Progress in Photovoltaics最新文献

{"title":"Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 63)","authors":"Martin A. Green,&nbsp;Ewan D. Dunlop,&nbsp;Masahiro Yoshita,&nbsp;Nikos Kopidakis,&nbsp;Karsten Bothe,&nbsp;Gerald Siefer,&nbsp;Xiaojing Hao","doi":"10.1002/pip.3750","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3750","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since July 2023 are reviewed.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 1","pages":"3-13"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3750","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138525354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Versatile implied open-circuit voltage imaging method and its application in monolithic tandem solar cells","authors":"Oliver Fischer,&nbsp;Anh Dinh Bui,&nbsp;Florian Schindler,&nbsp;Daniel Macdonald,&nbsp;Stefan W. Glunz,&nbsp;Hieu T. Nguyen,&nbsp;Martin C. Schubert","doi":"10.1002/pip.3754","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3754","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As the efficiency of perovskite silicon tandem solar cells is increasing, the upscaling for industrial production is coming into focus. Spatially resolved, quantitative, fast, and reliable contactless measurement techniques are demanded for quality assurance and to pinpoint the cause of performance losses in perovskite silicon tandem solar cells. In this publication, we present a measurement method based on spectrally integrated photoluminescence (PL) imaging to extract subcell-selective implied open-circuit (\u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <mi>i</mi>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>V</mi>\u0000 <mi>oc</mi>\u0000 </msub></math>) images from monolithic perovskite silicon tandem solar cells. We validate the approach using spectrally resolved absolute PL measurements based on an integrating sphere for the perovskite top cell and PL-calibrated carrier lifetime images for the silicon bottom cell. Additionally, \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>V</mi>\u0000 <mi>oc</mi>\u0000 </msub></math> measurements of solar cells with low contact losses are used to validate the new measurement technique. We find a good agreement of the \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <mi>i</mi>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>V</mi>\u0000 <mi>oc</mi>\u0000 </msub></math> images with the validating measurements with a maximum deviation of well below 1% compared to the validation measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 1","pages":"40-53"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3754","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138542889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outdoor measurements of a full-size bifacial Pero/Si tandem module under different spectral conditions","authors":"David Chojniak,&nbsp;Marc Steiner,&nbsp;Sebastian Kasimir Reichmuth,&nbsp;Torsten Rößler,&nbsp;Alexandra Schmid,&nbsp;Gerald Siefer,&nbsp;Stefan W. Glunz","doi":"10.1002/pip.3753","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3753","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, significant progress has been made in terms of efficiency and stability of perovskite on silicon (Pero/Si) tandem solar cells. Nevertheless, most of these activities are focused on small-area laboratory cells while the availability of large-area solar cells suitable for module integration on an industrial level remains limited, and therefore, measurements of tandem modules are rare. However, the reliable measurement of tandem modules is a prerequisite to evaluate the real potential of this rapidly developing technology for the photovoltaic market. In this study, we present the first published outdoor measurement of a full-size bifacial Pero/Si tandem solar cell module. Our focus is on analyzing the spectral influences on the outdoor performance of the device through a qualitative assessment of the modules <i>I</i>–<i>V</i> parameter conducted over the course of a measurement day. Based on continuous monitoring of the ambient and module conditions, we provide consistent explanations for the complex interplay between the incident irradiance on both the front and backside of the module, as well as the module temperature. Based on our findings, we finally discuss how to appropriately account for the influence of bifaciality in the case of bifacial tandem modules, where the procedures used for bifacial single-junction devices cannot be easily applied due to subcell limitation effects. Throughout the study, we present important insights into the real-world characteristics of a bifacial Pero/Si tandem model, discuss and explain various influences on the modules performance, and therefore provide crucial information for an optimal cell design for bifacial Pero/Si tandem devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 4","pages":"219-231"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3753","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138525350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photovoltaics literature survey (No. 186)","authors":"Ziv Hameiri","doi":"10.1002/pip.3748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3748","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;In order to help readers stay up-to-date in the field, each issue of &lt;i&gt;Progress in Photovoltaics&lt;/i&gt; will contain a list of recently published journal articles that are most relevant to its aims and scope. This list is drawn from an extremely wide range of journals, including &lt;i&gt;IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Renewable Energy&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Journal of Applied Physics&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;Applied Physics Letters&lt;/i&gt;. To assist readers, the list is separated into broad categories, but please note that these classifications are by no means strict. Also note that inclusion in the list is not an endorsement of a paper's quality. If you have any suggestions please email Ziv Hameiri at &lt;span&gt;[email protected]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Schmid M. &lt;b&gt;Revisiting the definition of solar cell generations.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Advanced Optical Materials&lt;/i&gt; 2023; 2300697.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ruud CJ, Gordon JM, Giebink NC. &lt;b&gt;Microcell concentrating photovoltaics for space.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Joule&lt;/i&gt; 2023; &lt;b&gt;7&lt;/b&gt;(6): 1093–1098.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;van Sark W. &lt;b&gt;Photovoltaics performance monitoring is essential in a 100% renewables-based society.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Joule&lt;/i&gt; 2023; &lt;b&gt;7&lt;/b&gt;(7): 1388–1393.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kittner N. &lt;b&gt;Breaking down costs.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Nature Energy&lt;/i&gt; 2023; &lt;b&gt;8&lt;/b&gt;(8): 779–780.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Klemun MM, Kavlak G, McNerney J, et al &lt;b&gt;Mechanisms of hardware and soft technology evolution and the implications for solar energy cost trends.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Nature Energy&lt;/i&gt; 2023; &lt;b&gt;8&lt;/b&gt;(8): 827.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Holovsky J, Ridzonova K, Amalathas AP, et al &lt;b&gt;Below the Urbach edge: Solar cell loss analysis based on full external quantum efficiency spectra.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Acs Energy Letters&lt;/i&gt; 2023; &lt;b&gt;8&lt;/b&gt;(7): 3221–3227.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Belabbes F, Cotfas DT, Cotfas PA, et al &lt;b&gt;Using the snake optimization metaheuristic algorithms to extract the photovoltaic cells parameters.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Energy Conversion and Management&lt;/i&gt; 2023; &lt;b&gt;292&lt;/b&gt;: 117373.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Otamendi U, Martinez I, Olaizola IG, et al &lt;b&gt;A scalable framework for annotating photovoltaic cell defects in electroluminescence images.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics&lt;/i&gt; 2023; &lt;b&gt;19&lt;/b&gt;(9): 9361–9369.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vukovic M, Hillestad M, Jakovljevic M, et al &lt;b&gt;Photoluminescence imaging of field-installed photovoltaic modules in diffuse irradiance.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Journal of Applied Physics&lt;/i&gt; 2023; &lt;b&gt;134&lt;/b&gt;(7): 074903.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vukovic M, Liland KH, Indahl UG, et al &lt;b&gt;Extraction of photoluminescence with Pearson correlation coefficient from images of field-installed photovoltaic modules.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Journal of Applied Physics&lt;/i&gt; 2023; &lt;b&gt;133&lt;/b&gt;(21): 214901.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Zhao YR, Descamps J, Al Bast NA, et al &lt;b&gt;All-optical electrochemiluminescence.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Journal of the American Chemical Society&lt;/i&gt; 2023; &lt;b&gt;145&lt;/b&gt;(31): 17420–17426.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Abdullah-Vetter Z, Dwivedi P, Buratti Y, et al &lt;b&gt;Advanced analysis of internal quantum efficiency measurements using machine learning.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Appli","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"31 12","pages":"1503-1508"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3748","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138431960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of photovoltaic module backsheets","authors":"Paul de Wild,&nbsp;Mariska de Wild-Scholten,&nbsp;Imco Goudswaard","doi":"10.1002/pip.3755","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3755","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Increased deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) enables the transition to decarbonized energy systems, capable of tempering the dire consequences of global warming. Even though backsheets are very important regarding lifetime energy yield of the PV module, the environmental impacts of their production, use, and end-of-life (EoL) processing are largely neglected. As part of a recently finalized Dutch national project EXTENSIBLE (Energy yield assessment of neXT gENeration and SustaInaBLE backsheets), the environmental impacts for 7 different polymeric backsheets have been evaluated via a life cycle assessment (LCA). The selected backsheets include 3 traditional polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based backsheets with a fluorine containing outer layer (two white pigmented and one fully transparent). The other 4 backsheets are novel high-performance polyolefin (PO)-based backsheets, manufactured by Endurans Solar™, also including one transparent version. From results of the LCA, it is concluded that in comparison with PET-based backsheets and fluoropolymer containing backsheets, PO-based backsheets perform best in terms of energy yield, reliability, and environmental impacts. The production of fluoropolymer- and PET-based backsheets cause substantial environmental impacts, especially regarding climate change and ozone depletion. This conclusion is corroborated by recent literature data. Regarding the EoL phase, it was shown from a theoretical assessment that pyrolysis of the spent backsheets potentially leads to much lower global warming potential (GWP) when compared to incineration, especially for the PO-based backsheets. Incineration of the shredded and solid backsheet material causes direct emissions of CO₂ with a limited heat recovery potential only. Deploying pyrolysis for spent PO-based backsheets significantly improves their life-time GWP per kWh produced. Pyrolysis offers the possibility to recover a large part of the PO as an usable pyrolysis oil that might serve as feedstock for chemicals or as transportable liquid fuel for the generation of process heat in recovery boilers, thereby avoiding the use of new fossil resources. EoL pyrolysis (or incineration) of fluoropolymer-based backsheets is problematic due to the presence of fluorinated hydrocarbons, leading to corrosive and/or toxic products.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 1","pages":"27-39"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138525349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and durability of electrically conductive tape for shingled Si heterojunction technology cells","authors":"Peter Hacke,&nbsp;David C. Miller,&nbsp;Daniel Pierpont,&nbsp;Tianyu Wu","doi":"10.1002/pip.3749","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3749","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Electrically conductive tape (ECT) was characterized and used to assemble shingled cell strings at low temperature to achieve high reliability Pb- and Ag-free interconnections. The volume resistivity for two considered ECTs are 0.13 ± 0.06 mΩ·cm and 0.47 ± 0.20 mΩ·cm and specific contact resistances, 6.85± 2.00 mΩ·cm² and 6.30 ± 0.37 mΩ·cm² using the emerging IEC 62788-8-1 Technical Specification for assessment of electrically conductive adhesives (ECA). Durability and performance of the technology in glass–glass mini modules were evaluated with temperature cycling, damp heat testing, and combined-accelerated stress testing (CAST). Through temperature cycling (−40°C to 85°C) applying five times the mini module short-circuit current in forward bias and in the multi climate CAST protocol, there was negligible degradation of fill factor after replacing connectors at the modules' cable leads; however, CAST resulted in short circuit current loss attributed to degradation in light collection by the cells, not the ECT. The IEC 61215-2 85°C, 85% relative humidity damp heat testing showed susceptibility of the HJT cells to effects of humidity in the electroluminescence intensity around the module perimeter that degraded power performance by 4% (relative). Contrasting the IEC 61215-2 qualification testing-based damp heat testing with CAST, factors such as the optical stress of CAST may precipitate the degradation of the modules whereas the humidity levels and duration of IEC 61215-2 damp heat testing may lead to excessive levels of humidity diffused into the modules, potentially resulting in degradation that is unrepresentative of the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 1","pages":"16-26"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perovskite solar cell technology scaling-up: Eco-efficient and industrially compatible sub-module manufacturing by fully ambient air slot-die/blade meniscus coating","authors":"Luigi Vesce,&nbsp;Maurizio Stefanelli,&nbsp;Federico Rossi,&nbsp;Luigi Angelo Castriotta,&nbsp;Riccardo Basosi,&nbsp;Maria Laura Parisi,&nbsp;Adalgisa Sinicropi,&nbsp;Aldo Di Carlo","doi":"10.1002/pip.3741","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3741","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The efficiency gap between perovskite (PVSK) solar sub-modules (size ≥200 cm²) and lab scale cells (size ˂1 cm²) is up to 36%. Moreover, the few attempts present in the literature used lab-scale techniques in a glove-box environment, reducing its compatibility for further product industrialization. Here, we report a PVSK sub-module (total area 320 cm², aperture area 201 cm², 93% geometrical fill factor [GFF]) fabricated in ambient air by hybrid meniscus coating techniques assisted by air and green antisolvent quenching method. To suppress nonradiative recombination losses, improve carrier extraction and control the PVSK growth on such a large surface, we adopted phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) passivation and PVSK solvent addiction strategies. The high homogeneous and reproducible layers guarantee an efficiency of 16.13% (7% losses with respect to the small area cell and zero losses with respect to the mini-modules) and a stability of more than 3000 h according to International Summit on Organic PV Stability, dark storage/shelf life in ambient (ISOS-D-1). The sustainability of used methods and materials is demonstrated by the life cycle assessment. The scale-up operation allows for strong impact mitigation in all the environmental categories and more efficient consumption of the resources. Finally, the economic assessment shows a strong cost reduction scaling from mini- to sub-module (about 40%).</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 2","pages":"115-129"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3741","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135876321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying methods to reduce emission intensity of centralised Photovoltaic deployment for net zero by 2050: Life cycle assessment case study of a 30 MW PV plant","authors":"Moonyong Kim,&nbsp;Storm Drury,&nbsp;Pietro Altermatt,&nbsp;Li Wang,&nbsp;Yuchao Zhang,&nbsp;Catherine Chan,&nbsp;Pablo Dias,&nbsp;Brett Hallam","doi":"10.1002/pip.3747","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3747","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Photovoltaics (PV) is one of the most effective and necessary energy sources to mitigate climate change. The broad electrification scenario projects the PV market to grow from 1 TW in 2022 to over 63 TW in 2050. While increasing PV production will significantly reduce the emission intensity of electricity generation, it is still important to minimise the overall environmental impact of such a large industry. In this study, we investigated the intensity of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of a 30 MW PV plant using a life cycle assessment (LCA). Based on the LCA, we propose a roadmap to reduce emissions from PV manufacturing and deployment. Decarbonising significant factors like aluminium and concrete production or the electricity demand to produce PV modules can greatly reduce the carbon budget related to PV production. Our study shows that the global warming potential (GWP) per kWh can be reduced from 11.2 to 1.7 g CO₂-eq/kWh over the lifetime of the PV system (85% reduction). Using the aspects to decarbonise PV production, the roadmap is demonstrated. The cumulative GWP to reach 63 TW is initially estimated to be 44 Gt CO₂-eq. Our decarbonising roadmap demonstrated that such significance can be reduced by over 37 Gt CO₂-eq, equivalent to a whole year emission in year 2022.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"31 12","pages":"1493-1502"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3747","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135728869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An adaptive modeling for bifacial solar module levelized cost and performance analysis for mining application","authors":"Bojja Shiva Kumar,&nbsp;B. M. Kunar,&nbsp;Ch. S. N. Murthy","doi":"10.1002/pip.3746","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3746","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Power density and efficiency typically dominate design approaches for power electronics. However, cost optimality is in no way guaranteed by these strategies. A design framework that minimizes the (i) levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), (ii) collection of light, and (iii) irradiance of the generation system is proposed as a solution to this flaw. From an improvement of the swarm behavior optimization model to get a minimum LCOE of solar panel, we design to optimize height, tilt angle, azimuth angle, and some parameters to solve the objective function and LCOE improvement problem to obtain the optimal design problem. In adaptive salp swarm optimization (ASSO), this change's proposed model producer swarm behavior is regarded as an adaptive process that keeps the algorithm from prematurely converging during exploration. The proposed algorithm's performance was confirmed using benchmark test functions, and the results were compared with those of the salp swarm optimization (SSO) and other efficient optimization algorithms. LCOE condition as far as “land-related cost” and “module-related cost” demonstrates that the optimal design of bifacial farms is determined by the interaction of these parameters. This proposed model can be used to evaluate visibility on building surfaces that are suitable for mining applications like crushing. Experimentation results show Minimum LCOE AS 0.05 (€/Kw)minimum irradiance and collection light as 336.23(w/m²) and 83.02%n proposed framework model. The swarm optimization method is contrasted with the optimal parameters derived from a conventional solver.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 3","pages":"186-198"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135146686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effect between molybdenum back contact and CIGS absorber in the degradation of solar cells","authors":"Adèle Debono,&nbsp;Hortense L'Hostis,&nbsp;Amelle Rebai,&nbsp;Erlind Mysliu,&nbsp;Inger Odnevall,&nbsp;Nathanaelle Schneider,&nbsp;Jean-François Guillemoles,&nbsp;Andreas Erbe,&nbsp;Polina Volovitch","doi":"10.1002/pip.3742","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3742","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The stability of molybdenum (Mo) back contact and Cu (In_xGa_(1-x)Se₂(CIGS) absorber layers interfaces relevant for CIGS-based solar cells was investigated using accelerated aging test, considering humidity and temperature daily variations as well as atmospheric pollution. Different configurations of sputtered Mo and co-evaporated CIGS layers deposited on soda lime glass with or without ALD-Al₂O₃ encapsulation were investigated. They were exposed for 14 days to 24 h-cycles of temperature and humidity (25°C at 85% RH and 80°C at 30% RH) with and without solution of the pollutant salts (NaCl, Na₂SO₄, and (NH₄)₂SO₄) deposited as drops on the sample to mimic marine, industrial, and rural atmospheric conditions, respectively. ALD-Al₂O₃ encapsulation failed to protect the samples against the pollutants regardless of configuration. The evolution of the films was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Unencapsulated Mo degraded forming a mixture of oxides (MoO₂, MoO₃, and Mo₈O₂₃). Unencapsulated CIGS on glass substrates was not altered, whereas dark spots were visible at the surface of Mo/CIGS configurations. Further characterization evidenced that even though the Mo layer was buried, its corrosion products were formed on top of CIGS. Mo corrosion products and copper selenide, Cu_2-xSe, were identified in dark spots. Their formation and evolution were further investigated by in situ Raman spectroscopy. A speculative mechanism explaining the interplay of molybdenum and CIGS layers during aging is proposed. In place of Mo oxides, detected on the open surface of bare Mo, soluble molybdates are expected in confined environment where alkalinity locally increases. The molybdate ions may then react with sodium ions accumulated at the grain boundaries of CIGS, forming Na₂MoO₄. The latter could form Na₂Mo₂O₇ during drying because of pH decrease by atmospheric CO₂ adsorption. High pH in confined zone, combined with relatively high temperature, is also believed to lixiviate gallium into soluble tetragallates [Ga (OH)₄]²⁻, which could precipitate into Ga₂O₃ with pH decrease leaving Ga depleted Cu_2-xSe.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 3","pages":"137-155"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3742","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135146696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}