{"title":"Ethanol-Assisted Nitrogen-Blade Coating and Surface Passivation for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Modules","authors":"Jianlin Peng, Li Yuan, Fengyuan Li, Qingde Long, Penglong Li, Jiangwei Huo, Jiahao Pei, Zhe Liu, Hongqiang Wang, Ruihao Chen","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500502","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Scaling perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to large-area modules remains challenging due to efficiency losses from nonuniform films and interfacial defects. Here, we introduce a synergistic strategy combining ethanol-assisted nitrogen-blade coating and iodine (4-fluorophenyl) prop-2-en-1-amine (4-FPPA) surface passivation to fabricate efficient and stable large-area modules. Ethanol incorporation accelerates solvent evaporation during blade coating, enhancing crystallization uniformity and reducing bulk defects. Concurrently, 4-FPPA posttreatment forms a 2D perovskite capping layer by reacting with residual PbI<sub>2</sub>, suppressing surface defects and nonradiative recombination. The optimized small-area cells achieve a champion efficiency of 25.11%, while large-area modules (36 cm<sup>2</sup>) attain a remarkable 22.06% efficiency. Devices fabricated via dual engineering exhibited superior stability against moisture, oxygen and heat. The unencapsulated modules retained nearly 90% of initial PCE after being exposed to air with a relative humidity of 25% for around 1600 h. This work provides a scalable pathway for high-performance perovskite photovoltaics.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ethanol-Assisted Nitrogen-Blade Coating and Surface Passivation for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Modules","authors":"Jianlin Peng, Li Yuan, Fengyuan Li, Qingde Long, Penglong Li, Jiangwei Huo, Jiahao Pei, Zhe Liu, Hongqiang Wang, Ruihao Chen","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500502","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Scaling perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to large-area modules remains challenging due to efficiency losses from nonuniform films and interfacial defects. Here, we introduce a synergistic strategy combining ethanol-assisted nitrogen-blade coating and iodine (4-fluorophenyl) prop-2-en-1-amine (4-FPPA) surface passivation to fabricate efficient and stable large-area modules. Ethanol incorporation accelerates solvent evaporation during blade coating, enhancing crystallization uniformity and reducing bulk defects. Concurrently, 4-FPPA posttreatment forms a 2D perovskite capping layer by reacting with residual PbI<sub>2</sub>, suppressing surface defects and nonradiative recombination. The optimized small-area cells achieve a champion efficiency of 25.11%, while large-area modules (36 cm<sup>2</sup>) attain a remarkable 22.06% efficiency. Devices fabricated via dual engineering exhibited superior stability against moisture, oxygen and heat. The unencapsulated modules retained nearly 90% of initial PCE after being exposed to air with a relative humidity of 25% for around 1600 h. This work provides a scalable pathway for high-performance perovskite photovoltaics.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2025-08-18DOI: 10.1002/solr.202500499
Oleksandr Mashkov, Oleksandr Stroyuk, Claudia Buerhop, Sanna Bind, Dylan Clark, Jens Hauch, Ian Marius Peters
{"title":"Nondestructive Detection of Water Ingress in Solar Modules Using Near-Infrared Absorbance Spectroscopy","authors":"Oleksandr Mashkov, Oleksandr Stroyuk, Claudia Buerhop, Sanna Bind, Dylan Clark, Jens Hauch, Ian Marius Peters","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500499","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Moisture ingress is a key factor in the degradation of photovoltaic module components. This study employs near-infrared absorption spectroscopy to nondestructively quantify water uptake in backsheets and encapsulants, using a water index derived from the 1910-1920 nm absorption band. Measurements covered short-term dynamics during rainfall, long-term outdoor monitoring, and spatial mapping. Short-term monitoring showed a 14% increase in the water index within 20 min of observations. Five months of rooftop measurements revealed strong sensitivity to humidity and temperature: the index rose by 75% as relative humidity increased from 20% to 50%, and fell by 50% as temperature rose from 0°C to 40°C. Comparative field campaigns in 2021 and 2023 showed material-specific trends: under identical conditions, polyamide and fluoropolymer-coated backsheets exhibited average water index increases of 32%, while polyvinylidene fluoride showed only a 17% increase. Changes in distribution shape indicated differing moisture resistance among materials. Gravimetric analysis confirmed material-dependent water retention. Spatial mapping and immersion tests revealed localized moisture accumulation and saturation-type sorption, with uptake rates—derived via kinetic fitting—ca. 27% higher in field-aged modules than in stored ones. These results establish near-infrared spectroscopy as a scalable and noninvasive tool for detecting moisture-related degradation in photovoltaic modules.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.202500499","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2025-08-18DOI: 10.1002/solr.202500499
Oleksandr Mashkov, Oleksandr Stroyuk, Claudia Buerhop, Sanna Bind, Dylan Clark, Jens Hauch, Ian Marius Peters
{"title":"Nondestructive Detection of Water Ingress in Solar Modules Using Near-Infrared Absorbance Spectroscopy","authors":"Oleksandr Mashkov, Oleksandr Stroyuk, Claudia Buerhop, Sanna Bind, Dylan Clark, Jens Hauch, Ian Marius Peters","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500499","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Moisture ingress is a key factor in the degradation of photovoltaic module components. This study employs near-infrared absorption spectroscopy to nondestructively quantify water uptake in backsheets and encapsulants, using a water index derived from the 1910-1920 nm absorption band. Measurements covered short-term dynamics during rainfall, long-term outdoor monitoring, and spatial mapping. Short-term monitoring showed a 14% increase in the water index within 20 min of observations. Five months of rooftop measurements revealed strong sensitivity to humidity and temperature: the index rose by 75% as relative humidity increased from 20% to 50%, and fell by 50% as temperature rose from 0°C to 40°C. Comparative field campaigns in 2021 and 2023 showed material-specific trends: under identical conditions, polyamide and fluoropolymer-coated backsheets exhibited average water index increases of 32%, while polyvinylidene fluoride showed only a 17% increase. Changes in distribution shape indicated differing moisture resistance among materials. Gravimetric analysis confirmed material-dependent water retention. Spatial mapping and immersion tests revealed localized moisture accumulation and saturation-type sorption, with uptake rates—derived via kinetic fitting—ca. 27% higher in field-aged modules than in stored ones. These results establish near-infrared spectroscopy as a scalable and noninvasive tool for detecting moisture-related degradation in photovoltaic modules.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.202500499","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Engineering Tin Oxide Electron Transport Layers for High-Performance n-i-p Perovskite Solar Cells: Challenges, Strategies, and Prospects","authors":"Chengzhi Ruan, Zhengpei Cai, Haotian Luo, Jiahua Tao, Zhi Wang, Hongxia Liu, Junhao Chu","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500400","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tin oxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>) has emerged as a leading electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), particularly in n-i-p architectures, due to its high electron mobility, wide bandgap, and exceptional thermal and chemical stability. However, several challenges remain unresolved, including inconsistent film quality, intrinsic lattice defects, energy-level misalignment, and suboptimal interfacial engineering, all of which hinder the operational stability and long-term performance of PSCs. In this review, we provide a detailed and systematic overview of recent progress in SnO<sub>2</sub>-based ETLs for n-i-p structured PSCs. Key topics include defect passivation strategies, band energy alignment engineering, and interfacial charge transport optimization. Special emphasis is placed on the latest developments in surface treatments, doping strategies, and interface modifications that enhance electron transport and device operational stability. We critically evaluate how these advances contribute to improve power conversion efficiency and device durability. By addressing these bottlenecks through rational engineering, SnO<sub>2</sub> is poised to play a pivotal role in pushing PSCs performance closer to its theoretical limit and facilitating future commercialization.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2025-08-15DOI: 10.1002/solr.202500535
Jingyi Nie, Jiqiao Zhang, Mei Li, Meijuan Ding, Qingyang Yu, Ziyu Li, Xianglong Lyu, Zhiliang Jin
{"title":"Enhanced Photocatalytic H2 Generation of S-Scheme MoS2/CoMoO4 Heterojunction with Enriched Sulfur Vacancy","authors":"Jingyi Nie, Jiqiao Zhang, Mei Li, Meijuan Ding, Qingyang Yu, Ziyu Li, Xianglong Lyu, Zhiliang Jin","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500535","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To investigate the effect of varying concentrations of sulfur (S) vacancies in MoS<sub>2</sub> (MS) on photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), a series of MS photocatalysts with different S vacancy concentrations were synthesized via a hydrothermal method. The results indicate that the as-prepared MS/CMO composite catalyst exhibits optimal HER at a composite ratio of 10% and a sulfur vacancy concentration of 1:6, achieving a hydrogen evolution amount of 332 μmol within 5 h. The MS<sub>6</sub>/CMO composite exhibits an apparent quantum efficiency of 12% at a wavelength of 450 nm. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis reveals that the sulfur vacancy concentration in the composite catalyst significantly influences the photocatalytic activity. Mott–Schottky measurements reveal that both CMO and MS display n-type semiconducting behavior, and are supported by XPS characterization, DFT simulations, and electronic band structure studies. These findings pave a novel pathway for designing vacancy-modulated catalysts, which hold significant implications for enhancing catalytic efficiency and material stability. Moreover, this work broadens the research perspectives in the field of HER by providing fundamental mechanistic insights and practical design strategies. These findings pave a novel pathway for designing vacancy-modulated catalysts, which hold significant implications for enhancing catalytic efficiency and material stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2025-08-15DOI: 10.1002/solr.202500535
Jingyi Nie, Jiqiao Zhang, Mei Li, Meijuan Ding, Qingyang Yu, Ziyu Li, Xianglong Lyu, Zhiliang Jin
{"title":"Enhanced Photocatalytic H2 Generation of S-Scheme MoS2/CoMoO4 Heterojunction with Enriched Sulfur Vacancy","authors":"Jingyi Nie, Jiqiao Zhang, Mei Li, Meijuan Ding, Qingyang Yu, Ziyu Li, Xianglong Lyu, Zhiliang Jin","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500535","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To investigate the effect of varying concentrations of sulfur (S) vacancies in MoS<sub>2</sub> (MS) on photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), a series of MS photocatalysts with different S vacancy concentrations were synthesized via a hydrothermal method. The results indicate that the as-prepared MS/CMO composite catalyst exhibits optimal HER at a composite ratio of 10% and a sulfur vacancy concentration of 1:6, achieving a hydrogen evolution amount of 332 μmol within 5 h. The MS<sub>6</sub>/CMO composite exhibits an apparent quantum efficiency of 12% at a wavelength of 450 nm. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis reveals that the sulfur vacancy concentration in the composite catalyst significantly influences the photocatalytic activity. Mott–Schottky measurements reveal that both CMO and MS display n-type semiconducting behavior, and are supported by XPS characterization, DFT simulations, and electronic band structure studies. These findings pave a novel pathway for designing vacancy-modulated catalysts, which hold significant implications for enhancing catalytic efficiency and material stability. Moreover, this work broadens the research perspectives in the field of HER by providing fundamental mechanistic insights and practical design strategies. These findings pave a novel pathway for designing vacancy-modulated catalysts, which hold significant implications for enhancing catalytic efficiency and material stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1002/solr.202500323
Oleksandr Mashkov, Lewin Leihkamm, Oleksandr Stroyuk, Claudia Buerhop, Thilo Winkler, Ones Ghaffari, Stefanie Vorstoffel, Ernst Wittmann, Jens Hauch, Ian Marius Peters
{"title":"High-Throughput PV Module Diagnostics using a Compact NIR Spectrometer","authors":"Oleksandr Mashkov, Lewin Leihkamm, Oleksandr Stroyuk, Claudia Buerhop, Thilo Winkler, Ones Ghaffari, Stefanie Vorstoffel, Ernst Wittmann, Jens Hauch, Ian Marius Peters","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500323","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The degradation of backsheets and encapsulants in photovoltaic (PV) modules compromises their long-term performance and reliability. This study investigates the use of a compact near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer for high-throughput field diagnostics of PV materials. Operating in the 1550–1950 nm spectral range, the spectrometer detects key molecular absorption bands to characterize polymer compositions. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the spectral data significantly improved material differentiation compared to raw data, achieving classification reliability exceeding 95%. Field deployment at a 10 mw PV installation demonstrated the method's scalability, with 981 modules analyzed at a rate of one module every 3 s. Spatial mapping revealed that all analyzed backsheets featured polyethylene terephthalate (PET) cores, with approximately 65% incorporating fluoropolymer- and 35% PET-based outer layers. These findings demonstrate the scalability and efficiency of a portable NIR spectrometer for rapid, nondestructive diagnostics of PV modules. The ability to directly identify polymer compositions during high-throughput field measurements enables applications in predictive maintenance, reliability assessment, bill-of-materials verification, and efficient sorting and recycling of end-of-life modules.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.202500323","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1002/solr.202500323
Oleksandr Mashkov, Lewin Leihkamm, Oleksandr Stroyuk, Claudia Buerhop, Thilo Winkler, Ones Ghaffari, Stefanie Vorstoffel, Ernst Wittmann, Jens Hauch, Ian Marius Peters
{"title":"High-Throughput PV Module Diagnostics using a Compact NIR Spectrometer","authors":"Oleksandr Mashkov, Lewin Leihkamm, Oleksandr Stroyuk, Claudia Buerhop, Thilo Winkler, Ones Ghaffari, Stefanie Vorstoffel, Ernst Wittmann, Jens Hauch, Ian Marius Peters","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500323","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The degradation of backsheets and encapsulants in photovoltaic (PV) modules compromises their long-term performance and reliability. This study investigates the use of a compact near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer for high-throughput field diagnostics of PV materials. Operating in the 1550–1950 nm spectral range, the spectrometer detects key molecular absorption bands to characterize polymer compositions. Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the spectral data significantly improved material differentiation compared to raw data, achieving classification reliability exceeding 95%. Field deployment at a 10 mw PV installation demonstrated the method's scalability, with 981 modules analyzed at a rate of one module every 3 s. Spatial mapping revealed that all analyzed backsheets featured polyethylene terephthalate (PET) cores, with approximately 65% incorporating fluoropolymer- and 35% PET-based outer layers. These findings demonstrate the scalability and efficiency of a portable NIR spectrometer for rapid, nondestructive diagnostics of PV modules. The ability to directly identify polymer compositions during high-throughput field measurements enables applications in predictive maintenance, reliability assessment, bill-of-materials verification, and efficient sorting and recycling of end-of-life modules.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.202500323","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145135417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2025-08-13DOI: 10.1002/solr.202500424
Jingyi Zhang, Li Xia, Dingyuan Deng, Xingang Jia, Dengmeng Song, Li Wang, Yuanfu Chang, Xinrui Xie, Liangbin Dou, Wenzhen Wang
{"title":"Metal–Organic Framework-Based Heterojunction Materials for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Reaction","authors":"Jingyi Zhang, Li Xia, Dingyuan Deng, Xingang Jia, Dengmeng Song, Li Wang, Yuanfu Chang, Xinrui Xie, Liangbin Dou, Wenzhen Wang","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500424","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The escalating reliance on fossil fuels has exacerbated anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, driving global climate change and necessitating urgent strategies for carbon mitigation. Among emerging solutions, photocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> reduction (CO<sub>2</sub>RR) offers a dual benefit by converting CO<sub>2</sub> into value-added chemicals and renewable fuels using solar energy. However, the inherent thermodynamic stability of CO<sub>2</sub>, particularly the high bond dissociation energy of the CO bond (805 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>), poses a significant challenge to efficient activation and selective conversion. Recent advances highlight metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as promising photocatalysts due to their tunable structures, high surface areas, and semiconductor-like properties, which enable precise modulation of band structures, charge transport pathways, and active site distribution. Despite their potential, MOF-based systems face limitations such as restricted light absorption and rapid charge recombination. To address these challenges, the integration of MOFs with complementary materials to form heterojunctions has emerged as a key strategy, enhancing charge separation and catalytic selectivity. This review systematically examines recent progress in MOF-based heterojunction photocatalysts, focusing on structural design principles, mechanistic insights, and performance optimization. By analyzing structure–activity relationships and advanced regulation strategies, we highlight innovative approaches to improve efficiency, selectivity, and stability. Furthermore, we identify critical challenges, including scalability and long-term durability, and propose future directions to inform the optimization of novel photocatalytic systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"9 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145022191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}