Progress in Photovoltaics最新文献

{"title":"Composition dependence of electronic defects in CuGaS2","authors":"Damilola Adeleye,&nbsp;Mohit Sood,&nbsp;Michele Melchiorre,&nbsp;Alice Debot,&nbsp;Susanne Siebentritt","doi":"10.1002/pip.3778","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3778","url":null,"abstract":"<p>CuGaS₂ films grown by physical vapor deposition were studied by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, using excitation intensity and temperature-dependent analyses. We observed free and bound exciton recombinations, three donor-to-acceptor (DA) transitions, and deep-level transitions. The DA transitions at ~2.41, 2.398, and ~2.29 eV are attributed to a common donor level ~35 meV and two shallow acceptors at ~75 and ~90 meV and a deeper acceptor at 210 meV above the valence band. This electronic structure is similar to those of other chalcopyrite materials. The observed DA transitions are accompanied by several phonon replicas. The Cu-rich and near-stoichiometric CuGaS₂ films are dominated by transitions involving the acceptor at 210 meV. All films show deep-level transitions at ~2.15 and 1.85 eV due to broad deep defect bands. The slightly Cu-deficient films were dominated by intense transitions at ~2.45 eV, which were attributed to excitonic transitions, and a broad defect transition at 2.15 eV.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 8","pages":"528-545"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3778","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139945979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term outdoor study of an organic photovoltaic module for building integration","authors":"Wei Luo,&nbsp;Aung Myint Khaing,&nbsp;Carlos David Rodriguez-Gallegos,&nbsp;Shin Woei Leow,&nbsp;Thomas Reindl,&nbsp;Mauro Pravettoni","doi":"10.1002/pip.3791","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3791","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Organic photovoltaics (OPV) has attracted tremendous attention as a promising alternative to silicon wafer-based technologies for building integration. While significant progress has been achieved on the power conversion efficiency of OPV technologies, their field stability is rarely studied. This work investigates the field performance and reliability of a large-area OPV module designed for building integration in tropical Singapore for 4.5 years. The device suffered more than 14% degradation in power at the standard testing conditions from the initial performance, largely due to losses in fill factor (−12% relative). During the monitoring period, it exhibited comparable performance to more conventional silicon PV technologies, with an average specific energy yield of about 4 kWh/kWp/day and an average performance ratio of 0.96. Excellent performance at low light conditions was also observed. However, its field performance was heavily impacted by soiling, which typically led to a 5 to 10% loss in the current output after several months. Further, the device's outdoor performance also showed a three-stage degradation process, including (1) an initial slow degradation in the first 2 years (about −1%/year), (2) a stable period with negligible performance loss from Years 2 to 3.5, and (3) a rapid degradation in the last year (about −5%/year).</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 7","pages":"481-491"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3791","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139909565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying spectral albedo effects on bifacial photovoltaic module measurements and system model predictions","authors":"Erin M. Tonita,&nbsp;Christopher E. Valdivia,&nbsp;Annie C. J. Russell,&nbsp;Michael Martinez-Szewczyk,&nbsp;Mariana I. Bertoni,&nbsp;Karin Hinzer","doi":"10.1002/pip.3789","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3789","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We provide a comprehensive analysis of the effect of spectral albedo on photovoltaic (PV) module measurements and system model predictions. We demonstrate how to account for albedo in indoor bifacial device measurements by adjusting the applied irradiance using the scaled rear irradiance method, exemplified on fabricated silicon heterojunction (SHJ) modules. System model performance is studied using a detailed 3D finite-element model, DUET, for fixed-tilt and horizontal single-axis tracked (SAT) arrays between 15 and 75°N. Spectral effects cause variations in measured SHJ module short-circuit current up to 2% and efficiency variation up to 0.3% abs. We further demonstrate that rear-side spectral mismatch factors (SMMs) resulting from including or omitting spectral albedo in PV system modeling vary between ±13%, while total (front+rear) SMMs vary up to 3%, depending on the deployment configuration and latitude. SAT array SMMs are weakly correlated with latitude, while fixed-tilt array SMMs increase with latitude, driven by an increasing proportion of ground-reflected light on the front-side of modules. Ground-reflections can constitute between 2% and 32% of total incident module irradiance, with notably high (&gt;10%) contributions for fixed-tilt arrays at high latitude. Effects of spectral albedo are most significant for: (1) fixed-tilt deployments at high latitudes, (2) wide bandgap technologies such as perovskite and cadmium telluride cells, (3) albedos which vary steeply over the technology's absorption range, and (4) high albedo ground covers. Overall, we demonstrate that omitting spectral albedo effects can result in PV measurement and system-level modeling uncertainties on the order of several percent in these cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 7","pages":"468-480"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3789","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139768872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accelerated degradation of photovoltaic modules under a future warmer climate","authors":"Shukla Poddar,&nbsp;Fiacre Rougieux,&nbsp;Jason P. Evans,&nbsp;Merlinde Kay,&nbsp;Abhnil A. Prasad,&nbsp;Stephen P. Bremner","doi":"10.1002/pip.3788","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3788","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Solar photovoltaic (PV) module deployment has surged globally as a part of the transition towards a decarbonized electricity sector. However, future climate change presents issues for module degradation due to prolonged exposure to outdoor conditions. Here, we identify key degradation mechanisms of monocrystalline-silicon (mono-Si) modules and empirically model their degradation modes under various climate scenarios. Modules tend to degrade faster due to the thermal degradation mechanism. We estimate that the weighted average degradation rate will increase up to 0.1%/year by 2059. On assessing the impacts of module degradation on future PV power generation and levelized cost of energy, we project up to 8.5% increase in power loss that leads to ~10% rise in future energy price. These results highlight the need to climate-proof PV module design through careful material selection and improvements in the module manufacturing process. In particular, we recommend the use of heat dissipation techniques in modules to prevent degradation due to overheating.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 7","pages":"456-467"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3788","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a recyclability index for photovoltaic modules: Methodology, challenges and policy implications","authors":"Davide Polverini, Felice Alfieri, Christoforos Spiliotopoulos, Aleksandra Arcipowska","doi":"10.1002/pip.3781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3781","url":null,"abstract":"Policies related to the circular economy are currently being implemented intensively within the European Union, with a central role attributed to the Ecodesign Directive. Within this framework, this paper devises a general methodology to be applied for the formulation of recyclability indexes for products, with particular regard to the specific case of PV modules. Recyclability indexes can be intended as an aggregated manner to assess and present information about the product aspects related to recyclability, with the view to convey this multi-layered information to various audiences. The key elements, as well as the related design features, for the definition of such type of index have been identified. An assessment on the environmental benefits stemming from the availability of a recyclability index is also presented. Finally, the policy approaches for the application of a recyclability index in regulatory terms are discussed, by means, in particular, of requirements in the legal framework of the EU Ecodesign Directive.","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of increasing filler loading on the contact resistivity of interconnects based on silver–epoxied conductive adhesives and silver metallization pastes","authors":"Maria Ignacia Devoto Acevedo,&nbsp;Rich Wells,&nbsp;Stephan Großer,&nbsp;Karl Wienands,&nbsp;Dominik Rudolph,&nbsp;Andreas Halm,&nbsp;Ralph Gottschalg,&nbsp;Daniel Tune","doi":"10.1002/pip.3787","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3787","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Our previous work highlighted how microscopic structural effects influence the sheet and contact resistance of electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs). Herein, we delve further by investigating how the contact and bulk resistivity of several ECAs that are based on the same formulation, but with different filler content, are correlated with the filler content. Additionally, two different filler geometries — high and low surface area (HSA and LSA) fillers — are combined in different ratios to maintain a similar viscosity and therefore processability. Hence, contact and bulk resistivities are also correlated with the different geometry ratios of these two fillers. As expected, it was found that the contact and bulk resistivities decreased when the filler content was increased. However, the magnitude of the decrease was found to depend strongly on the filler geometry ratio. At extreme filler geometry ratios, when the bulk is either mostly loaded with HSA-fillers or mostly with LSA-fillers, the impact of changes in the filler content on the bulk and contact resistivities is markedly different. The measured data is interpreted within the context of percolation theory and it is determined that the optimum ratio of the LSA and HSA Ag-fillers investigated in this study is approximately 60:40 (for an epoxy-based adhesive). This work has important ramifications for the design of ECAs, where cost considerations and the need to reduce silver resource usage demand the lowest (silver) filler content, but the demands of product performance point to higher filler content.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 1","pages":"143-157"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3787","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward more reliable measurement procedures of perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells: The role of transient device effects and measurement conditions","authors":"Christoph Messmer,&nbsp;David Chojniak,&nbsp;Alexander J. Bett,&nbsp;S. Kasimir Reichmuth,&nbsp;Jochen Hohl-Ebinger,&nbsp;Martin Bivour,&nbsp;Martin Hermle,&nbsp;Jonas Schön,&nbsp;Martin C. Schubert,&nbsp;Stefan W. Glunz","doi":"10.1002/pip.3782","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3782","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Perovskite-silicon (Pero-Si) tandem solar cells have made remarkable progress in recent years, achieving certified cell efficiencies of up to 33.9%. However, accurately measuring the efficiency and current density-voltage (<i>JV</i>) curves of these devices poses various challenges including the presence of mobile ions within the perovskite absorber that lead to short- and long-term transient effects. Consequently, both the measurement setup and the preconditioning of the device significantly affect measurement results. This study focuses on enhancing the reliability and comparability of <i>JV</i> and other efficiency measurements for Pero-Si tandem devices through a systematic analysis of the influence of mobile ions, preconditioning and measurement conditions. For the first time, a full opto-electrical simulation model for Pero-Si tandem devices is presented in Sentaurus TCAD, which includes the drift-diffusion of anions and cations and is therefore able to describe short- and long-term transient device effects in state-of-the-art Pero-Si tandem cells. Experimental validation and evidence are given by comparison to in-house Pero-Si tandem cells, as well as Pero-Si mini modules from Oxford PV. We analyze by simulation and experiment how the cell preconditioning at different preconditioning voltages and times impacts the resulting measured tandem efficiency, as well as impact of <i>JV</i> scan times for the measured hysteresis in Pero-Si tandem devices. Furthermore, we demonstrate the impact of current-mismatching conditions on the measured hysteresis of the Pero-Si tandem device and the need of correct spectral irradiance settings during measurements. We showcase that even a very slight variation in short-circuit current density (<i>j</i>_sc) around the current-matching point leads to significantly different hysteresis behaviors. With aid of our simulation model, we could attribute this phenomenon to a reverse/forward biasing of the perovskite sub-cell impacting the ion drift depending on the current-limiting sub-cell of the tandem device. Therefore, it is sensible to be aware of the current limiting sub-cell for the comparison of the hysteresis susceptibility of different Pero-Si tandem devices. This study strongly underscores the importance of including the preconditioning and measurement conditions when reporting Pero-Si tandem efficiencies. The findings highlight the urgent need for standardization in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 1","pages":"126-142"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3782","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139768987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scalable all-perovskite double- and triple-junction solar modules: Modeling for configuration optimization","authors":"Yasuhiko Takeda,&nbsp;Ken-ichi Yamanaka,&nbsp;Naohiko Kato","doi":"10.1002/pip.3786","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3786","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We modeled the photovoltaic conversion of all-perovskite (PVK) double- and triple-junction solar modules to clarify the configurations suitable for the monolithically series-interconnected structure, which offers high scalability by fully exploiting the advantages of the thin-film modules over wafer-based crystalline-silicon modules. We first formulated the photovoltaic processes of single cells and modules by reference to previously reported data, next optimized the module structure parameters including the bandgaps of PVKs, cell widths, and transparent-electrode thicknesses, and then evaluated the annually averaged conversion efficiencies (<i>η</i>_annual) defined by the ratio of the annual energy yield to the annual insolation in outdoor environments using a meteorological database. The double-junction four-terminal (2J-4T) module overcomes the shortcomings involved in the two-terminal module consisting of series-connected top and bottom cells, providing higher <i>η</i>_annual and more options of the top-cell bandgap; the latter allows us to select a more durable PVK composition. However, the dual output (four terminals) is practically a serious drawback. The double-junction voltage-matched (2J-VM) configuration eliminates this drawback, that is, realizes the single output (two terminals) with taking over the advantages of 2J-4T, and hence, 2J-VM would be the most promising candidate. However, when the VM configuration is applied to the triple-junction modules, the ohmic loss and optical loss in the transparent electrodes used for the three submodules are more detrimental. To mitigate this shortcoming, we proposed a new configuration of the triple-junction series/parallel-connecting voltage-matched (3J-SPVM) module. This uses only two substrates with securing high <i>η</i>_annual and other advantages of the VM configuration, which contributes to cost reduction. Consequently, 3J-SPVM is potentially the most promising configuration for widespread use.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 7","pages":"442-455"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139768877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithography-free fabrication of a local contact interlayer for Si-based tandem solar cells","authors":"Youngseok Lee,&nbsp;Chan Ul Kim,&nbsp;Yeeun Woo,&nbsp;Won-Mok Kim,&nbsp;Jeung-hyun Jeong,&nbsp;Dong-hwan Kim,&nbsp;Doh-Kwon Lee,&nbsp;Kyoung Jin Choi,&nbsp;Inho Kim","doi":"10.1002/pip.3784","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3784","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Currently, the Si solar cell market share is dominated by PERC solar cells. Although the efficiency of PERC solar cells has been steadily increasing, it is expected to reach the practical efficiency limit in the near future. The thin film/PERC Si tandem cell technique can be one of the solutions to overcome the single-cell efficiency limit. In this study, we developed a novel interlayer fabrication technology for the diffused junction Si solar cells of the PERC and Al BSF cell architectures. We combined laser contact opening (LCO) and laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) processes to fabricate local contact opening with low contact resistance while maintaining the high passivation performance of the Si bottom cell. The dielectric-passivated emitter of the Si solar cell was ablated locally by the LCO process, and subsequently, the Ti nanoparticles were transferred selectively by the LIFT process to the opened emitter region followed by transparent conducting oxide deposition. Laser process parameters were carefully optimized to fabricate low-loss interlayers. We applied the developed interlayer fabrication technology to the Si bottom cells of Al BSF and PERC cells. Finally, we demonstrated successfully the perovskite/PERC Si tandem cell with an interlayer developed in this study. The developed interlayer fabrication technology does not include a photolithography step and vacuum deposition processes for buffer metals; thus, we expect it may be more compatible with the mass production of thin film/diffused junction Si tandem solar cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 6","pages":"406-416"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3784","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and improvement of a transient temperature model of PV modules: Concept of trailing data","authors":"Whyte Goodfriend,&nbsp;E. Bart Pieters,&nbsp;Merdzhanova Tsvetelina,&nbsp;Agbo Solomon,&nbsp;Fabian Ezema,&nbsp;Uwe Rau","doi":"10.1002/pip.3785","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3785","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The development of a transient temperature model of photovoltaic (PV) modules is presented in this paper. Currently, there are a few steady-state temperature models targeted at assessing and predicting the PV module temperature. One of the most commonly used models is the Faiman thermal model. This model is derived from the modified Hottel-Whillier-Bliss (HWB) model for flat-plate solar-thermal collector under steady-state conditions and assumes low or no thermal mass in the modules (i.e., short time constants such that transients are neglected, and steady-state conditions are assumed). The transient extension of the Faiman model we present in this paper introduces a thermal mass, which provides two advantages. First of all, it improves the temperature prediction under dynamic conditions. Second, our transient extension to the Faiman model allows the accurate parametrization of the Faiman model under dynamic conditions. We present our model and parametrization method. Furthermore, we applied the model and parametrization method to a 1-year data set with 5-min resolved outdoor module measurements. We demonstrate a significant improvement in temperature prediction for the transient model, especially under dynamic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 6","pages":"399-405"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3785","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139664186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}