Solar RRL最新文献

{"title":"Screen-Printed Electrically Isolated Buried Contacts for Metal-Halide Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells: Proof of Concept Devices and Electrical Loss Simulations Highlighting Large-Scale Potential","authors":"Sara Baumann,&nbsp;Annika Raugewitz,&nbsp;T. Lukas Brockmann,&nbsp;Felix Haase,&nbsp;Welmoed Veurman,&nbsp;Tobias Wietler,&nbsp;Robby Peibst,&nbsp;Marc Köntges","doi":"10.1002/solr.70510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70510","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Processes for applying front metallization to metal-halide-perovskite (MHP)/Si tandem solar cells must carefully account for the intrinsic stability challenges of MHPs—particularly their susceptibility to thermal degradation. The paper presents a proof-of-concept for a novel interconnection design for MHP/Si tandem solar cells, named electrically isolated buried contacts (EIBC). This innovative approach involves screen-printing contacts onto a screen-printed isolating solder resist layer on the Si bottom solar cell before the MHP top solar cell is fabricated. This method allows the contacts to undergo high-temperature annealing, enhancing their conductivity. Through the use of <i>SpiceGUI</i> simulations together with the evaluation of several resistive contributions in test samples, it is demonstrated that EIBC contacts sintered to 350 °C can improve cell efficiencies on M10 solar cell sizes compared to low temperature screen-printing methods (sintered at 150 °C) by 3.8%_abs. for 2.2 mm finger pitch and 2.6%_abs. for 1.4 mm finger pitch. Screen-printed EIBC contacts are also promising for cost-effective and long-term stable industrial integration of tandem solar cells into modules via soldering as the mechanical stress on top of the MHP layer can be reduced.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.70510","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interfacial Energy-Level Positioning in Stacked Phthalocyanine Heterostructures for Potential Use in Organic Solar Cell Applications: From Optical Response to Ambient-Induced Surface Effects","authors":"Aleksandra Tomaszowska,&nbsp;Paulina Powroźnik,&nbsp;Yuri Ardesi,&nbsp;Fabrizio Mo,&nbsp;Aleksandra Przybyła,&nbsp;Justyna Juszczyk-Synowiec,&nbsp;Anna Michalewicz,&nbsp;Gianluca Piccinini,&nbsp;Mariagrazia Graziano,&nbsp;Maciej Krzywiecki","doi":"10.1002/solr.70507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70507","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents the comprehensive characterization of a phthalocyanine-based energy cascade for potential use in organic solar cell (OSC) application. By integrating four carefully selected materials, the proposed structure combines broad optical absorption with a cascade-like energy-level arrangement. Optical analysis and density functional theory calculations show broad spectral coverage arising from the combined contributions of the individual phthalocyanine layers. In parallel, X-ray photoelectron and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies establish a well-defined frontier-orbital alignment and a uniform surface potential in the as-prepared stacked structure. Complementary calculations and photoemission measurements further demonstrate that controlled exposure of the terminal H₂Pc layer to common atmospheric species induces slight modifications of the surface potential and energy-level alignment. These changes alter the electronic conditions at the H₂Pc/TiOPc interface without detectable chemical degradation of the exposed layer, showing that ambient exposure can modify the interfacial energetics of the multilayer. Together, these results provide a detailed picture of the relationship between optical response, electronic structure, and ambient-induced interfacial modification in the investigated system and establish a basis for further device-level studies required to determine how these effects influence charge transport and photovoltaic performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149145975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photocatalytic Methane Oxidation: Reactive Oxygen Species Regulation, Active Interface Engineering, and Reaction Microenvironment Design","authors":"Zhengxiong Jiang,&nbsp;Kun Wu,&nbsp;Meng Sun,&nbsp;Tingyu Ji,&nbsp;Qiao Peng,&nbsp;Chang Xu,&nbsp;Shiyi Guo,&nbsp;Lingzhi Wang,&nbsp;Jinlong Zhang","doi":"10.1002/solr.70482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70482","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Photocatalytic methane oxidation offers a promising route for methane valorization under mild conditions, yet it is constrained by the need to activate inert C─H bonds while protecting more reactive oxygenated products from sequential oxidation. Recent studies show that product selectivity is not dictated simply by the identity or oxidative strength of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but by how semiconductor excitation, charge migration, oxidant activation, active interfaces, ROS localization and utilization, and local reaction environments are coordinated. This Review discusses photocatalytic methane oxidation as a problem of reaction pathway control. The elementary chemistry of methane activation, methyl intermediate transformation, oxygenate formation, and overoxidation is first summarized. Semiconductor reaction fields and cocatalyst/interface strategies are then examined in relation to charge transfer, oxygen activation, C─H functionalization, intermediate stabilization, and product desorption. The roles of ROS identity, surface confinement, diffusion behavior, and utilization efficiency are analyzed with emphasis on methane activation, intermediate conversion, and product preservation. Microenvironment and reactor engineering are further discussed as emerging approaches to improve methane accessibility, oxidant delivery, residence time control, product extraction, and stability. Finally, key design principles and mechanistic requirements are outlined for developing photocatalytic methane oxidation systems with improved selectivity, durability, and scalability.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diglycylglycine Molecular Bridge at the SnO2/Perovskite Interface for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Kailiang Meng,&nbsp;Juchuan Chai,&nbsp;Shiying Li,&nbsp;Chi Yang,&nbsp;Longxian Zhang,&nbsp;Zihuang Zhao,&nbsp;Youjing Yu,&nbsp;Xintong Zhao,&nbsp;Yanlin Wang,&nbsp;Qiaogang Song,&nbsp;Shurong Wang","doi":"10.1002/solr.70512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70512","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For n-<i>i</i>-p-type perovskite solar cells (PSCs), optimizing the interface between the SnO₂ electron transport layer and the perovskite layer is of great importance, as inherent flaws such as iodine vacancies (VO), oxygen VO, and lattice distortions impede carrier movement and cause ion migration, thereby restricting device efficiency. To address this challenge, we report a simple interface modification approach by predepositing diglycylglycine (DGG) molecules onto SnO₂ surfaces. DGG, featuring numerous amide and carboxyl groups, establishes dual-site interactions with both SnO₂ and perovskite layers. This process effectively passivates interface defects, optimizes the growth of perovskite crystals, and enhances charge transport capabilities. Through experimental verification, DGG modification is found to effectively lower the defect concentration, enhance the perovskite crystal size, and promote the rate of carrier extraction. The optimized devices achieve a champion power conversion efficiency of 23.89% and retain 86.0% of their initial efficiency after 30 days of ambient aging. This study introduces an easy-to-implement interface engineering strategy, which effectively enhances both the efficiency and stability of PSCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149145969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solvent-Based Chemical Delamination of End-Of-Life Photovoltaic Modules: A Systematic Review","authors":"Carlos Zalazar Oliva,&nbsp;Christopher Salvo,&nbsp;Marisol Maril,&nbsp;Dina Alvarez Reyes,&nbsp;Liomnis Osorio,&nbsp;Yoalbys Retirado-Mediaceja","doi":"10.1002/solr.70504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70504","url":null,"abstract":"<p>End-of-life processing of crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules is constrained by the ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulant, whose strong adhesion to glass and cells limits selective material recovery and may compromise wafer integrity. This systematic review applied a PRISMA-based protocol to Scopus and the Web of Science Core Collection for studies published between 2015 and 8 July 2026, yielding 65 peer-reviewed studies on solvent-based delamination. The corpus included single solvents, solvent mixtures, and intensified processes using heating, ultrasound, solvothermal treatment, and supercritical-fluid assistance. For each study, solvent systems, sample configurations, operating conditions, intensification parameters, endpoint definitions, and quantification bases were extracted. Evidence on solvent recovery, reuse, environmental, health, safety, economic, and scale-up aspects was also assessed. Findings were interpreted using solvent–polymer affinity and transport descriptors, including Hansen solubility parameters, cohesive-energy considerations, wettability, viscosity, and mass-transfer limitations. Delamination performance depended on thermodynamic affinity, operating severity, and process intensification, whereas aggressive conditions increased residue formation and damage to brittle device layers. The proposed Solvent–Kinetics–Silicon Integrity framework supports solvent screening, endpoint-consistent comparison, and process-window selection. Biosolvents and selected deep eutectic solvents showed promising study-specific results, but robust cross-family comparison requires standardized layer-specific endpoints, residue quantification, solvent-recovery data, wafer-level integrity diagnostics, and comparable, reproducible, standardized operating conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149145940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chalcogen-Driven Lattice Softening and Bandgap Engineering in CuAlX2 (X = S, Se, Te) Chalcopyrites for Photovoltaic and Thermoelectric Energy Conversion","authors":"Elkenany Brens Elkenany,&nbsp;M. A. Ghebouli,&nbsp;M. Fatmi,&nbsp;Rashed Abu Hammour,&nbsp;Murat Yaylaci,&nbsp;Ramzi Dhahri,&nbsp;Hasan B. Albargi,&nbsp;Giovanni Neri","doi":"10.1002/solr.70506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70506","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Chalcogen substitution provides an effective strategy for simultaneously tuning the lattice dynamics, electronic structure, optical response, and transport behavior of chalcopyrite semiconductors. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations are employed to establish the composition–property relationships governing CuAlX₂ (X = S, Se, Te). All three compounds retain the tetragonal <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>I</mi>\u0000 <mover>\u0000 <mn>4</mn>\u0000 <mo>¯</mo>\u0000 </mover>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 <mi>d</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$Ioverline42d$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> structure and are dynamically stable, as demonstrated by phonon spectra without imaginary modes. Replacing S with Se and Te progressively expands and softens the lattice, reducing the bulk modulus from 82.50 to 50.45 GPa, Young's modulus from 120.34 to 77.99 GPa, and the Debye temperature from 465.3 to 269.3 K. This lattice softening is accompanied by a chalcogen-induced narrowing of the direct Γ-point Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) bandgap from 1.68 eV in CuAlS₂ to 1.04 and 1.01 eV in CuAlSe₂ and CuAlTe₂, respectively.Because no hybrid-functional, GW, scissor, or spin–orbit correction was applied, these semilocal-DFT gaps are interpreted as screening values rather than quantitative photovoltaic device gaps. The optical spectra show a red-shifting absorption edge and intrinsic absorption coefficients above 10⁵ cm⁻¹; however, absorption strength alone does not determine solar-cell efficiency. Boltzmann-transport calculations within the constant-relaxation-time approximation (CRTA) reveal strong composition-dependent trends in <i>S</i>, <i>σ</i>/<i>τ</i>, and <i>κ</i>_e/<i>τ</i>. Since lattice thermal conductivity was not explicitly calculated, a conventional total thermoelectric figure of merit is not claimed; an electronic-only <i>ZT</i>_e ratio is used only as a screening indicator. Overall, the results establish composition-dependent trends that motivate CuAlS₂, CuAlSe₂, and CuAlTe₂ for further optoelectronic and thermoelectric screening, subject to higher-level electronic-structure calculations and experimental/device-level validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149145764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perovskite Nanocrystals Reinforce UV-Curable Encapsulation for Highly Stable Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Weiping Mo,&nbsp;Menghan Guo,&nbsp;Zhirui Liu,&nbsp;Zhangjun Yan,&nbsp;He Huang,&nbsp;Gaojie Pan,&nbsp;Yi Li,&nbsp;Lanlan Zhai,&nbsp;Chao Zou","doi":"10.1002/solr.70505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70505","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Enhancing the encapsulation performance of ultraviolet (UV)-curable adhesives is crucial for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). While the incorporation of nanomaterials has significantly improved the moisture resistance of adhesives and suppressed lead leakage from devices, the influence of nanomaterial morphology on UV-curable adhesive performance remains poorly understood. Moreover, the mechanisms by which uncured adhesive monomers are prevented from penetrating into perovskite layers are still unclear. Herein, we report a strategy of incorporating perovskite nanocrystals—quantum dots (CsPbI₃-QDs), nanorods (CsPbI₃-NRs), and nanosheets (CsPbBr₃-NSs)—into polyurethane acrylate (PUA) UV-curable adhesives to improve the encapsulation stability of PSCs. Through coordination interactions between nanocrystals and PUA monomers, the infiltration of uncured monomers into the perovskite layer is significantly suppressed. Leveraging size effects and UV absorption capabilities, optimized PUA/CsPbI₃-QDs-encapsulated devices retained 87% of initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) after 1632 h at 55%–65% relative humidity, and 93% after 200 min UV exposure (365 nm), significantly higher than the control one (66% and 75%). Notably, lead leakage decreased by 85.6% (from 10.2 to 1.47 mg) for PUA/CsPbBr₃-NSs-encapsulated devices after 77-day water immersion. This work shows that nanocrystal additives with tailored morphologies represent a promising route toward highly stable and environmentally friendly PSC encapsulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Al2O3-Based Bilateral Anchoring Strategy Enables Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Yue Han,&nbsp;Heyang Zhang,&nbsp;Jiamin Wang,&nbsp;Wenchao Shi,&nbsp;Chen Chen","doi":"10.1002/solr.70508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70508","url":null,"abstract":"<p>NiO_<i>x</i> is widely used as a hole transport layer (HTL) in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) owing to its low cost, high transparency, and excellent chemical stability. However, high surface trap-state densities and poor interfacial contact limit further power conversion efficiency (PCE) improvements. Although Al₂O₃ passivation partially fills surface defects and suppresses ion diffusion, energy-level misalignment and nonradiative recombination at the buried interface still restrict carrier dynamics. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) show promise for mitigating these losses through favorable energy-level alignment and efficient charge transport. Nevertheless, forming thermodynamically stable, continuous SAMs on rough NiO_<i>x</i> remains challenging because hydrophobic groups create physical voids that aggravate charge recombination. To address this, we develop a multilayer interfacial engineering strategy based on Al₂O₃-bilaterally-anchored SAMs. The bottom Al₂O₃ layer physically fills microscopic grooves on NiO_<i>x</i>, creating a flat nanoscale platform that improves SAM density and molecular order. Meanwhile, the top Al₂O₃ layer modulates surface free energy, enhances wettability, and blocks defect diffusion and detrimental side reactions. This bilateral anchoring strategy simultaneously boosts the open-circuit voltage (<i>V</i>_oc) and PCE, providing a viable route to efficient and stable inverted PSCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bifacial (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 Mini-Modules With Transparent ITiO Back Contacts: Performance Analysis and Effects of RbF Treatment","authors":"Jan Keller,&nbsp;Sapna Mudgal,&nbsp;Ilknur B. Pehlivan,&nbsp;Marcin Morawski,&nbsp;Nina Kochel,&nbsp;Joanna Maciejewska,&nbsp;Katarzyna Zubek,&nbsp;Dominika Wieczorek,&nbsp;Ana Jurado-Estrada,&nbsp;Jake W. Bowers,&nbsp;Marika Edoff","doi":"10.1002/solr.70501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70501","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bifacial (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se₂ (ACIGS) mini-module prototypes employing a high-mobility ITiO transparent back contact are presented. A champion front-side efficiency of 13.5% (14.3% initially, prior to sample shipment) is achieved for a 7.14 cm² aperture-area module without using anti-reflection coatings (ARC), with a bifaciality factor of 76% enabled by the excellent optical transparency of the ITiO film. To boost the open circuit voltage, the absorber is subjected to an RbF post-deposition treatment (PDT). Although the RbF-PDT initially introduces a charge-carrier transport barrier that reduces the fill factor, this penalty is completely eliminated by a heat-light soaking (HLS) treatment. The HLS treatment, however, slightly reduces the rear-side collection efficiency due to a narrowing of the space-charge region. The primary cell-to-module efficiency loss of about 2% points is attributed to a fill-factor reduction from ≈75% to ≈67%. Reference cells using an ITO back contact and a thinner front electrode, fabricated in the same absorber depositions as the corresponding modules, reach efficiencies up to 18% (w/o ARC). Finally, an all-laser-scribed monolithic series interconnection is demonstrated alongside an alternative approach in which the P3 isolation line is defined by a lithography-based process.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.70501","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dimensional Phase Reconstruction in 2D/3D Perovskite Solar Cells: Stability Implications Under Thermal, Light, and Bias Stresses","authors":"Soo-Kwan Kim,&nbsp;Soohwan Lim,&nbsp;Sung Yun Son,&nbsp;Jongmin Choi","doi":"10.1002/solr.70500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70500","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) perovskite heterostructures have emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the stability of halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs), entailing an efficient energy landscape and defect-passivation capabilities of the 2D perovskite layer. However, mounting experimental evidence shows that the 2D/3D phase interface is not a static structural entity, but rather a dynamic system susceptible to operational stresses. In this review, we systematically examine how thermal exposure, sustained illumination, and applied bias drive counter-directional interdiffusion of spacer cations and A-site cations across the 2D/3D interface, inducing a gradual increase in the dimensionality (<i>n</i>-value) of the 2D perovskite layer. This stress-induced 2D phase reconstruction erodes the photoactive 3D perovskite domains, disrupts the interfacial funneling energy landscape, and compromises the surface moisture barrier, collectively accelerating device degradation. We further survey emerging mitigation strategies, including polymer interlayers, steric and reactivity engineering of spacer cations, and <i>n</i>-value-tailored Dion–Jacobson frameworks. Finally, we outline critical unresolved challenges and future research directions toward achieving stable 2D/3D perovskite photovoltaics.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}