Solar RRL最新文献_第3页

The Influence of Incidence Angle on the Reliability of Photovoltaic Modules: Lessons Learned 入射角对光伏组件可靠性的影响：经验教训

IF 6 3区工程技术

Solar RRL Pub Date : 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/solr.202500477

Nikoleta Kyranaki, Ismail Kaaya, Mohammed Adnan Hameed, Arnaud Morlier, Michaël Daenen

{"title":"The Influence of Incidence Angle on the Reliability of Photovoltaic Modules: Lessons Learned","authors":"Nikoleta Kyranaki, Ismail Kaaya, Mohammed Adnan Hameed, Arnaud Morlier, Michaël Daenen","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500477","url":null,"abstract":"To maximize energy yield, photovoltaic (PV) system designers optimize parameters that enhance plane-of-array irradiance, with module tilt angle being a key factor. However, higher irradiation also raises operating temperatures, accelerating degradation mechanisms. While simulations offer insight, experimental validation is essential to assess tilt angle impacts on long-term reliability. This study presents an indoor accelerated aging test replicating variations in UV exposure linked to tilt angle. passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) c-Si mini-modules underwent controlled UV soaking, elevated temperatures, and humidity to replicate prolonged outdoor conditions. Degradation was monitored through I–V curve measurements and electroluminescence imaging. Encapsulant discoloration and photobleaching primarily reduced short-circuit current (ISC), while boron-oxygen light-induced degradation (BO-LID) and light and elevated temperature-induced degradation (LeTID) contributed to ISC and open-circuit voltage (VOC) losses. Further UV doses of 34, 17, and 6.5 kWh/m2, representing different tilt angles, caused maximum power (Pmax) reductions of 0.79%, 0.61%, and 0.35%, respectively. These results highlight the need for further study of BO-LID and LeTID in PERC and other c-Si PV technologies. The observed tilt angle effects cannot be generalized to long-term degradation. Further investigation into long-term impact by applying stabilization methods to the modules and afterward fitting the data to degradation models is needed to draw final conclusions.","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Influence of Incidence Angle on the Reliability of Photovoltaic Modules: Lessons Learned 入射角对光伏组件可靠性的影响：经验教训

IF 6 3区工程技术

Solar RRL Pub Date : 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/solr.202500477

Nikoleta Kyranaki, Ismail Kaaya, Mohammed Adnan Hameed, Arnaud Morlier, Michaël Daenen

{"title":"The Influence of Incidence Angle on the Reliability of Photovoltaic Modules: Lessons Learned","authors":"Nikoleta Kyranaki, Ismail Kaaya, Mohammed Adnan Hameed, Arnaud Morlier, Michaël Daenen","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500477","url":null,"abstract":"To maximize energy yield, photovoltaic (PV) system designers optimize parameters that enhance plane-of-array irradiance, with module tilt angle being a key factor. However, higher irradiation also raises operating temperatures, accelerating degradation mechanisms. While simulations offer insight, experimental validation is essential to assess tilt angle impacts on long-term reliability. This study presents an indoor accelerated aging test replicating variations in UV exposure linked to tilt angle. passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) c-Si mini-modules underwent controlled UV soaking, elevated temperatures, and humidity to replicate prolonged outdoor conditions. Degradation was monitored through I–V curve measurements and electroluminescence imaging. Encapsulant discoloration and photobleaching primarily reduced short-circuit current (ISC), while boron-oxygen light-induced degradation (BO-LID) and light and elevated temperature-induced degradation (LeTID) contributed to ISC and open-circuit voltage (VOC) losses. Further UV doses of 34, 17, and 6.5 kWh/m2, representing different tilt angles, caused maximum power (Pmax) reductions of 0.79%, 0.61%, and 0.35%, respectively. These results highlight the need for further study of BO-LID and LeTID in PERC and other c-Si PV technologies. The observed tilt angle effects cannot be generalized to long-term degradation. Further investigation into long-term impact by applying stabilization methods to the modules and afterward fitting the data to degradation models is needed to draw final conclusions.","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Machine Learning-Assisted Novel Photovoltaic Optimization for Tailored Ultra-Thin CdTe-Based Solar Cells 机器学习辅助的新型光伏优化定制超薄碲基太阳能电池

IF 6 3区工程技术

Solar RRL Pub Date : 2025-08-28 DOI: 10.1002/solr.202500455

Erman Cokduygulular, Caglar Cetinkaya

{"title":"Machine Learning-Assisted Novel Photovoltaic Optimization for Tailored Ultra-Thin CdTe-Based Solar Cells","authors":"Erman Cokduygulular, Caglar Cetinkaya","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500455","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a machine learning-based design framework utilizing deep Q-learning (DQL) to optimize ultra-thin CdTe solar cells with active layer thicknesses ranging from 100 to 400 nm. By coupling the transfer matrix method for optical analysis with SCAPS-1D simulations for electrical modeling, the DQL agent effectively explored the complex parameter space, optimizing the thicknesses of all key layers, including SnO2, CdS, CdTe, MoO3, and Au. The DQL framework intelligently adjusted each layer based on electromagnetic wave propagation and absorption profiles, enhancing internal reflection and light trapping within sub-micron geometries. Even at extremely low absorber thicknesses (e.g., 100 nm), the optimized structures achieved high photovoltaic performance, with power conversion efficiencies up to 9.39% and Jsc values exceeding 11 mA/cm2. At 400 nm, efficiency increased to 15.75% with Jsc of 20.86 mA/cm2. These results demonstrate that efficient photon harvesting and carrier transport are achievable through full-stack optimization. External quantum efficiency and absorption spectra confirmed the integrated optical-electrical enhancement achieved by DQL. This work highlights the capabilities of reinforcement learning in high-dimensional solar cell design problems and provides a scalable approach for developing next-generation, lightweight, efficient, and material-conscious photovoltaic technologies.","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Machine Learning-Assisted Novel Photovoltaic Optimization for Tailored Ultra-Thin CdTe-Based Solar Cells 机器学习辅助的新型光伏优化定制超薄碲基太阳能电池

IF 6 3区工程技术

Solar RRL Pub Date : 2025-08-28 DOI: 10.1002/solr.202500455

Erman Cokduygulular, Caglar Cetinkaya

{"title":"Machine Learning-Assisted Novel Photovoltaic Optimization for Tailored Ultra-Thin CdTe-Based Solar Cells","authors":"Erman Cokduygulular, Caglar Cetinkaya","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500455","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a machine learning-based design framework utilizing deep Q-learning (DQL) to optimize ultra-thin CdTe solar cells with active layer thicknesses ranging from 100 to 400 nm. By coupling the transfer matrix method for optical analysis with SCAPS-1D simulations for electrical modeling, the DQL agent effectively explored the complex parameter space, optimizing the thicknesses of all key layers, including SnO2, CdS, CdTe, MoO3, and Au. The DQL framework intelligently adjusted each layer based on electromagnetic wave propagation and absorption profiles, enhancing internal reflection and light trapping within sub-micron geometries. Even at extremely low absorber thicknesses (e.g., 100 nm), the optimized structures achieved high photovoltaic performance, with power conversion efficiencies up to 9.39% and Jsc values exceeding 11 mA/cm2. At 400 nm, efficiency increased to 15.75% with Jsc of 20.86 mA/cm2. These results demonstrate that efficient photon harvesting and carrier transport are achievable through full-stack optimization. External quantum efficiency and absorption spectra confirmed the integrated optical-electrical enhancement achieved by DQL. This work highlights the capabilities of reinforcement learning in high-dimensional solar cell design problems and provides a scalable approach for developing next-generation, lightweight, efficient, and material-conscious photovoltaic technologies.","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

UV Stability of Aluminum Oxide Fabricated with Tube-Type Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition 管型等离子体增强原子层沉积制备氧化铝的紫外稳定性

IF 6 3区工程技术

Solar RRL Pub Date : 2025-08-27 DOI: 10.1002/solr.202500510

Christina Hollemann, Byungsul Min, Viet X. Nguyen, Thomas Pernau, Daniela Seiffert, Helge Haverkamp, Rolf Brendel, Henning Schulte-Huxel

{"title":"UV Stability of Aluminum Oxide Fabricated with Tube-Type Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition","authors":"Christina Hollemann, Byungsul Min, Viet X. Nguyen, Thomas Pernau, Daniela Seiffert, Helge Haverkamp, Rolf Brendel, Henning Schulte-Huxel","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500510","url":null,"abstract":"Ultraviolet (UV)-induced degradation is a critical issue for modern photovoltaic (PV) technologies such as passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC), tunnel oxide-passivated contact (TOPCon), and heterojunction (HJT) cell concepts. This study compares the stability against UV radiation of AlOx/SiNy stacks on mini-modules with p-type back junction solar cells. Our cells have a nondiffused textured front surface passivated with an AlOx/SiNy layer stack and feature passivating polysilicon on oxide rear contacts. We compare plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) processes for the deposition of AlOx layers using the same tube-type deposition system. After a UV dose of 146 kWh/m2 using broadband UV lamps, modules with PECVD-AlOx exhibit an efficiency loss of up to 27% while those with PEALD-AlOx show minimal degradation of 2.5%. This comparison proves that the superior UV stability is achieved with the tube-type PEALD technique. Our findings thus show how UV stability can be improved without extra equipment dedicated solely to depositing ALD-AlOx and without UV absorbing or down converting encapsulants.","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mitigating Surface and Grain Boundary Defects in Perovskite Solar Cells Through Guanidinium Halide Passivation 卤化胍钝化钙钛矿太阳能电池表面和晶界缺陷的研究

IF 6 3区工程技术

Solar RRL Pub Date : 2025-08-27 DOI: 10.1002/solr.70061

Kay Thi Soe, Ratchadaporn Supruangnet, Chanan Euaruksakul, Thipusa Wongpinij, Annafi Ado Yaro, Non Thongprong, Ekkaphop Ketsombun, Sanong Kinkasorn, Waranchit Ruengsrisang, Thidarat Supasai, Nopporn Rujisamphan

引用次数: 0

UV Stability of Aluminum Oxide Fabricated with Tube-Type Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition 管型等离子体增强原子层沉积制备氧化铝的紫外稳定性

IF 6 3区工程技术

Solar RRL Pub Date : 2025-08-27 DOI: 10.1002/solr.202500510

Christina Hollemann, Byungsul Min, Viet X. Nguyen, Thomas Pernau, Daniela Seiffert, Helge Haverkamp, Rolf Brendel, Henning Schulte-Huxel

{"title":"UV Stability of Aluminum Oxide Fabricated with Tube-Type Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition","authors":"Christina Hollemann, Byungsul Min, Viet X. Nguyen, Thomas Pernau, Daniela Seiffert, Helge Haverkamp, Rolf Brendel, Henning Schulte-Huxel","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500510","url":null,"abstract":"Ultraviolet (UV)-induced degradation is a critical issue for modern photovoltaic (PV) technologies such as passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC), tunnel oxide-passivated contact (TOPCon), and heterojunction (HJT) cell concepts. This study compares the stability against UV radiation of AlOx/SiNy stacks on mini-modules with p-type back junction solar cells. Our cells have a nondiffused textured front surface passivated with an AlOx/SiNy layer stack and feature passivating polysilicon on oxide rear contacts. We compare plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) processes for the deposition of AlOx layers using the same tube-type deposition system. After a UV dose of 146 kWh/m2 using broadband UV lamps, modules with PECVD-AlOx exhibit an efficiency loss of up to 27% while those with PEALD-AlOx show minimal degradation of 2.5%. This comparison proves that the superior UV stability is achieved with the tube-type PEALD technique. Our findings thus show how UV stability can be improved without extra equipment dedicated solely to depositing ALD-AlOx and without UV absorbing or down converting encapsulants.","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of Solvent Additives on Enhancing the Performance and Robustness of Green Solvent-Processed Indoor Organic Solar Cells 溶剂添加剂对提高绿色溶剂处理室内有机太阳能电池性能和稳健性的影响

IF 6 3区工程技术

Solar RRL Pub Date : 2025-08-26 DOI: 10.1002/solr.202500363

Anass Khodr, Ignacio Ballesteros García, Takeshi Watanabe, Hidehiro Sekimoto, Donia Fredj, Hasan Alkhatib, Sadok Ben Dkhil, Olivier Margeat, Christine Videlot-Ackermann, Carmen Maria Ruiz, Jörg Ackermann

{"title":"Impact of Solvent Additives on Enhancing the Performance and Robustness of Green Solvent-Processed Indoor Organic Solar Cells","authors":"Anass Khodr, Ignacio Ballesteros García, Takeshi Watanabe, Hidehiro Sekimoto, Donia Fredj, Hasan Alkhatib, Sadok Ben Dkhil, Olivier Margeat, Christine Videlot-Ackermann, Carmen Maria Ruiz, Jörg Ackermann","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500363","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid growth of the Internet of Things increases the demand for efficient indoor organic photovoltaics (OPVs). This study introduces a novel TPD-3F:FCC-Cl blend, achieving power conversion efficiencies exceeding 20% and a near 1 V open-circuit voltage (Voc) under 2000Lx illumination. The study examines the blend's potential for indoor energy harvesting, focusing on processing under industrially relevant conditions. The effects of solvent additives, specifically tetralin and diphenyl ether (DPE), are evaluated using spin-coating and doctor-blading techniques under both inert and ambient conditions. The use of DPE as a greener additive significantly improves film uniformity, device reproducibility, and performance stability across varying light intensities and layer thicknesses. Structural analysis confirms favorable face-on orientation and enhanced crystallinity for FCC-Cl domains, with DPE-based formulations yielding the most uniform films. Reproducibility metrics further show DPE's superiority over traditional additives, making it promising for industrial-scale indoor OPV applications. The findings highlight the strong potential of the TPD-3F:FCC-Cl blend for high-efficiency, sustainable indoor OPVs, particularly when processed with non-halogenated solvents and scalable techniques like blade coating.","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.202500363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of Solvent Additives on Enhancing the Performance and Robustness of Green Solvent-Processed Indoor Organic Solar Cells 溶剂添加剂对提高绿色溶剂处理室内有机太阳能电池性能和稳健性的影响

IF 6 3区工程技术

Solar RRL Pub Date : 2025-08-26 DOI: 10.1002/solr.202500363

Anass Khodr, Ignacio Ballesteros García, Takeshi Watanabe, Hidehiro Sekimoto, Donia Fredj, Hasan Alkhatib, Sadok Ben Dkhil, Olivier Margeat, Christine Videlot-Ackermann, Carmen Maria Ruiz, Jörg Ackermann

{"title":"Impact of Solvent Additives on Enhancing the Performance and Robustness of Green Solvent-Processed Indoor Organic Solar Cells","authors":"Anass Khodr, Ignacio Ballesteros García, Takeshi Watanabe, Hidehiro Sekimoto, Donia Fredj, Hasan Alkhatib, Sadok Ben Dkhil, Olivier Margeat, Christine Videlot-Ackermann, Carmen Maria Ruiz, Jörg Ackermann","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500363","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid growth of the Internet of Things increases the demand for efficient indoor organic photovoltaics (OPVs). This study introduces a novel TPD-3F:FCC-Cl blend, achieving power conversion efficiencies exceeding 20% and a near 1 V open-circuit voltage (Voc) under 2000Lx illumination. The study examines the blend's potential for indoor energy harvesting, focusing on processing under industrially relevant conditions. The effects of solvent additives, specifically tetralin and diphenyl ether (DPE), are evaluated using spin-coating and doctor-blading techniques under both inert and ambient conditions. The use of DPE as a greener additive significantly improves film uniformity, device reproducibility, and performance stability across varying light intensities and layer thicknesses. Structural analysis confirms favorable face-on orientation and enhanced crystallinity for FCC-Cl domains, with DPE-based formulations yielding the most uniform films. Reproducibility metrics further show DPE's superiority over traditional additives, making it promising for industrial-scale indoor OPV applications. The findings highlight the strong potential of the TPD-3F:FCC-Cl blend for high-efficiency, sustainable indoor OPVs, particularly when processed with non-halogenated solvents and scalable techniques like blade coating.","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.202500363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Patterned Electrode Strategy for Advanced Light Management and Enhanced Photovoltaics Efficiency in Large-Area 4T Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Modules 用于先进光管理和提高大面积4T钙钛矿/硅串联太阳能组件光电效率的图案电极策略

IF 6 3区工程技术

Solar RRL Pub Date : 2025-08-25 DOI: 10.1002/solr.202500372

Hung-Chieh Hsu, Yu-Pin Lin, Cheng-Hsien Yeh, Shih-Hsiung Wu, Chuan-Feng Shih

{"title":"Patterned Electrode Strategy for Advanced Light Management and Enhanced Photovoltaics Efficiency in Large-Area 4T Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Modules","authors":"Hung-Chieh Hsu, Yu-Pin Lin, Cheng-Hsien Yeh, Shih-Hsiung Wu, Chuan-Feng Shih","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500372","url":null,"abstract":"Four-terminal (4T) perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells offer a promising route to surpass the thermodynamic Shockley–Queisser limit of silicon-based solar cells, enabling higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). However, due to current-spreading and shading issues, the efficiency of such devices tends to decrease significantly with increasing device area. In this architecture, the semitransparent perovskite top cell and electrode design play critical roles. In this study, we optimized the balance between optical transmittance and electrical conductivity by precisely controlling the oxygen content during the deposition of the transparent conductive oxide layer. This optimization significantly improved the photovoltaic performance of the perovskite module, achieving a champion PCE of 13.8% over a 4 cm2 active area. Furthermore, we introduced an innovative metallization strategy, designated as “P2.5,” which involved localized gold deposition between sequential laser-scribing steps. This approach drastically reduced the contact resistance from 37.7 to 0.35 Ω, enhancing the module efficiency to 15.9%. To address the issue of optical shading induced by increased Au coverage, we implemented a patterned P2.5 configuration. This design preserved the top cell PCE at 15.5% while maintaining the filtered percentage of the bottom silicon cell at 43.4%. As a result, the 4T tandem module achieved an overall PCE of 26.1% over a 4 cm2 active area, demonstrating one of the highest efficiencies among reported large-area 4T tandem devices with competitive scalability and light management.","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0