Solar RRL最新文献

{"title":"International Intercomparison of Primary Photovoltaic Reference Cell Calibrations With Excellent Agreement","authors":"Ingo Kröger,&nbsp;Nikos Kopidakis,&nbsp;Tao Song,&nbsp;Sanekazu Igari","doi":"10.1002/solr.70475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70475","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents the results of an international intercomparison of primary calibration methods for photovoltaic (PV) reference devices according to IEC 60904-4. The comparison involves three leading calibration laboratories—PTB, NLR, and AIST—representing independent traceability chains to the International System of Units (SI). Four world PV scale (WPVS) PV reference cells with distinct characteristics (linear, nonlinear, IR-filtered, and UV-filtered crystalline silicon devices) are circulated and calibrated using different primary methods, including differential spectral responsivity (DSR), direct sunlight, and solar simulator approaches. The measurand is the short-circuit current <i>I</i>_SC under standard test conditions STC (<i>I</i>_STC). Calibration results are evaluated using weighted means and <i>E</i>_<i>n</i> scores to assess consistency. Despite differing measurement principles and device-specific challenges, all reported calibration values agree within their stated uncertainties (|<i>E</i>_<i>n</i>| &lt; 1). Maximum deviations range from 0.27% to 0.59%, depending on the device type. Observed drifts in two devices are attributed to degradation effects rather than methodological inconsistencies. The results demonstrate a high level of agreement between independent primary calibration methods and confirm the robustness of current traceability chains for PV reference devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.70475","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acceptor Engineered Hole-Transporting Materials for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Yogesh S. Tingare,&nbsp;Chaochin Su,&nbsp;Chi-Wei Cheng,&nbsp;Shi-Yun Lai,&nbsp;Chi-Ruei Guo,&nbsp;Ja-Hon Lin,&nbsp;Zhi-Ting Wu,&nbsp;Tzu-Wei Feng,&nbsp;Mei-Jie Chen,&nbsp;Wen-Ren Li","doi":"10.1002/solr.70479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70479","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hole-transporting materials (HTMs) with appropriate energy-level alignment and defect-passivation capabilities play a key role in achieving highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, two dopant-free dipolar HTMs, <b>BA</b> and <b>RDN</b>, incorporating barbituric acid and thioxothiazolidin acceptors, respectively, were developed to examine the influence of acceptor engineering on PSC performance. Although both HTMs share the same donor framework, the differing acceptor units provide distinct interfacial properties and charge-carrier dynamics. The barbituric acid acceptor in <b>BA</b> enables stronger defect passivation due to its carbonyl and ─NH groups-rich structure, which suppresses nonradiative recombination while maintaining favorable energy-level alignment and efficient hole transport. As a result, PSCs utilizing <b>BA</b> achieve a higher power conversion efficiency of 19.94% with a short-circuit current density of 23.09 mA cm⁻², surpassing the performance of <b>RDN</b>-based devices (18.75%). These results illustrate the importance of acceptor selection toward modulating interfacial energetics along with defect passivation and highlight barbituric acid as a promising acceptor candidate for the design of high-performance dopant-free HTMs for PSCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.70479","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineered MAX Phase-Assisted Ti2AlN/TiO2 Heterostructures With Tunable Interfacial Electronic Coupling for Enhanced Photocatalytic Water Splitting Toward H2 Production","authors":"Anuradha Sharma,&nbsp;Muhammad Tahir,&nbsp;Naveen Kumar","doi":"10.1002/solr.70478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70478","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents titanium aluminum nitride (Ti₂AlN) MAX phase as a promising cocatalyst in photocatalytic hydrogen production. Its layered structure and metallic ceramic properties offer high thermal stability, oxidation resistance, and favorable charge transport characteristics. Ti₂AlN/TiO₂ composite was fabricated by two different approaches using commercial anatase TiO₂ and sol–gel-derived TiO₂ to investigate the effect of precursor characteristics on photocatalytic performance. The optimized loading was found to be 10% Ti₂AlN on TiO₂ among the different loadings tested. The highest hydrogen rate was obtained up to 709 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ for 10-Ti₂AlN/TiO₂-S, which is 4.7-fold higher than its pure TiO₂ counterpart and 709 times higher than pure Ti₂AlN with methanol as the sacrificial agent. More specifically, when commercial TiO₂ was used, only 16 and 35 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ hydrogen rates were achieved by pure TiO₂ and the corresponding composite with Ti₂AlN. Coupling Ti₂AlN into TiO₂ enabled efficient electron migration and also acts as an electron reservoir, thereby reducing the recombination of charged species and enhancing light absorption, favoring proton reduction kinetics for hydrogen production. This work establishes Ti₂AlN as an effective and noble metal-free cocatalyst that provides new insight into MAX phase conductivity to engineer advanced TiO₂-based heterostructures for hydrogen generation.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.70478","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges and Opportunities for Layered Double Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Krishnaiah Mokurala,&nbsp;Marija Mrkonjić,&nbsp;Ceylan Doyranli,&nbsp;Jovana V. Milić,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Golobostanfard","doi":"10.1002/solr.70462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70462","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Layered lead-free halide double perovskites (LDPs) have emerged as promising candidates for environmentally benign and intrinsically stable photovoltaic absorbers. Despite their chemical robustness and compositional flexibility, their power conversion efficiencies remain well below those of Pb-based perovskites. This discrepancy arises from a combination of intrinsic electronic structure constraints, defect-driven nonradiative recombination, processing-induced inhomogeneity, and device-architecture mismatches. In this review, we systematically examine performance limitations in LDPs and emerging solutions that can overcome these fundamental obstacles. We dissect four interdependent bottlenecks, namely, (1) electronic and excitonic limitations arising from reduced dimensionality and heavy carrier effective mass mismatches, (2) defect physics and self-trapping phenomena, (3) synthesis and thin-film processing challenges, and (4) interface and device-level losses. For each category, we discuss emerging mitigation strategies, including band engineering, defect passivation, crystallization control, and interface optimization. By consolidating insights into a unified diagnostic perspective, we aim to provide a roadmap toward overcoming performance limitations in LDP photovoltaics.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.70462","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-Scale Interface Healing Enabled by π-Conjugated Aromatic Molecules for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Yu Ouyang,&nbsp;Bowen Xiong,&nbsp;Shide Fu,&nbsp;Chang Shen,&nbsp;Deping Xiong,&nbsp;Zuyong Feng,&nbsp;Xiaoli Zhang","doi":"10.1002/solr.70476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70476","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved a power conversion efficiency exceeding 27%; however, nonradiative recombination losses and stability issues arising from interfacial defects remain critical bottlenecks hindering their commercialization. π-conjugated aromatic molecules, by virtue of their unique π–π conjugated systems, tunable electronic structures, and abundant chemical functional groups, have demonstrated remarkable advantages in interface passivation. This review systematically summarizes recent applications of π-conjugated aromatic molecules in the interfacial modification of PSCs. It focuses on the structural classification of π-conjugated aromatic rings (monocyclic and polycyclic) and the interface manipulation mechanisms of key functional groups, including ammonium, carboxyl, carbonyl, and phosphorus/sulfur-containing moieties. The operational mechanisms and optimization outcomes at the perovskite/electron transport layer interface, perovskite/hole transport layer interface, and perovskite active layers (grain boundaries) are thoroughly analyzed. Notably, the versatile utilization of these molecules in diversified photovoltaic architectures—including rigid single-junction cells, industrially relevant large-area modules, mechanically demanding flexible devices, and efficiency-oriented tandem stacks—is specifically highlighted. Furthermore, the challenges and future directions of interfacial engineering with π-conjugated aromatic molecules are discussed, with the aim of providing theoretical guidance for the full-scale interfacial modulation of high-performance and highly stable PSCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterocyclic Molecular Passivators for Improved Stability and Efficiency in Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Gagana R.,&nbsp;Samrudhi B. M.,&nbsp;Rachel Chetri,&nbsp;Ahipa T. N.","doi":"10.1002/solr.70474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70474","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly emerged as one of the most promising third-generation photovoltaic technologies, due to their high-power conversion efficiency (PCE), low cost, and solution processability. The device performance and PCE depend on the architecture of PSCs and interfacial properties. Further, improvements in PCE are largely driven by minimizing nonradiative charge recombination, often caused by defects in metal halide perovskites. This review focuses on how heterocyclic compounds containing N<span></span>, O<span></span>, S<span></span>, N<span></span>S<span></span>, and N<span></span>O<span></span>, affect grain boundaries, inhibit nonradiative recombination, and improve photovoltaic performance as molecular passivators. Finally outlines, the guidelines for selecting suitable heterocyclic compounds as passivating agents and offers perspectives on future strategies to further advance passivation approaches and overall device performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Interconnection Strategy for Thermally Sensitive Solar Cells Employing Electrically Conductive Tape","authors":"Yanxin Liu,&nbsp;Andreas Lambertz,&nbsp;Ian Marius Peters,&nbsp;Unisa Adikalie Kargbo,&nbsp;Bart Pieters,&nbsp;Benedikt Fischer,&nbsp;Henrike Gattermann,&nbsp;Xuanlei Du,&nbsp;Volker Lauterbach,&nbsp;Karsten Bittkau,&nbsp;Uwe Rau,&nbsp;Kaining Ding","doi":"10.1002/solr.202500886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202500886","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The electrical interconnection of high-efficiency silicon heterojunction and perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells is constrained by their sensitivity to elevated processing temperatures, which precludes the use of conventional solder-based interconnections. As a low-temperature alternative, electrically conductive tapes (ECTs) offer a promising solution; however, their applicability in photovoltaic modules has been underexplored. This study evaluates the feasibility of commercially available ECTs as solder-free interconnection materials for silicon heterojunction solar cells. To assess their performance, we characterized the effects of lamination pressure and temperature on adhesion and electrical contact resistance, followed by rigorous long-term stability testing under damp heat (2000 h) and thermal cycling (200 cycles) per IEC 61215 standards. Anisotropic ECTs demonstrated low and stable contact resistances, comparable to those of low-melting-point solders, while also exhibiting robust mechanical durability. Among the tested materials, ECT-2 exhibited the highest adhesion strength, achieving a peak value of 1.8 N/mm, whereas ECT-3 provided the lowest and most consistent contact resistance. Specifically, ECT-3 maintained contact resistance values in the range of 10⁻³–10⁻² mΩ·cm² throughout both damp heat and thermal cycling tests, matching the performance of soldered interconnections. Silicon heterojunction modules utilizing ECT-based interconnections showed superior stability during accelerated aging, with efficiency losses below 5%, outperforming both isotropic tapes and soldered references. Furthermore, ECTs enabled effective electrical connections in perovskite–silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells, facilitating solder-free interconnection without the need for thermal curing. An encapsulated perovskite–silicon tandem cell with an effective area of 1 × 1 cm² achieved an efficiency of 28.6%, with unchanged open-circuit voltage (<i>V</i>_oc) and fill factor (FF). These findings underscore the potential of ECTs as a scalable, low-temperature interconnection solution for next-generation photovoltaic technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.202500886","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of an Amphiphilic Additive Yields Long-Term Morphological Stability in Organic Solar Cells","authors":"Jose Prince Madalaimuthu,&nbsp;Tim Matzdorff,&nbsp;Anna Elmanova,&nbsp;Zhuo Xu,&nbsp;Hassan Ismail,&nbsp;Ayona James,&nbsp;Andrea Dellith,&nbsp;Daniela Täuber,&nbsp;Rico Meitzner,&nbsp;Frank A. Müller,&nbsp;Aman Anand,&nbsp;Yisak Tsegazab Gerase,&nbsp;Martin Presselt,&nbsp;Ulrich S. Schubert,&nbsp;Harald Hoppe","doi":"10.1002/solr.70468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70468","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Organic photovoltaics (OPV) is one of the new solar energy technologies, which offers various benefits including short energy payback time, lightweight, flexibility, and semitransparency.Recent development progress has attracted substantial scientific and commercial interest. Nevertheless, challenges include scalability and stability, necessitating larger efforts to improve the processability and long-term stability of solar cells. This study focuses on the device's long-term stability, specifically on stabilizing the morphology of the photoactive layer. An amphiphilic molecule, <i>p</i>-toluene sulfonic acid (TSA), was used as an additive to improve both performance and stability by controlling the morphology of P3HT:PCBM solar cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/solr.70468","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stepwise Annealing Engineering Larger Grains Enables a 76% PCE Enhancement for Sb2Se3 Thin-Film Solar Cells","authors":"Ruijin Hu,&nbsp;Chengjun Wu,&nbsp;Junjie Zeng,&nbsp;Xiangdong Meng,&nbsp;Long Luo,&nbsp;Yunqing Cao,&nbsp;Shaobo Zhang,&nbsp;Jianning Ding","doi":"10.1002/solr.70472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70472","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Suppression of charge recombination caused by grain boundaries, thereby achieving a more efficient collection of photogenerated carriers, is essential for improving the performance of Sb₂Se₃ thin-film solar cells. To address this issue, large grains or few boundaries within uniform grain size distributions are needed. In this work, a properly designed two-step selenization technique in an Ar-protected atmosphere has been developed by introducing a low-temperature pre-annealing process to translate the evaporated Sb films into high-quality Sb₂Se₃ films. Compared to the conventional one-step annealing process, the optimized two-step annealing process can achieve larger grains and more uniform size distributions for Sb₂Se₃ thin films, where the proportion of small grains (&lt;220 nm) decreases from 32% to 6%, and ultrasmall grains (&lt;120 nm) have been eliminated. Therefore, a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.4% has been demonstrated among these devices fabricated via the two-step annealing process. Furthermore, by changing from the one-step to the two-step annealing process, a 76% PCE enhancement has been achieved, with average PCE values increasing from 2.6% ± 0.54% to 4.4% ± 0.55%. These results indicate that reasonable annealing processes, such as the two-step technique, in an industrially compatible way, can produce high-quality films for high-performance Sb₂Se₃ photovoltaic devices, boosting their practical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Generalizable and Interpretable Framework for Open-Circuit Voltage Prediction in Organic Solar Cells: Enabling Efficient Screening for High-Performance Photovoltaics","authors":"Yangfu Ou,&nbsp;Jianfeng Zhang,&nbsp;Yezi Yang,&nbsp;Yang Jiang,&nbsp;Jinshan Wang,&nbsp;Sunxin Fan,&nbsp;Chuang Yao","doi":"10.1002/solr.70470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.70470","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The open-circuit voltage (<i>V</i>_oc) is a key determinant of the power conversion efficiency in organic solar cells (OSCs), a promising technology for affordable and scalable renewable energy. However, existing computational methods for <i>V</i>_oc prediction often demand substantial resources, limiting their practicality for large-scale material screening and device optimization. To address this challenge, this study proposes two highly efficient, data-driven linear models for accurate <i>V</i>_oc estimation. The first model, tailored for fixed donor systems (e.g., PM6, PBDB-T), employs only the acceptor’s LUMO energy or adiabatic electron affinity, achieving a relative mean error of 2.93%–5.90% (<i>R</i>² = 0.89–0.91) with merely 20 training samples. Rigorous repeated random-sampling validation across 5000 iterations confirms the remarkable stability and robustness of this minimalist strategy. The second model extends applicability across diverse donors by incorporating the donor’s positive electrostatic potential, forming a universal prediction framework with an average relative error of 3.33%. These models significantly reduce computational cost and data dependency, enabling rapid screening of materials. By facilitating the development of high-performance organic photovoltaics, this work contributes to the sustainable transition of energy systems and supports the scalable integration of solar energy technologies into future smart grids and urban energy networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":230,"journal":{"name":"Solar RRL","volume":"10 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}