed progressive tendon healing in the TMSC-treated group; cells with elongated nuclei aligned parallel to the collagen fibers, and the collagen fibers were in a more organized orientation, along with macroscopic evidence of tendon callus formation. Significant differences were observed in the cell-treated groups compared with the non-cell-treated groups. Histological scoring showed a significantly enhanced tendon healing in the TMSC- and rbMSC-treated groups compared with the rbTenocyte group. The &lt;i&gt;SCX&lt;/i&gt; mRNA expression levels, at 6 weeks following repair, were significantly upregulated in the TMSC group. Immunofluorescence showed COL-1 bundles aligned in parallel orientation; this was further confirmed in atomic force microscopy imaging. SCX, TNC, and TNMD were detected in the TMSC group. In conclusion, GDF5 induces tenogenic differentiation in rbMSCs, and TMSC enhances tendon healing &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; compared with conventional suture repair. Impact Statement Tendon tears and degeneration are debilitating clinical conditions. To date, the suture method is the only gold standard for repairing tendons. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been suggested for many years for their potential in tissue regeneration, especially in tendon-degenerative conditions. Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) has been reported to induce human MSC into a tenogenic lineage (or TMSC), hence a potential cell source for tendon regeneration. This st","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"431-442"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Straddling the Line Between <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>Ex Vivo</i> Investigations.","authors":"Leopold Klein, Dietmar W Hutmacher","doi":"10.1089/ten.tec.2024.0246","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ten.tec.2024.0246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tissue engineering research fundamentally relies on experiments to advance knowledge, utilizing various models for research on both humans and animals. With scientific progress, experimental models have become increasingly complex over time. This complexity sometimes blurs the distinction between categories, making terminology less consistent. In biomedical research, three overarching terms are commonly used to characterize experimental environments: <i>in vitro</i>, <i>ex vivo</i>, and <i>in vivo</i>. While <i>in vitro</i> translates from Latin as \"in glass,\" referring historically to experimental conditions in a test tube or petri dish, <i>in vivo</i> experiments occur within a living organism's natural environment. Conversely, <i>ex vivo</i> originates from living tissue outside its host environment while striving to maintain conditions as close to the host surroundings as possible. In the tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TE&RM) community, there needs to be more clarity between <i>in vitro</i> and <i>ex vivo</i> terminology, with historical definitions sometimes disregarded and new terms often introduced without rigorous scientific justification. At this juncture, the question arises of when to refer to experiments as <i>in vitro</i> or <i>ex vivo</i> or whether the terms may be used synonymously in some instances. Moreover, what criteria must <i>ex vivo</i> experiments meet to be legitimately defined as such? This perspective is intended to address questions that would assist the TE&RM community in better understanding the differences between <i>in vitro</i> and <i>ex vivo</i> models. Impact Statement In the tissue engineering & regenerative medicine literature, the terms \"in vitro\" and \"ex vivo\" are often used interchangeably to describe experiments. This interchangeable usage can lead to a compromised interpretation of research results and, consequently, misleading scientific conclusions and teachings. This perspective aims to provide clarity on the various definitions of experimental designs. It also highlights the issue of using terms with inconsistent meanings that have origins dating back to the distant past. It's important to note that scientific definitions constantly evolve, and there is a scientifically rooted responsibility to evaluate and rethink the current state of affairs critically.</p>","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":"30 10","pages":"443-451"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142475417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Advantages and Shortcomings of Stem Cell Therapy for Enhanced Bone Healing.","authors":"Simon Kwoon-Ho Chow, Qi Gao, Alexa Pius, Mayu Morita, Yasemin Ergul, Masatoshi Murayama, Issei Shinohara, Mehmet Sertac Cekuc, Chao Ma, Yosuke Susuki, Stuart B Goodman","doi":"10.1089/ten.TEC.2024.0252","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ten.TEC.2024.0252","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This review explores the regenerative potential of key progenitor cell types and therapeutic strategies to improve healing of complex fractures and bone defects. We define, summarize, and discuss the differentiation potential of totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent stem cells, emphasizing the advantages and shortcomings of cell therapy for bone repair and regeneration. The fundamental role of mesenchymal stem cells is highlighted due to their multipotency to differentiate into the key lineage cells including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and chondrocytes, which are crucial for bone formation and remodeling. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) also play a significant role; immune cells such as macrophages and T-cells modulate inflammation and tissue repair. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that are important to bone remodeling. Vascular progenitor (VP) cells are critical to oxygen and nutrient supply. The dynamic interplay among these lineages and their microenvironment is essential for effective bone restoration. Therapies involving cells that are more than \"minimally manipulated\" are controversial and include embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). ESCs, derived from early-stage embryos, possess pluripotent capabilities and have shown promise in preclinical studies for bone healing. iPSCs, reprogrammed from somatic cells, offer personalized medicine applications and can differentiate into various tissue-specific cell lines. Minimally manipulative cell therapy approaches such as the use of bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC), exosomes, and various biomaterials for local delivery are explored for their effectiveness in bone regeneration. BMAC, which contains mostly immune cells but few mesenchymal and VPs, probably improves bone healing by facilitating paracrine-mediated intercellular communication. Exosome isolation harnesses the biological signals and cellular by-products that are a primary source for cell crosstalk and activation. Safe, efficacious, and cost-effective strategies to enhance bone healing using novel cellular therapies are part of a changing paradigm to modulate the inflammatory, repair, and regenerative pathways to achieve earlier more robust tissue healing and improved physical function. Impact Statement Stem cell therapy holds immense potential for bone healing due to its ability to regenerate damaged tissue. Nonmanipulated bone marrow aspirate contains mesenchymal stem cells that promote bone repair and reduce healing time. Induced pluripotent stem cells offer the advantage of creating patient-specific cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts, aiding in bone regeneration. Other delivery methods, such as scaffold-based techniques, enhance stem cell integration and function. Collectively, these approaches can improve treatment outcomes, reduce recovery periods, and advance our understanding of bone healing mechanisms, making them pivotal in orthopedic research and regenerative medici","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"415-430"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142296172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial for Special Issue to Honor Prof. James Kirkpatrick.","authors":"Jeroen van den Beucken, Laura De Laporte","doi":"10.1089/ten.TEC.2024.0262","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ten.TEC.2024.0262","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"366-367"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Throughput Preosteoblastic Spheroids Elevate Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 via Parathyroid Hormone Signaling Pathway.","authors":"Jie Jiang, Jingxian Zhu, Haojie Lin, Siyu Jin, Qing He, Wei Ji","doi":"10.1089/ten.TEC.2024.0195","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ten.TEC.2024.0195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) plays a crucial role in managing renal phosphate and the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3, which is essential for bone homeostasis. Developing robust <i>in vitro</i> systems to study FGF23-regulating mechanisms is crucial for advancing our knowledge and identifying potential therapeutic targets. The traditional <i>in vitro</i> 2D culture system results in relatively low expression of FGF23, complicating further exploration of its regulatory mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Herein, we reported a high-throughput approach to generate preosteoblastic cell spheroids with enhanced FGF23 production. For this purpose, murine preosteoblast cell line (MC3T3-E1) was cultured in our previously reported nonadherent microwells (200 µm in diameter, 148 µm in depth, and 100 µm space in between) and self-assembled into spheroids with a diameter of 92.3 ± 15.0 µm after 24 h. Compared with monolayer culture, the MC3T3-E1 spheroids showed a significant upregulation of FGF23 in both gene and protein levels after 24 h of serum-free induction. RNA sequencing and western blotting analysis further suggested that the enhanced FGF23 production in MC3T3-E1 spheroids was attributed to the activation of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH1R signaling pathway. Impressively, inhibition of PTH signaling through small molecular inhibitors or short hairpin RNA targeting PTH1R effectively reduced FGF23 production. In summary, the current study revealed the efficacy of the high-throughput formation of preosteoblast cell spheroid in stimulating FGF23 expression for mechanistic studies. Importantly, our findings highlight the potential of the current 3D spheroid system for target identification and drug discovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"402-413"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141898290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rosalind Franklin Society Proudly Announces the 2023 Award Recipient for Tissue Engineering Part C.","authors":"Jenneke Klein-Nulend","doi":"10.1089/ten.tec.2024.33445.rfs2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2024.33445.rfs2023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":"1 1","pages":"365"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Culture Analysis of Cancer Cell Adherence to <i>Ex Vivo</i> Lung Microexplants.","authors":"Nickolas G Diodati, Zadia E Dupee, Felipe T Lima, Jack Famiglietti, Ryan A Smolchek, Ganlin Qu, Yana Goddard, Duy T Nguyen, W Gregory Sawyer, Edward A Phelps, Borna Mehrad, Matthew A Schaller","doi":"10.1089/ten.TEC.2024.0146","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ten.TEC.2024.0146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Ex vivo</i> 3D culture of human tissue explants addresses many limitations of traditional monolayer cell culture techniques, namely the lack of cellular heterogeneity and absence of 3D intercellular spatial relationships, but presents challenges with regard to repeatability owing to the difficulty of acquiring multiple tissue samples from the same donor. In this study, we used a cryopreserved bank of human lung microexplants, ∼1 mm³ fragments of peripheral lung from donors undergoing lung resection surgery, and a liquid-like solid 3D culture matrix to describe a method for the analysis of non-small-cell lung cancer adhesion to human lung tissue. H226 (squamous cell carcinoma), H441 (lung adenocarcinoma), and H460 (large cell carcinoma) cell lines were cocultured with lung microexplants. Confocal fluorescence microscopy was used to visualize the adherence of each cell line to lung microexplants. Adherent cancer cells were quantified following filtration of nonadherent cells, digestion of cultured microexplants, and flow cytometry. This method was used to evaluate the role of integrins in cancer cell adherence. A statistically significant decrease in the adherence of H460 cells to lung microexplants was observed when anti-integrins were administered to H460 cells before coculture with lung microexplants.</p>","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"343-352"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141793554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies for the Codelivery of Osteoclasts and Mesenchymal Stem Cells in 3D-Printable Osteochondral Scaffolds.","authors":"Erfan Jabari, Robert H Choe, Blake Kuzemchak, Alejandro Venable-Croft, Ji Young Choi, Shannon McLoughlin, Jonathan D Packer, John P Fisher","doi":"10.1089/ten.TEC.2024.0162","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ten.TEC.2024.0162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteochondral defects, characterized by structural compromises to articular cartilage and subchondral bone, can cause pain and lead to progressive cartilage damage and eventual osteoarthritis. Unfortunately, repairing these defects remains difficult because of the poor regenerative properties of cartilage and complex mechanical demands of the joint. As such, the field of tissue engineering aims to develop multiphasic implants that replace pathological cartilage and bone tissue and restore mechanical functionality to the joint. Recent bone physiology investigations have demonstrated that osteoclast (OC) lineage cells are inextricably involved in osteoblastic bone formation through an extensive network of anabolic signaling pathways, and so the codelivery OC and osteoblast (OB) lineage cells within scaffolds is being actively explored for bone tissue engineering purposes. However, it remains unclear how these cells can be incorporated into the design of multiphasic osteochondral scaffolds to potentially enhance subchondral bone formation and subsequent implant osseointegration. To explore this question, we examined direct surface seeding and hydrogel encapsulation as potential scaffold cellularization strategies. First, we examined how OC precursor cells and peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) influence early-stage bone matrix development and osteogenesis in 2D coculture. Then, we evaluated the osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and PBMCs cocultures encapsulated within a gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel system. Our findings demonstrate that coculturing PBMCs with MSCs in 2D cultures significantly enhanced cell proliferation, early bone matrix deposition, and the formation of cell clusters by Day 28. However, we observed no significant difference in type I collagen deposition between GelMA hydrogel scaffolds cultured in basal and OC conditions during the same period. In addition, we found that the GelMA hydrogel system with MSC/PBMC cocultures in OC conditions exhibited decreased osteogenic activity by Day 28. Collectively, our findings support the osteogenic potential of OC-lineage cells in 2D culture conditions, and the potential benefits of surface-seeding for the codelivery of OC-lineage cells and MSCs in osteo-scaffolds for enhanced osteochondral regeneration and broader bone tissue engineering purposes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"323-334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141793556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness and Biocompatibility Evaluation of a Novel Absorbable Bone Wax Used in Bone Tissue.","authors":"Rui Wang, Zejian Jin, Jianfeng Gao, Yan Ma, Qianqian Han","doi":"10.1089/ten.TEC.2024.0144","DOIUrl":"10.1089/ten.TEC.2024.0144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to determine the hemostatic effectivity and biocompatibility of a novel absorbable bone wax in comparison with a commercially available product. Eighteen small fat-tail sheep were used to simulate clinical surface bleeding of sternal injury. Hemostasis effectiveness, the degree of bone healing, micro-computed tomography, and histopathology were evaluated over a period after the application of the material to the surgically created wound. The absorbable bone wax used in the study stopped bleeding immediately and did not affect bone healing. The histopathological results also showed that there were no complications associated with the new material. The results showed that the new absorbable bone wax used in this study was effective and biocompatible.</p>","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"353-363"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141902949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}