{"title":"Silicon Photovoltaics on Metal Substrates: Investigating Cell Gap Changes in Modules With Aluminum Rear Cover","authors":"Wiebke Wirtz, Kevin Meyer, Ulli Zeller, Matthias Pander, Ringo Koepge, Bengt Jaeckel, Rolf Brendel, Henning Schulte-Huxel","doi":"10.1002/solr.70496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70496","url":null,"abstract":"<p>New material combinations for photovoltaic (PV) modules are required for building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). In previous studies, it has been shown that PV modules with aluminum rear cover degrade heavily during thermal cycling due to interconnector fatigue. The mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients of the aluminum rear cover and the silicon solar cells was expected to induce a larger cell gap change in the solar cell strings under temperature change when compared to typical PV modules with glass covers. In this work, we confirm this effect by measuring and simulating the temperature-induced cell gap change in test modules with aluminum rear cover as well as with glass rear cover. For a module with glass rear cover, we measure and simulate only about 0.3 times the cell gap change as for a module with aluminum rear cover. Both measurement and simulation show increased cell gap changes for wider solar cells. Furthermore, we measure 20% less cell gap change for a 60% reduction in string length. All in all, we conclude that the (relative) cell gap change is the decisive parameter for controlling degradation due to thermal stress in future PV module designs with alternative material compositions.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2026-09-22DOI: 10.1002/solr.70492
Xiayan Guo, Luo Huang, Maggie Ng, Season Si Chen, Man-Chung Tang
{"title":"High-Throughput Structural Screening and Predictive Modeling of Organic Solar Cells via Machine Learning","authors":"Xiayan Guo, Luo Huang, Maggie Ng, Season Si Chen, Man-Chung Tang","doi":"10.1002/solr.70492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70492","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study develops and validates an integrated machine learning framework to accelerate the discovery of high-performance Y6-series nonfullerene acceptors for organic solar cells. Addressing the lack of models that directly link molecular structure to device-level efficiency, especially for Y6-based systems, the work investigates whether an end-to-end, interpretable pipeline can reliably predict power conversion efficiency (PCE) from molecular information and enable high-throughput virtual screening. The resulting model achieves a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.873 and <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.762 on the test set, and maintains robust performance on an external dataset of 28 unseen pairs with <i>r</i> = 0.848 and <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.682, reducing prediction time from days with conventional density functional theory (DFT) to minutes. Among virtual library of 29 620 Y6-derived acceptors and 88 860 donor–acceptor combinations, the framework identifies 98 candidate pairs with predicted PCE above 20%, including a top candidate reaching 21.49%. Analysis confirms that the leading acceptor exhibits favorable frontier orbital alignment, reduced bandgap, and lower reorganization energy relative to benchmark Y6, suggesting enhanced charge transport and photocurrent generation. This work establishes a generalizable, interpretable, and computationally efficient approach for structure–property–performance prediction, providing a scalable pathway for data-driven discovery of next-generation organic photovoltaic materials and other organic electronic systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2026-09-22DOI: 10.1002/solr.70481
Rajiv Daxini, William E. McMahon, John F. Geisz, Ryan M. France
{"title":"Impact of Data Temporal Resolution on the Energy Yield Modeling of Tandem Photovoltaic Devices","authors":"Rajiv Daxini, William E. McMahon, John F. Geisz, Ryan M. France","doi":"10.1002/solr.70481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70481","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Full physics-based equivalent circuit models for tandem photovoltaic (PV) devices provide high accuracy but are computationally intensive. This study investigates reducing simulation runtime by downsampling meteorological input data using three methods—mean, median, and slicing—across two distinct climates (Colorado and Oregon) on the energy yield modeling of tandem devices. These methods represent both post-measurement downsampling (mean and median) and changes in field measurement frequency (slicing). We show that the number of device model evaluations may be reduced by up to 99% while maintaining an annualized energy yield estimate error of less than 0.2% if the resampling method conserves total solar insolation. Conversely, the nonconservative slicing and median methods produce unreliable results with errors exceeding 5% due to inherent energy nonconservation. We identify two primary drivers of modeling error: energy conservation and PV nonlinearity. While these underlying error mechanisms are climate agnostic, the resultant impact on energy yield estimates varies in different meteorological regimes. In high-volatility environments, smoothing effects suppress subcell mismatch and nonlinear losses, leading to overestimation. In low-irradiance conditions, efficiency losses dominate, shifting errors toward underestimation. The results of this work provide a framework for high-speed tandem modeling that balances computational efficiency with site-specific accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.70481","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2026-09-22DOI: 10.1002/solr.70483
Costanza Borghesi, Marta Loletti, Carlo Cantalini, Riccardo Rurali, Giacomo Giorgi
{"title":"Surface Termination Unlocks Photocatalytic Potential: Reshaping Structure and Electronics in Ultrathin MoS2/TiO2 Heterojunctions","authors":"Costanza Borghesi, Marta Loletti, Carlo Cantalini, Riccardo Rurali, Giacomo Giorgi","doi":"10.1002/solr.70483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70483","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> stands out for its exceptional chemical stability, nontoxicity, and robust photocatalytic capabilities; however, its intrinsically wide bandgap severely restricts its activity to the ultraviolet spectrum, limiting practical efficiency under solar illumination. To circumvent this bottleneck, the strategic integration of TiO<sub>2</sub> with transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as MoS<sub>2</sub>, has proven highly promising, harnessing interfacial charge transfer dynamics, Schottky barrier formation, and bandgap renormalization to extend light absorption into the visible range while suppressing charge carrier recombination. Here, we perform a systematic ab initio investigation of the anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> (001) surface interfaced with MoS<sub>2</sub>, with particular emphasis on elucidating how distinct surface terminations govern structural relaxation, interfacial bonding, and the electronic properties of the TiO<sub>2</sub>/MoS<sub>2</sub> Van der Waals heterostructure. We compare the ideal bulk-terminated (1 × 1) surface with the experimentally stable reconstructed (1 × 4)-ADM surface, highlighting their key similarities and differences and clarifying the atomistic origins of the resulting behavior. Both systems maintain a type-II alignment, reducing the bandgap relative to bulk TiO<sub>2</sub> with a redshifted absorption. The unreconstructed (1 × 1) surface is ideal for MoS<sub>2</sub> interfacing, optimally meeting <i>Z</i>-scheme requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.70483","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2026-09-21DOI: 10.1002/solr.70487
Ohhyun Kwon, Seungmin Yoo, Hyungju Ahn, Jae Won Shim
{"title":"Post-Treated Self-Assembled Monolayer-Driven Low-Noise Self-Powered Organic Photonic Conversion Devices","authors":"Ohhyun Kwon, Seungmin Yoo, Hyungju Ahn, Jae Won Shim","doi":"10.1002/solr.70487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70487","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Combining energy harvesting and photodetection within a single organic device enables self-powered sensing platforms to be built around integrated photodetector (PD) photovoltaics. The hole transport layer (HTL) of these devices governs the charge extraction dynamics that determine their performance. [2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz), a widely used self-assembled monolayer HTL offering a modified work function (WF) and simple solution processing, forms surface aggregates during deposition that degrade the interfacial uniformity and raise the trap density at the hole-extracting contact. To address this limitation, a posttreatment with 2-chloronicotinic acid (INA) is applied to the 2PACz interface. INA reduces the surface aggregates and restores the interfacial uniformity while preserving the established ability of 2PACz to modify the WF. A PM6:L8-BO-based device using a treated interface delivers power conversion efficiencies of 16.7% under 1-sun (AM 1.5 G) and 29.8% under 1000 lx illumination (2700 K LED) in the PV mode. In self-powered PD mode, the treated device exhibits low noise current of 9.19 fA and a directly measured noise equivalent power of 40.4 fW (device area = 0.1 cm<sup>2</sup>, bandwidth = 1 Hz), corresponding to a specific detectivity of 7.81 × 10<sup>12</sup> cm·Hz<sup>1/2</sup>·W<sup>−1</sup> and a linear dynamic range of 147.7 dB.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149047957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2026-09-18DOI: 10.1002/solr.70485
Jiahao Ling, Yuanyuan Zhang, Honglei Li, Xiangcheng Shan, Xiaoyang Song, Min Zheng, Min Zhang, Qingzhe Zhang
{"title":"Photocatalytic H2O2 Production from Seawater: Mechanisms, Challenges and Design Strategies","authors":"Jiahao Ling, Yuanyuan Zhang, Honglei Li, Xiangcheng Shan, Xiaoyang Song, Min Zheng, Min Zhang, Qingzhe Zhang","doi":"10.1002/solr.70485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70485","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Photocatalytic H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production using solar energy has emerged as a sustainable alternative to the energy–intensive anthraquinone process. Compared with freshwater systems, seawater represents an abundant and geographically accessible resource, accounting for approximately 97% of the Earth's water reserves. However, its complex ionic composition poses significant challenges, including chloride–induced side reactions, catalyst corrosion, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> decomposition, interference from dissolved organic matter, and mass–transfer limitations. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in photocatalytic H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> synthesis from seawater, with particular emphasis on the interfacial mechanisms governing catalyst–seawater interactions and corresponding material design strategies. The effects of major seawater constituents, including alkali and alkaline–earth metal cations, chloride ions, trace transition metals, and dissolved organic matter, are discussed in terms of charge separation, oxygen activation, reaction selectivity, and product stability. Representative photocatalytic systems, including metal–based semiconductors, carbon–based photocatalysts, MOFs, COFs, and emerging single–atom and plasmonic catalysts, are comparatively analyzed. In addition, advanced engineering approaches, such as heterojunction construction, ion modulation, defect engineering, hydrophobic microenvironment design, surface functionalization, and catalyst–electrolyte synergy, are highlighted. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are outlined to facilitate the practical implementation of solar–driven H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production from natural seawater.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2026-09-18DOI: 10.1002/solr.70491
Abdulazeez M. Ogunleye, GunWoo Kim, Jonghoo Park
{"title":"Data-Driven Analysis of Transparency–Efficiency Trade–Offs and Indoor Spectral Matching in Perovskite Photovoltaics","authors":"Abdulazeez M. Ogunleye, GunWoo Kim, Jonghoo Park","doi":"10.1002/solr.70491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70491","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Semitransparent and indoor perovskite photovoltaics (PVs) require coordinated control of optical transmission, photocurrent, voltage retention, and spectral response. Here, we quantitatively analyze published Cs-, Br-, and Pb-based device to clarify the transparency–efficiency relationships and indoor spectral-matching behavior. Visible transmittance (<i>T</i><sub>VIS</sub>) correlates negatively with power conversion efficiency (PCE; <i>r</i> = −0.89) and short-circuit current density (<i>J</i><sub>SC</sub>; <i>r</i> = −0.53), whereas the total bandgap-referenced voltage deficit, Δ<i>V</i>, exhibits a broad, leverage-sensitive distribution without a compelling monotonic dependence across <i>T</i><sub>VIS</sub>. Δ<i>V</i> is therefore treated as a composite descriptor rather than a direct measure of nonradiative recombination. Devices achieving 12%–16% PCE typically cluster at 20%–40% <i>T</i><sub>VIS</sub>, while the only one record above 80% <i>T</i><sub>VIS</sub> reports ≈0.5% PCE at <i>T</i><sub>VIS</sub> ≈ 85% (<i>n</i> = 1), precluding definition of a universal high-transparency boundary. Equal-illuminance spectral power distribution (SPD) analysis combined with modeled external quantum efficiency (EQE) edges further indicate that absorbers near 1.9−2.1 eV provide greater modeled photocurrent than a 2.30 eV bromide-rich baselines under common white LEDs. Overall, transparency produced mainly by bandgap widening or uniform absorber thinning compromises indoor photon harvesting. Efficient semitransparent indoor devices should instead retain spectrally matched active absorbers and create transmission through area-selective or photonic designs while minimizing contact and interface losses.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.70491","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2026-09-16DOI: 10.1002/solr.70442
Seung Ju Choi, Minjin Kim, Minseop Byun, Seog-Young Yoon, Yimhyun Jo
{"title":"Enhancing Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells via NaCl Post-Treatment of SnO2 Electron Transport Layers","authors":"Seung Ju Choi, Minjin Kim, Minseop Byun, Seog-Young Yoon, Yimhyun Jo","doi":"10.1002/solr.70442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70442","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sodium chloride (NaCl) post-treatment is employed as a simple and effective strategy to engineer SnO<sub>2</sub> electron transport layers (ETLs) for high-performance perovskite solar cells. By directly comparing NaCl and KCl post-treatments under identical processing conditions, the cation-dependent effects on the SnO<sub>2</sub>/perovskite interface are systematically investigated. The NaCl-treated SnO<sub>2</sub> surface exhibits improved wettability, facilitating uniform spreading of the perovskite precursor solution and promoting high-quality perovskite film formation. Compared with KCl treatment, NaCl treatment results in lower surface roughness, improved film uniformity, enhanced interfacial charge extraction, and suppressed interfacial recombination. Optical and photoluminescence analyses reveal enhanced optical transmittance and more efficient carrier dynamics in NaCl-treated devices. As a result, the optimized perovskite solar cells achieve a champion power conversion efficiency of 25.99% (<i>J</i><sub>sc</sub> = 26.13 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, <i>V</i><sub>oc</sub> = 1.178 V, FF = 84.43%), compared with 24.11% for the KCl-treated devices. In addition, the NaCl-treated devices exhibit significantly improved dark-storage stability, maintaining their performance over 1000 h in a nitrogen atmosphere. These results demonstrate that NaCl post-treatment provides a practical and effective interface engineering strategy for simultaneously enhancing the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.70442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2026-09-15DOI: 10.1002/solr.70484
Meena Baskaran, Hui Ma, Sanathana Konugolu, Brendan Roycroft, John Justice, Jérôme Garnier, Pascal Doguet, Stefan Andersson-Engels, Brian Corbett
{"title":"Influence of Beam Profile and Fiber-to-Device Separation on Segmented GaAs Photovoltaic Power Converters","authors":"Meena Baskaran, Hui Ma, Sanathana Konugolu, Brendan Roycroft, John Justice, Jérôme Garnier, Pascal Doguet, Stefan Andersson-Engels, Brian Corbett","doi":"10.1002/solr.70484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70484","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Segmented photovoltaic (PV) devices used in power-over-fiber systems are sensitive to spatially nonuniform illumination, which affects carrier generation and device performance. This study evaluates the influence of beam profile and working distance on a four-segment, 350 µm-diameter GaAs-based PV cell under quasi-Gaussian and annular illumination profiles delivered through a double-clad fiber. Beam propagation is governed by the effective numerical aperture and launch conditions, resulting in different divergence characteristics for each profile. The fiber-to-device separation is varied up to 2 mm to identify optimal operating conditions. A peak power conversion efficiency of 50% is obtained under quasi-Gaussian illumination at an illumination density of 10.7 W/cm<sup>2</sup> and a working distance of 1 mm. Under annular illumination, an efficiency of 47% is achieved at a higher illumination density at a separation of 0.4 mm, with a corresponding fill factor of 81%. The annular beam concentrates optical power near the device periphery, reducing interaction with isolation trenches and improving the uniformity of carrier collection across segments. A maximum open-circuit voltage of 4.81 V is measured under annular illumination at an illumination density of 62.6 W/cm<sup>2</sup>. These results indicate that beam profile–dependent divergence and working distance determine the optimal illumination conditions for segmented PV devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.70484","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solar RRLPub Date : 2026-09-10DOI: 10.1002/solr.70477
Qinan Wang, Qianqing Jiang, Min Qiu, Dianyi Liu
{"title":"Solution-Processed Sandwich-Structured Organic Photovoltaics","authors":"Qinan Wang, Qianqing Jiang, Min Qiu, Dianyi Liu","doi":"10.1002/solr.70477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70477","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Current organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices still rely on complex multilayer architectures, which inevitably increase OPV production costs. Here, we propose a simple sandwich-structured OPV device composed solely of a bottom electrode/active layer/top electrode configuration, without additional charge transport layers. By introducing perfluorosulfonic acid polymers (PFSAs) into the PH1000 bottom electrode, the electrode work function is effectively enhanced, thereby improving the hole extraction and transport. Based on the PFSA-modified PH1000 and the dual-functional top electrode, the all-solution-processed laboratory-fabricated devices achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.1% and a fill factor of 70.1%, while maintaining an average visible transmittance of ≈30%. The PFSA-modified electrode is compatible with laser scribing, enabling series-connected modules with an effective area of 10 cm<sup>2</sup> and a PCE of 7.44%. Importantly, enhanced interfacial hydrophobicity enables the devices to retain about 70% of their initial PCE after 20 days in air. This work demonstrates a sandwich-structured device design strategy that simplifies the device architecture while maintaining high PCE, providing a promising route toward scalable fabrication of OPV devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}