MeyLign Long, Anita Touch, You Yang, Xiaohong Li, Zhun Xiao
{"title":"0.1% Peracetic Acid Treatment Is the Optimal Process for Ovarian Decellularized Extracellular Matrix.","authors":"MeyLign Long, Anita Touch, You Yang, Xiaohong Li, Zhun Xiao","doi":"10.1177/19373384261448318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19373384261448318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research aimed to find the optimal sterilization process for ovarian decellularized extracellular matrix (OV-dECM). OV-dECM was prepared. Four different sterilization processes, such as ultraviolet ray, 1 mg/L CuCl<sub>2</sub> + 0.5% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 70% ethanol, and 0.1% peracetic acid (PAA), were evaluated. The sterilization efficiency and the <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> biocompatibility were assessed. Hematoxylin and eosin, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and DNA quantitation indicated the successful production of OV-dECM. 0.1% PAA and 70% ethanol achieved better sterilization. The sterilized OV-dECM in the 70% ethanol and 0.1% PAA groups could integrate with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (between them: 7 days: <i>p</i> = 0.187; 10 days: <i>p</i> = 0.293; both <i>p</i> > 0.05) and keep the cell viability (CCK-8, cell counting kit-8) and cell morphology (F-actin staining). The sterilized OV-dECM in both 70% ethanol and 0.1% PAA groups had good CD31 (a neovascularization maker) fusion indexes (between them: <i>p</i> = 0.288; <i>p</i> > 0.05), while α-smooth muscle actin (another neovascularization maker) in the 0.1% PAA group was higher than that in the 70% ethanol group (between them: <i>p</i> = 0.012; <i>p</i> < 0.05). The assessment of CD68, CD86, and CD206 (macrophage phenotype makers) demonstrated that the 0.1% PAA group had better chance to promote the M1-M2 transformation of macrophage than 70% ethanol after the implantation of OV-dECM in mice. In conclusion, 0.1% PAA is the optimal sterilization process for OV-dECM with better sterilization capacity and biocompatibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"19373384261448318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carolina De Santiago, Andrea L Gardner, Patrik Parker, Joshua R Thomas, Gregory Callahan, Mrigayu Ghosh, Aaron B Baker, Amy Brock
{"title":"Clonal Lineage Tracing Reveals Distinct Invasive Subpopulations in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.","authors":"Carolina De Santiago, Andrea L Gardner, Patrik Parker, Joshua R Thomas, Gregory Callahan, Mrigayu Ghosh, Aaron B Baker, Amy Brock","doi":"10.1177/19373384261432668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19373384261432668","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metastatic dissemination in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) arises from extensive intratumoral heterogeneity, yet the clonal and transcriptional programs that underlie invasive behavior remain poorly defined. The field lacks experimental systems capable of simultaneously tracking the clonal identity and transcriptional state of invasive subpopulations. Here, we apply a clonal lineage-tracing platform coupled with single-cell RNA sequencing to resolve how subpopulations contribute to invasion in a model of TNBC. We demonstrate that invasion is driven by a subset of recurrent clones, indicating the presence of pre-existing subpopulations intrinsically primed for migratory behavior. Transcriptomic profiling further reveals two transcriptomically distinct invasive cell states that remain stable across independent selections. Targeted perturbations suppress these dominant invasive programs but enable invasion by alternative rare clones, demonstrating compensatory clonal dynamics in response to selective pressure. Together these findings show that invasive potential arises from stable clonal programs and that heterogenous tumors maintain invasive capacity through clonal replacement. Clonally resolved single-cell profiling provides a framework for dissecting invasive heterogeneity and highlights the need for therapeutic strategies that account for clone-specific behaviors and the dynamic restructuring of tumor subpopulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"19373384261432668"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ceri-Anne E Suurmond, Natasja W M van Dijk, René van Rheden, Vincent M J I Cuijpers, Ewald M Bronkhorst, Mani Diba, Sander C G Leeuwenburgh, Jeroen J J P van den Beucken
{"title":"A Humanized Bone Metastasis Model: <i>Ex Vivo</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> Applications.","authors":"Ceri-Anne E Suurmond, Natasja W M van Dijk, René van Rheden, Vincent M J I Cuijpers, Ewald M Bronkhorst, Mani Diba, Sander C G Leeuwenburgh, Jeroen J J P van den Beucken","doi":"10.1177/19373384261422836","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373384261422836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patients with breast or prostate cancer have a high chance of developing bone metastasis, which is associated with many skeletal-related events. The development of novel bone metastasis treatments is lagging behind due to the lack of reliable models. We aimed to develop a humanized bone metastasis model comprising vital human bone discs and human metastatic cancer cells (bone metastasis discs), which were subsequently cultured <i>ex vivo</i> or subcutaneously implanted into nude mice. <i>Ex vivo</i> culture experiments confirmed that cells within the bone metastasis discs remained metabolically active, while the presence of metastatic cancer cells could be monitored using bioluminescence. Although histological analyses confirmed the presence of relevant bone cells in the human bone tissue, no apparent formation of metastatic lesions was detected over the 2-week <i>ex vivo</i> culture period. In contrast, subcutaneously implanted bone metastasis discs demonstrated clear metastatic lesion formation, with osteolytic characteristics, that progressed from 3 to 6 weeks after implantation for both breast and prostate cancer bone metastasis discs. Histologically, healthy bone tissue with bone marrow compartments as well as anastomosis was observed. Cisplatin treatment of <i>ex vivo</i> cultured bone metastasis discs significantly decreased the bioluminescent signal from (prostate) cancer cells, while no effects of cisplatin treatment were observed for <i>in vivo</i> implanted bone metastasis discs. Our data provide a proof of concept for an <i>ex vivo</i>/<i>in vivo</i> bone metastasis model with vital human bone and human metastatic cancer cells but require further fine-tuning to improve robustness, relevance, and quantification methods. Future research could potentially use these models for the evaluation of novel bone metastasis treatments, accelerating their potential clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"121-137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147318260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Encheng Ji, Amaia Garmendia Urdalleta, Janneke Witte-Bouma, Gert-Jan Kremers, Nunzia Di Maggio, Andrea Banfi, Eric Farrell, Andrea Lolli
{"title":"Development of a Complex Human <i>In Vitro</i> Model of Endochondral Ossification.","authors":"Encheng Ji, Amaia Garmendia Urdalleta, Janneke Witte-Bouma, Gert-Jan Kremers, Nunzia Di Maggio, Andrea Banfi, Eric Farrell, Andrea Lolli","doi":"10.1177/19373341251378152","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373341251378152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During development and regeneration, bone is formed by endochondral ossification (EO) through the remodeling of a cartilage template. This complex process involves multiple cell types and interactions that cannot currently be modeled <i>in vitro</i>. This study aimed to develop a novel tissue-engineered human <i>in vitro</i> model of certain aspects of the early stages of EO by integrating cartilage which undergoes mineralization, self-assembled vascular networks, and osteoclasts into a single system. We first studied the dynamics of osteoclastogenesis and vascularization in an <i>in vivo</i> model of stromal cell-mediated EO, to inform our <i>in vitro</i> system. Next, we aimed to develop a fully human cell-based three-dimensional model of EO by combining pediatric bone marrow stromal cells differentiating into chondrocytes, osteoclasts derived from human CD14+ monocytes, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells and adipose-derived stromal cells as vessel-forming cells. We investigated how mineralizing cartilage affects osteoclast and vessel formation <i>in vitro</i> through separate cartilage-osteoclasts and cartilage-vessels cocultures. Finally, we combined these elements and established a complex <i>in vitro</i> model that supports the functionality of all these cell types and recapitulates chondrogenesis, cartilage mineralization, vessel formation and osteoclastogenesis. This integrated approach reaches unprecedented complexity and will enable new tissue engineering strategies to model skeletal diseases or cancer metastasis to the bone.</p>","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"105-120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145092425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Allison Faber, Shabnam Nejat, James Baker, Silviya P Zustiak
{"title":"Dual-Stiffness Hydrogel-Based Glioblastoma <i>In Vitro</i> Model to Observe Cell Behavior at Interfaces.","authors":"Allison Faber, Shabnam Nejat, James Baker, Silviya P Zustiak","doi":"10.1177/19373384261438217","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373384261438217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is renewed interest in three-dimensional <i>in vitro</i> bioengineered models that replicate key aspects of the <i>in vivo</i> environment for the study of cellular behavior, with one key aspect being cell interactions with matrix interfaces. Here, we developed a dual-stiffness hydrogel-encapsulated glioblastoma (GBM) spheroid model to investigate GBM spreading along a stiffness interface. GBM is an aggressive brain cancer with a patient prognosis of 12-18 months, which is known to spread to distant brain regions by following stiffness interfaces. Our model consisted of a soft, 5% w/v, polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel to mimic the native brain tissue and a stiff, 10% w/v, PEG hydrogel to replicate the stiffer GBM microenvironment. To ensure spheroids fall along the boundary, we adjusted the gelation time of the gel by varying the pH of the gel precursor solution. Encapsulated spheroids were assessed for infiltration and viability for up to 7 days. Spheroids exhibited high viability in all hydrogels. Spheroids showed a higher infiltration index in the soft hydrogel, and migration across the stiffness interface occurred only from the soft to the stiff hydrogel in the dual-stiffness gels. The developed model has a simple, robust design for studying GBM behavior <i>in vitro</i>, a high degree of imageability, requires no specialized equipment to prepare, and is compatible with a multiwell plate format for easy handling and analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"138-150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147639840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephanie K Seidlits, Jeroen J J P van den Beucken
{"title":"Special Issue on Cancer and Regenerative Medicine.","authors":"Stephanie K Seidlits, Jeroen J J P van den Beucken","doi":"10.1177/19373384261438773","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373384261438773","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"103-104"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147634306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sheridan Fok, Anagha Shreesha, Angela Appiah-Kubi, Rebecca B Riggins, Brendan A C Harley
{"title":"The Size of Glioblastoma Spheroids Influences Patterns of Invasion and Temozolomide Efficacy.","authors":"Sheridan Fok, Anagha Shreesha, Angela Appiah-Kubi, Rebecca B Riggins, Brendan A C Harley","doi":"10.1177/19373384261432672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19373384261432672","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most common malignant brain tumors, with patient mortality driven by invasion into the surrounding brain microenvironment and drug resistance. Multicellular spheroids are an increasingly common model to study GBM invasion and drug response in engineered biomaterials. However, a key design feature of tumor spheroid studies is the size of each spheroid (number of cells, diameter). Given the heterogeneous growth of GBM cells at the surgical margin, spheroids of different sizes may also have clinical relevance. Here, we define shifts in behavior and drug response of wild-type (WT) and temozolomide (TMZ)-resistant GBM spheroids as a function of initial spheroid size. GBM spheroids ranging from 1,000 to 10,000 cells in size were embedded into a methacrylamide-functionalized gelatin hydrogel. GBM spheroid size had an inverse relationship with the number of apoptotic cells. We observed significant spheroid-size-dependent effects on TMZ efficacy for both TMZ-resistant and WT cells. Interestingly, high single doses of TMZ were more effective in reducing three-dimensional migration from smaller spheroids than metronomic dosing, while high single dose and metronomic dosing were equally effective in reducing invasion for large TMZ-resistant spheroids. Our study highlights the importance of considering and reporting spheroid size for cancer tissue engineering studies considering invasion and drug resistance. It also informs future studies of residual GBM at the tumor margins most responsible for patient relapse and mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"19373384261432672"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147469338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emily L Pallack, Maxwell W Oulundsen, Yan Kolpakov, Hannah R Goldberg, Aneth J Fernandez, Noah D Teaney, Faith E Y Moran, Nisha R Iyer
{"title":"Low-Cost, Rapid Fabrication of Customizable Polyethylene Glycol-Based Cell Culture Devices.","authors":"Emily L Pallack, Maxwell W Oulundsen, Yan Kolpakov, Hannah R Goldberg, Aneth J Fernandez, Noah D Teaney, Faith E Y Moran, Nisha R Iyer","doi":"10.1177/19373384261427525","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373384261427525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biological research groups may face a high barrier to entry when constructing custom 3D cell culture devices to investigate multi-tissue interactions <i>in vitro</i>. Standard fabrication methods such as lithography, etching, or molding are expensive and require specialized equipment and expertise. To address this, we developed an accessible approach for producing polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based cell culture devices using stereolithography 3D printing with a polydimethylsiloxane intermediate mold. Both the intermediate molding steps and the sterilized final device show low cytotoxicity, and the final device swells to predictable dimensions and retains its shape for at least 10 days. We used this approach to develop a human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural spheroid outgrowth model that supports directed neurite extension over 14 days. Together, this method provides a highly customizable, affordable platform for rapid fabrication of PEG-based microphysiological systems for diverse tissue engineering applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"80-89"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147435645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kelly L O'Neill, Kylie E Williams, Auveen Hajarizadeh, Adam Rauff, Ievgenii Liashenko, Robert E Guldberg, Paul D Dalton
{"title":"Automated Seamless Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Electrospun Tubes for Critically-Sized Bone Defect Repair.","authors":"Kelly L O'Neill, Kylie E Williams, Auveen Hajarizadeh, Adam Rauff, Ievgenii Liashenko, Robert E Guldberg, Paul D Dalton","doi":"10.1177/19373368261431109","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373368261431109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we demonstrate an automated approach to efficiently and reproducibly manufacture perforated poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) solution electrospun tubular meshes designed for critically-sized bone defect repair. The workflow improves reproducibility and reduces fabrication time by 67% (8.7 vs. 2.7 h per 10 meshes). By directly electrospinning PCL onto a rotating cylindrical mandrel, seam-related discontinuities are eliminated, and subsequent use of an automated soldering iron system enables precise 1 mm perforations that promote vascular ingrowth during bone healing. Despite the decrease in mass of the new design compared with the original design (18.24 ± 1.5 mg for old vs. 11.48 ± 1.2 mg for new design), mechanical testing revealed similar resistance to lateral compression compared with semimanually assembled meshes. This is important to prevent collapse during surgical placement and injection of osteoinductive treatments. Further, eliminating surgical glue improves the manufacturing simplicity and scaffold reproducibility. Following implantation with bone morphogenic protein-2 loaded alginate, the new design performed similarly to the original: <i>in vivo</i> microcomputed tomography confirmed bone formation that significantly increased (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) over 8-weeks in an established rat femoral defect model. This study provides a novel production method of tubular scaffolds with variable dimensions and flexible perforation patterns and demonstrates improvements in fabrication efficiencies and reproducibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"71-79"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147460066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An <i>Ex Vivo</i> Mini-Tumor Culture Protocol for Evaluating Individualized Efficacy of Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy.","authors":"Yuanfeng Fu, Yuxia Zou, Zhilong Chen, Chenglong Zheng, Dongmeng Liu, Tingting Duan, Jinlong Huang, Xuejun Zhou, Jiaolin Bao, Xiaofeng Wang, Ren-Bo Ding","doi":"10.1177/19373384261431824","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19373384261431824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conventional drug screening models face a series of challenges in guiding individualized cancer treatment, including time-consuming processes, limited drug coverage, and insufficient accuracy in efficacy evaluation. This study aims to establish a convenient, rapid, and reliable drug screening protocol for evaluating individualized efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. We established an <i>ex vivo</i> mini-tumor culture platform by culturing tumor fragments in an air-liquid interface system, which was capable of sustaining tumor growth for at least 2 weeks and maintaining immune cell infiltration for over 1 week. Using this mini-tumor culture platform, we can evaluate the individualized therapeutic responses of different tumors to chemotherapy and immunotherapy, including gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, αPD-1 and αPD-L1. Furthermore, using this drug evaluation platform, we revealed distinct therapeutic responses to immunotherapy between immune-cold tumors and immune-hot tumors, and demonstrated the important role of the immunologic adjuvant resiquimod (R848) in enhancing immunotherapy efficacy. This mini-tumor culture protocol provides a feasible implementation approach for <i>ex vivo</i> personalized drug testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":23154,"journal":{"name":"Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods","volume":" ","pages":"90-98"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147435717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}