Solar RRL最新文献

{"title":"Patterned Electrode Strategy for Advanced Light Management and Enhanced Photovoltaics Efficiency in Large-Area 4T Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Modules","authors":"Hung-Chieh Hsu,&nbsp;Yu-Pin Lin,&nbsp;Cheng-Hsien Yeh,&nbsp;Shih-Hsiung Wu,&nbsp;Chuan-Feng Shih","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500372","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Four-terminal (4T) perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells offer a promising route to surpass the thermodynamic Shockley–Queisser limit of silicon-based solar cells, enabling higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). However, due to current-spreading and shading issues, the efficiency of such devices tends to decrease significantly with increasing device area. In this architecture, the semitransparent perovskite top cell and electrode design play critical roles. In this study, we optimized the balance between optical transmittance and electrical conductivity by precisely controlling the oxygen content during the deposition of the transparent conductive oxide layer. This optimization significantly improved the photovoltaic performance of the perovskite module, achieving a champion PCE of 13.8% over a 4 cm² active area. Furthermore, we introduced an innovative metallization strategy, designated as “P2.5,” which involved localized gold deposition between sequential laser-scribing steps. This approach drastically reduced the contact resistance from 37.7 to 0.35 Ω, enhancing the module efficiency to 15.9%. To address the issue of optical shading induced by increased Au coverage, we implemented a patterned P2.5 configuration. This design preserved the top cell PCE at 15.5% while maintaining the filtered percentage of the bottom silicon cell at 43.4%. As a result, the 4T tandem module achieved an overall PCE of 26.1% over a 4 cm² active area, demonstrating one of the highest efficiencies among reported large-area 4T tandem devices with competitive scalability and light management.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterned Electrode Strategy for Advanced Light Management and Enhanced Photovoltaics Efficiency in Large-Area 4T Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Modules","authors":"Hung-Chieh Hsu,&nbsp;Yu-Pin Lin,&nbsp;Cheng-Hsien Yeh,&nbsp;Shih-Hsiung Wu,&nbsp;Chuan-Feng Shih","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500372","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Four-terminal (4T) perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells offer a promising route to surpass the thermodynamic Shockley–Queisser limit of silicon-based solar cells, enabling higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). However, due to current-spreading and shading issues, the efficiency of such devices tends to decrease significantly with increasing device area. In this architecture, the semitransparent perovskite top cell and electrode design play critical roles. In this study, we optimized the balance between optical transmittance and electrical conductivity by precisely controlling the oxygen content during the deposition of the transparent conductive oxide layer. This optimization significantly improved the photovoltaic performance of the perovskite module, achieving a champion PCE of 13.8% over a 4 cm² active area. Furthermore, we introduced an innovative metallization strategy, designated as “P2.5,” which involved localized gold deposition between sequential laser-scribing steps. This approach drastically reduced the contact resistance from 37.7 to 0.35 Ω, enhancing the module efficiency to 15.9%. To address the issue of optical shading induced by increased Au coverage, we implemented a patterned P2.5 configuration. This design preserved the top cell PCE at 15.5% while maintaining the filtered percentage of the bottom silicon cell at 43.4%. As a result, the 4T tandem module achieved an overall PCE of 26.1% over a 4 cm² active area, demonstrating one of the highest efficiencies among reported large-area 4T tandem devices with competitive scalability and light management.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detect, Decouple, Optimise: Insights into Solar Photovoltaics Faults and Performance Trends","authors":"Hugo Quest,&nbsp;Christophe Ballif,&nbsp;Alessandro Virtuani","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500487","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the photovoltaics (PV) market reaching the terawatt scale, assessing the performance of PV systems accurately has become essential. Traditional approaches to fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) and performance loss rate (PLR) evaluation often operate independently, leaving a critical gap in reliability analysis. Reversible faults can bias PLR calculations, leading to misjudgements of system health and misallocated responsibilities in warranty claims. This study integrates FDD into PLR evaluations, analysing over 300 system strings in the built environment, and introduces new metrics including the fault time factor and fault time rate. Results show that smaller systems tend to exhibit more extreme PLR outliers and higher fault time factors, while newer systems show rising fault incidence. Furthermore, a strong correlation between the fault time rate and PLR suggests that increasing fault frequency over time can significantly bias the PLR if not accounted for. Overall, this work emphasises the value of combining FDD with long-term performance analysis to decouple operational faults from degradation mechanisms, in order to optimise PV system design, maintenance, and operational efficiency. These insights contribute to global energy transition goals and provide actionable strategies for enhancing PV system reliability and minimising levelised cost of electricity (LCOE).</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.202500487","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxygen-Rich Carbon Nitride Quantum Dots Engineered Bismuth Vanadate Photoanode Surface to Achieve Highly Efficient Solar Water Oxidation","authors":"Ziming Wang,&nbsp;Zhaohui Fang,&nbsp;Jiabin Zhou,&nbsp;Quanjun Xiang","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500526","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study proposes a strategy for passivating intrinsic oxygen vacancies (Ovac) on BiVO₄ photoanodes through surface modification with carbon nitride quantum dots (CNQDs). The BiVO₄-CNQDs photoanode was fabricated via chemical bath deposition and calcination, achieving significant Ovac suppression without compromising the crystallinity of the BiVO₄ framework. This Ovac reduction critically alters the thermodynamic landscape of water oxidation by modulating intermediate adsorption energetics, steering the reaction pathway toward selective H₂O₂ generation. The optimized BiVO₄-CNQDs photoanode demonstrates a 24.91% average Faradaic efficiency (FE) for H₂O₂ production, representing a 1.38-fold enhancement over the pristine BiVO₄ photoanode. By integrating an In₂O₃ passivation layer, a BiVO₄-CNQDs-In₂O₃ photoanode was formed, and the average FE of H₂O₂ preparation reached 28.16%, achieving further performance improvement. The generated electrons and holes can be more effectively transferred from BiVO₄ to the In₂O₃ passivation layer before participating in subsequent electrochemical reactions. This dual modification synergistically promotes the quasi-Fermi level of holes to move toward the anode and reduces band bending, synergistically driving photo generated holes toward the higher oxidation potentials to accelerate the selective conversion of H₂O to H₂O₂. The BiVO₄-CNQDs-In₂O₃ photoanode achieves a 1.58-fold improvement in average H₂O₂ FE within the 1.2–2.4 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) range compared to unmodified BiVO₄. This work establishes an innovative approach for modulating inherent Ovac in BiVO₄ photoanode and optimizing the preparation pathway of H₂O₂ through the vacancy engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detect, Decouple, Optimise: Insights into Solar Photovoltaics Faults and Performance Trends","authors":"Hugo Quest,&nbsp;Christophe Ballif,&nbsp;Alessandro Virtuani","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500487","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the photovoltaics (PV) market reaching the terawatt scale, assessing the performance of PV systems accurately has become essential. Traditional approaches to fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) and performance loss rate (PLR) evaluation often operate independently, leaving a critical gap in reliability analysis. Reversible faults can bias PLR calculations, leading to misjudgements of system health and misallocated responsibilities in warranty claims. This study integrates FDD into PLR evaluations, analysing over 300 system strings in the built environment, and introduces new metrics including the fault time factor and fault time rate. Results show that smaller systems tend to exhibit more extreme PLR outliers and higher fault time factors, while newer systems show rising fault incidence. Furthermore, a strong correlation between the fault time rate and PLR suggests that increasing fault frequency over time can significantly bias the PLR if not accounted for. Overall, this work emphasises the value of combining FDD with long-term performance analysis to decouple operational faults from degradation mechanisms, in order to optimise PV system design, maintenance, and operational efficiency. These insights contribute to global energy transition goals and provide actionable strategies for enhancing PV system reliability and minimising levelised cost of electricity (LCOE).</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.202500487","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxygen-Rich Carbon Nitride Quantum Dots Engineered Bismuth Vanadate Photoanode Surface to Achieve Highly Efficient Solar Water Oxidation","authors":"Ziming Wang,&nbsp;Zhaohui Fang,&nbsp;Jiabin Zhou,&nbsp;Quanjun Xiang","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500526","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study proposes a strategy for passivating intrinsic oxygen vacancies (Ovac) on BiVO₄ photoanodes through surface modification with carbon nitride quantum dots (CNQDs). The BiVO₄-CNQDs photoanode was fabricated via chemical bath deposition and calcination, achieving significant Ovac suppression without compromising the crystallinity of the BiVO₄ framework. This Ovac reduction critically alters the thermodynamic landscape of water oxidation by modulating intermediate adsorption energetics, steering the reaction pathway toward selective H₂O₂ generation. The optimized BiVO₄-CNQDs photoanode demonstrates a 24.91% average Faradaic efficiency (FE) for H₂O₂ production, representing a 1.38-fold enhancement over the pristine BiVO₄ photoanode. By integrating an In₂O₃ passivation layer, a BiVO₄-CNQDs-In₂O₃ photoanode was formed, and the average FE of H₂O₂ preparation reached 28.16%, achieving further performance improvement. The generated electrons and holes can be more effectively transferred from BiVO₄ to the In₂O₃ passivation layer before participating in subsequent electrochemical reactions. This dual modification synergistically promotes the quasi-Fermi level of holes to move toward the anode and reduces band bending, synergistically driving photo generated holes toward the higher oxidation potentials to accelerate the selective conversion of H₂O to H₂O₂. The BiVO₄-CNQDs-In₂O₃ photoanode achieves a 1.58-fold improvement in average H₂O₂ FE within the 1.2–2.4 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) range compared to unmodified BiVO₄. This work establishes an innovative approach for modulating inherent Ovac in BiVO₄ photoanode and optimizing the preparation pathway of H₂O₂ through the vacancy engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-Depth Review of Multiphysics and Circuit Simulation Approaches for Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Yuan Lv,&nbsp;Zhida Wang,&nbsp;Cheng Qiu,&nbsp;Yue Hu","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500318","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted much attention due to their high power conversion efficiency and low-cost fabrication using abundant materials. However, a comprehensive understanding of the key physical mechanisms remain limited, despite its importance for future enhancement. Through simulation, PSC designs can be rapidly evaluated and optimized, considering various factors such as physical mechanisms, photoelectric models, device parameters, and equivalent circuits. In recent years, there has been a surge in research focused on device simulations for PSCs, but a clear classification and summary of these simulations remains lacking. This review categorizes PSC device simulations into multiphysics field simulations and circuit simulations, providing an overview of the latest research in both areas to support future PSC design. First, we summarize the common modeling techniques (such as transfer matrices, finite difference time domain, and finite element methods) and basic equations for various models, which not only explore light loss during light generation but also investigate charge recombination mechanisms. Next, we discuss equivalent circuit models, distinguishing between those that account for ion migration and those that do not. The inclusion of ion migration models helps explain changes in the electric field, cell dynamics, and voltage–current hysteresis. Finally, we present future directions for the development of PSC simulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.202500318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-Depth Review of Multiphysics and Circuit Simulation Approaches for Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Yuan Lv,&nbsp;Zhida Wang,&nbsp;Cheng Qiu,&nbsp;Yue Hu","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500318","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted much attention due to their high power conversion efficiency and low-cost fabrication using abundant materials. However, a comprehensive understanding of the key physical mechanisms remain limited, despite its importance for future enhancement. Through simulation, PSC designs can be rapidly evaluated and optimized, considering various factors such as physical mechanisms, photoelectric models, device parameters, and equivalent circuits. In recent years, there has been a surge in research focused on device simulations for PSCs, but a clear classification and summary of these simulations remains lacking. This review categorizes PSC device simulations into multiphysics field simulations and circuit simulations, providing an overview of the latest research in both areas to support future PSC design. First, we summarize the common modeling techniques (such as transfer matrices, finite difference time domain, and finite element methods) and basic equations for various models, which not only explore light loss during light generation but also investigate charge recombination mechanisms. Next, we discuss equivalent circuit models, distinguishing between those that account for ion migration and those that do not. The inclusion of ion migration models helps explain changes in the electric field, cell dynamics, and voltage–current hysteresis. Finally, we present future directions for the development of PSC simulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.202500318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning-Driven Perovskite Research from Experimental Exploration to Industrial Development","authors":"Zhuo Feng,&nbsp;Xu Zhu,&nbsp;Hao Meng,&nbsp;Antai Yang,&nbsp;Jixin Tang,&nbsp;Chengquan Zhong,&nbsp;Kailong Hu,&nbsp;Jiakai Liu,&nbsp;Jingzi Zhang,&nbsp;Xi Lin","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500464","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a research hotspot inthird-generation photovoltaic technology with their high efficiency, low cost, and solution processability. However, many issues, such as material instability, lead toxicity, and scalability challenges, hinder their industrialization and commercialization. This study reviews the overall production management optimization that utilizes machine learning (ML) throughout the entire life cycle of PSCs production from experimental exploration to industrial development. We explore the application of ML in high-throughput material screening, device structure redesign, scalable manufacturing, automated platform optimization, product quality analysis, installation, and maintenance from preproduction to after-production of PSCs. By spanning the entire industry chain, ML significantly enhances the performance, stability, and lifespan of the device, strongly supporting their commercialization and wide application. As algorithms improve and data resources expand, the future application prospects of ML in the full production management of PSCs will become even broader.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning-Driven Perovskite Research from Experimental Exploration to Industrial Development","authors":"Zhuo Feng,&nbsp;Xu Zhu,&nbsp;Hao Meng,&nbsp;Antai Yang,&nbsp;Jixin Tang,&nbsp;Chengquan Zhong,&nbsp;Kailong Hu,&nbsp;Jiakai Liu,&nbsp;Jingzi Zhang,&nbsp;Xi Lin","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500464","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a research hotspot inthird-generation photovoltaic technology with their high efficiency, low cost, and solution processability. However, many issues, such as material instability, lead toxicity, and scalability challenges, hinder their industrialization and commercialization. This study reviews the overall production management optimization that utilizes machine learning (ML) throughout the entire life cycle of PSCs production from experimental exploration to industrial development. We explore the application of ML in high-throughput material screening, device structure redesign, scalable manufacturing, automated platform optimization, product quality analysis, installation, and maintenance from preproduction to after-production of PSCs. By spanning the entire industry chain, ML significantly enhances the performance, stability, and lifespan of the device, strongly supporting their commercialization and wide application. As algorithms improve and data resources expand, the future application prospects of ML in the full production management of PSCs will become even broader.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}