Hugo Quest, Andrew Fairbrother, Christophe Ballif, Alessandro Virtuani
{"title":"Towards a quantification of thermal and thermomechanical stress for modules in building-integrated photovoltaics configurations","authors":"Hugo Quest, Andrew Fairbrother, Christophe Ballif, Alessandro Virtuani","doi":"10.1002/pip.3762","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3762","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Due to reduced rear-side ventilation, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are prone to higher operating temperatures, which may impact their long-term performance and reliability. However, often overlooked in the study of thermomechanical stress in PV modules are the intraday temperature variations, resulting from factors such as cloud movements and subsequent changes in irradiance. This work proposes a statistical analysis of cell and module temperature measurements in single-cell c-Si modules on a test bench in Neuchâtel, Switzerland. The goal is to study and compare various BIPV-relevant module topologies with a range of factors such as the insulation type, tilt angle, and glass thickness. The standard indicators such as the 98th percentile temperature and diurnal temperature variations are examined, as well as proposed new thermomechanical stress indicators based on temperature gradients and cell versus module temperature differences. Unexpectedly, results indicate that, considering the intraday temperature variations, close-roof module configurations (with small ventilation gaps) are potentially at a higher risk of suffering long-term thermomechanical fatigue than fully insulated modules, which are exposed to higher operating temperatures.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 1","pages":"64-75"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139056587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Potential-induced degradation in bifacial silicon heterojunction solar modules: Insights and mitigation strategies","authors":"Olatz Arriaga Arruti, Luca Gnocchi, Quentin Jeangros, Christophe Ballif, Alessandro Virtuani","doi":"10.1002/pip.3765","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3765","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Potential-induced degradation (PID) may be a serious concern in photovoltaic (PV) modules and plants, particularly when approaching high system voltages (1500+ V). Here, we investigate PID occurring in bifacial rear-emitter silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells encapsulated in a glass/glass (G/G) module configuration with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) as an encapsulant. PID testing was performed at 85°C in 85% relative humidity (RH), and the solar cells were subjected to −1 kV and +1 kV for up to 800 h. SHJ cells were found to degrade when subjected to −1 kV, and to a lesser extent when left unbiased in damp heat (DH) conditions, while the application of +1 kV prevented degradation. Although prone to PID after extended test durations, the SHJ mini-modules investigated in this study noticeably passed the industry standard (IEC 61215:2021) PID test of 96 h. The degradation was primarily characterized by losses in short-circuit current (I<sub>SC</sub>) at the front side, followed by fill factor (FF) and open-circuit voltage (V<sub>OC</sub>). A cross-sectional transmission electronic microscopy analysis of the laminates subjected to −1 kV highlighted a transport of sodium (Na) through the transparent conductive oxide (TCO), reaching the amorphous Si/TCO interface. The samples tested in DH conditions and with positive PID test conditions did not exhibit such a migration of Na. To account for these observations, we updated a previously proposed model describing the sensitivity of SHJ cells to water. In our degradation model, moisture in the module corrodes the glass, creating sodium hydroxide (NaOH) that then percolate through the EVA before reaching the SHJ cell. The application of a high negative bias amplifies the previous mechanism by increasing the availability of Na<sup>+</sup> and also enhances the drift of Na<sup>+</sup> through the EVA to the cell. Finally, we demonstrate that PID can be mitigated or suppressed at the module level by using a high-volume resistivity encapsulant with a low water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) or by encapsulating SHJ solar cells in a configuration impermeable to water (e.g., using an edge sealant).</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 5","pages":"304-316"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139056428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenhao Chen, Weiqing Liu, Yuanyuan Yu, Yiping Ke, Yimao Wan
{"title":"Study on selective emitter fabrication through an innovative pre-diffusion process for enhanced efficiency in TOPCon solar cells","authors":"Wenhao Chen, Weiqing Liu, Yuanyuan Yu, Yiping Ke, Yimao Wan","doi":"10.1002/pip.3766","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3766","url":null,"abstract":"<p>TOPCon (tunnel oxide passivated contact) solar cell is the mainstream high-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cell structure. However, the lack of efficient passivation contact mechanisms on the front surface restricts the electrical performance ability to improve further. Selective emitter (SE) technology, considered a potential solution, needs to be more mature. This work provides a unique thermal pre-diffusion approach combined with laser treatment and post-oxidation annealing to create SE structures in TOPCon solar cells. Times for the high-temperature process are equivalent to those for a traditional homogenous emitter. The innovative thermal pre-diffusion process created a unique boron doping profile, achieving a high surface concentration of nearly 1 × 10<sup>20</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup> with a shallow junction depth of approximately 0.25 μm. Laser treatment further activated boron and facilitated its diffusion, influenced by the boron silicate glass layer and surface boron atoms. Adjustments were made to improve the pre-diffusion recipe, including an additional boron deposition step, increasing non-activated boron atoms. Introducing larger pyramidal microstructures also improved the junction depth and surface concentration in the heavily doped region. Compared to homogeneous emitters, the SE structures exhibited lower surface concentration in the lightly doped region, reducing the recombination current density in the passivation region <i>J</i><sub>0,pass</sub> values. The SE structures achieved higher junction depths, limiting metal atom diffusion and reducing the current recombination density in the metal contact region <i>J</i><sub>0,metal</sub> values. The contact resistivity between metal and silicon was also decreased. Overall, introducing SE structures resulted in a batch-average efficiency improvement of 0.26%, reaching an average efficiency of 25.22% for TOPCon solar cells, and has industrial mass-producible.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 3","pages":"199-211"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138951782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lelia Deville, Marios Theristis, Bruce H. King, Terrence L. Chambers, Joshua S. Stein
{"title":"Open-source photovoltaic model pipeline validation against well-characterized system data","authors":"Lelia Deville, Marios Theristis, Bruce H. King, Terrence L. Chambers, Joshua S. Stein","doi":"10.1002/pip.3763","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3763","url":null,"abstract":"<p>All freely available plane-of-array (POA) transposition models and photovoltaic (PV) temperature and performance models in <i>pvlib-python</i> and <i>pvpltools-python</i> were examined against multiyear field data from Albuquerque, New Mexico. The data include different PV systems composed of crystalline silicon modules that vary in cell type, module construction, and materials. These systems have been characterized via IEC 61853-1 and 61853-2 testing, and the input data for each model were sourced from these system-specific test results, rather than considering any generic input data (e.g., manufacturer's specification [spec] sheets or generic <i>Panneau Solaire</i> [PAN] files). Six POA transposition models, 7 temperature models, and 12 performance models are included in this comparative analysis. These freely available models were proven effective across many different types of technologies. The POA transposition models exhibited average normalized mean bias errors (NMBEs) within ±3%. Most PV temperature models underestimated temperature exhibiting mean and median residuals ranging from −6.5°C to 2.7°C; all temperature models saw a reduction in root mean square error when using transient assumptions over steady state. The performance models demonstrated similar behavior with a first and third interquartile NMBEs within ±4.2% and an overall average NMBE within ±2.3%. Although differences among models were observed at different times of the day/year, this study shows that the availability of system-specific input data is more important than model selection. For example, using spec sheet or generic PAN file data with a complex PV performance model does not guarantee a better accuracy than a simpler PV performance model that uses system-specific data.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 5","pages":"291-303"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3763","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138955601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dipoles and defects caused by CO2 plasma improve carrier transport of silicon solar cells","authors":"Shenglei Huang, Yuhao Yang, Junjun Li, Kai Jiang, Xiaodong Li, Yinuo Zhou, Zhenfei Li, Guangyuan Wang, Qiang Shi, Jianhua Shi, Junlin Du, Anjun Han, Jian Yu, Fanying Meng, Liping Zhang, Zhengxin Liu, Wenzhu Liu","doi":"10.1002/pip.3761","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3761","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Carrier-selective contact is a fundamental issue for solar cells. For silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells, it is important to improve hole transport because of the low doping efficiency of boron in amorphous silicon and the barrier stemming from valence band offset. Here, we develop a carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) plasma treatment (PT) process to form dipoles and defect states. We find a dipole moment caused by longitudinal distribution of H and O atoms. It improves hole transport and blocks electron transport and thus suppresses carrier recombination. In the meantime, the CO<sub>2</sub> PT process also results in defect states, which reduce passivation performance but improve hole hopping in the intrinsic amorphous layer. As a balance, an appropriate CO<sub>2</sub> PT process at the i/p interface increases fill factor and power conversion efficiency of SHJ solar cells. We emphasize, based on sufficient evidences, this work finds a distinct role of the CO<sub>2</sub> plasma in SHJ solar cells opposed to reported mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 5","pages":"283-290"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138821149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matteo Cagnoni, Pietro Testa, Jorge S. Dolado, Federica Cappelluti
{"title":"Extended detailed balance modeling toward solar cells with cement-based radiative coolers","authors":"Matteo Cagnoni, Pietro Testa, Jorge S. Dolado, Federica Cappelluti","doi":"10.1002/pip.3758","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3758","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reducing the temperature of a solar cell increases its efficiency and lifetime. This can be achieved by radiative cooling, a passive and simple method relying on materials that dump heat into outer space by thermal emission within the atmosphere transparency window between 8 and \u0000<span></span><math>\u0000 <mn>13</mn>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mi>μ</mi>\u0000 <mi>m</mi></math>. As most radiative coolers are expensive or possibly UV unstable, we have recently proposed cement-based solutions as a robust and cost-effective alternative. However, the assessment model used describes the cell in the radiative limit and with perfect thermal coupling to the cooler, in line with the literature. In this work, we lift these two approximations, by incorporating Auger and Shockley–Read–Hall nonradiative recombination and a finite heat transfer coefficient at the cell/cooler interface, to obtain a thermal description of the cell/cooler stack closer to reality, while preserving the universality and transparency of the detailed-balance approach. We use this model to demonstrate that the cell performance gains provided by a radiative cooler are underestimated in the radiative limit and are hence more prominent in devices with stronger nonradiative recombination. Furthermore, we quantify the relation between cell temperature and heat transfer coefficient at the cell/cooler interface and show how this can be used to define design requirements. The extended model developed, and the resulting observations provide important guidelines toward the practical realization of novel radiative coolers for solar cells, including cement-based ones.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 1","pages":"54-63"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3758","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Material availability assessment using system dynamics: The case of tellurium","authors":"Francis Hanna, Preeti Nain, Annick Anctil","doi":"10.1002/pip.3760","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3760","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the increased deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV), the cadmium telluride (CdTe) PV market is expected to grow substantially. CdTe PV production is crucial for the clean energy transition but problematic because of the material availability challenges. CdTe PV relies on tellurium, a scarce metal mainly produced as a byproduct of copper. Several studies investigated the availability of tellurium for CdTe PV. However, previous models are static and do not reflect the interconnection between tellurium supply, demand, and price. Despite the efforts, previous studies have inconsistent results and do not provide a clear understanding on the availability of tellurium for CdTe PV applications. This study uses system dynamics modeling to assess tellurium availability between 2023 and 2050. The model considers different scenarios for CdTe PV demand growth and PV material intensity reduction. The model also considers tellurium supply variables such as Te-rich ores, tellurium yield from anode slimes, and growth in copper mining. The historical data (2000–2020) analysis shows a negative correlation between the tellurium price and the annual tellurium surplus. All the considered demand scenarios exhibit a tellurium supply gap where annual material production falls below demand. Tellurium availability and price could delay the growth of CdTe PV production, and maintaining the current CdTe PV market share of ~4% will be challenging. The low-demand scenario, which is based on a constant CdTe PV market share, results in a supply gap starting in 2029 and a supply gap peak of 508 metric tons in 2036. Our work shows that having more manufacturing capacity is insufficient if tellurium is unavailable. More importantly, this work shows that fast growth in CdTe PV production can diminish the advantages of dematerialization. The estimated cumulative CdTe PV production by 2050 ranges between 929 and 2250 GWp. The findings also suggest that recycling retired solar panels can contribute to 17% of the total tellurium demand and 34% of the CdTe PV tellurium demand. Sensitivity analysis shows that expanding existing Te-rich ores does not alleviate tellurium scarcity. Alternatively, improving tellurium yield from copper electrorefining is a more efficient mitigation approach. The system dynamic approach outlined in this study provides a better perspective on the status of various critical metal supply chains, ultimately leading to sustainable materials management and increasing CdTe production.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 4","pages":"253-266"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3760","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Photovoltaics literature survey (No. 187)","authors":"Ziv Hameiri","doi":"10.1002/pip.3757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3757","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In order to help readers stay up-to-date in the field, each issue of <i>Progress in Photovoltaics</i> will contain a list of recently published journal articles that are most relevant to its aims and scope. This list is drawn from an extremely wide range of journals, including <i>IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics</i>, <i>Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells</i>, <i>Renewable Energy</i>, <i>Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews</i>, <i>Journal of Applied Physics</i>, and <i>Applied Physics Letters</i>. To assist readers, the list is separated into broad categories, but please note that these classifications are by no means strict. Also note that inclusion in the list is not an endorsement of a paper's quality. If you have any suggestions please email Ziv Hameiri at <span>[email protected]</span>.</p><p>Surmenev RA, Surmeneva MA. <b>The influence of the flexoelectric effect on materials properties with the emphasis on photovoltaic and related applications: A review.</b> <i>Materials Today</i> 2023; <b>67</b>: 256–298.</p><p>Röhr JA, Sartor BE, Lipton J, <i>et al.</i> <b>A dive into underwater solar cells.</b> <i>Nature Photonics</i> 2023; <b>17</b>(9): 747–754.</p><p>Henry R, Balar N, Ade H. <b>In-situ ellipsometry for the determination of thermal transitions and relaxations in organic photovoltaic materials.</b> <i>Chemistry of Materials</i> 2023; <b>35</b>(18): 7406–7421.</p><p>Cetinbas I, Tamyurek B, Demirtas M. <b>Parameter extraction of photovoltaic cells and modules by hybrid white shark optimizer and artificial rabbits optimization.</b> <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i> 2023; <b>296</b>: 117621.</p><p>Zahmatkeshsaredorahi A, Jakob DS, Fang H, <i>et al.</i> <b>Pulsed force Kelvin probe force microscopy through integration of lock-in detection.</b> <i>Nano Letters</i> 2023; <b>23</b>(19): 8953–8959.</p><p>Chu MQ, Jiang Z, Wojcik M, <i>et al.</i> <b>Probing three-dimensional mesoscopic interfacial structures in a single view using multibeam x-ray coherent surface scattering and holography imaging.</b> <i>Nature Communications</i> 2023; <b>14</b>(1): 5795.</p><p>Saliba M, Unger E, Etgar L, <i>et al.</i> <b>A systematic discrepancy between the short circuit current and the integrated quantum efficiency in perovskite solar cells.</b> <i>Nature Communications</i> 2023; <b>14</b>(1): 5445.</p><p>Mateo Romero HF, Hernández-Callejo L, González Rebollo MÁ, <i>et al.</i> <b>Optimized estimator of the output power of PV cells using EL images and I–V curves.</b> <i>Solar Energy</i> 2023; <b>265</b>: 112089.</p><p>Mintairov MA, Evstropov VV, Mintairov SA, <i>et al.</i> <b>Current invariant as fundamental relation between saturation currents and band gaps for semiconductor solar cells.</b> <i>Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells</i> 2024; <b>264</b>: 112619.</p><p>Liu XN, Xu ZY, Yan Y, <i>et al.</i> <b>Full-area i-a-Si:H/ATO/Mg electron-selective contacts for silicon solar cells.</b> <i>Acs Applied Energy Materials</i> 2023; <b>6</b>(18): 9446–9","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 1","pages":"56-60"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3757","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138564840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jordi Peerlings, Angèle Reinders, Cristina Catita, Miguel Centeno Brito
{"title":"The photovoltaic potential for electric vehicle charging along highways: A Dutch case study","authors":"Jordi Peerlings, Angèle Reinders, Cristina Catita, Miguel Centeno Brito","doi":"10.1002/pip.3759","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3759","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The large-scale deployment of photovoltaics (PVs) along highways has the potential for the generation of clean electricity without competing for land use or burdening the power grid since energy for electric vehicles (EVs) can be generated locally on wastelands along highways near service stations. An analysis was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of integrating vertical bifacial solar modules into noise barriers. The approach involved integrating geospatial data with PV potential data using geographic information systems (GIS) technology. The results show a potential of around 200 GWh/year if all current noise barriers along highways in the Netherlands are considered suitable for PV module integration. Three case studies have been analysed regarding specific service stations for specific road orientations. It is shown that solar energy can charge more than 300 vehicles per day by combining bifacial PV noise barriers and standard mono-facial PV modules on publicly available land along the highway in all three case studies, which is sufficient to meet 80% of the expected EV charging demand along highways in 2030.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 4","pages":"244-252"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3759","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138542881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dennis Bredemeier, Carsten Schinke, Raphael Niepelt, Rolf Brendel
{"title":"Large-scale spatiotemporal calculation of photovoltaic capacity factors using ray tracing: A case study in urban environments","authors":"Dennis Bredemeier, Carsten Schinke, Raphael Niepelt, Rolf Brendel","doi":"10.1002/pip.3756","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pip.3756","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Photovoltaics (PVs) on building facades, either building-integrated or building-attached, offer a large energy yield potential especially in densely populated urban areas. Targeting this potential requires the availability of planning tools such as insolation forecasts. However, calculating the PV potential of facade surfaces in an urban environment is challenging. Complex time-dependent shadowing and light reflections must be considered. In this contribution, we present fast ray tracing calculations for insolation forecasts in large urban environments using clustering of Sun positions into typical days. We use our approach to determine time resolved PV capacity factors for rooftops and facades in a wide variety of environments, which is particularly useful for energy system analyses. The advantage of our approach is that the determined capacity factors for one geographic location can be easily extended to larger geographic regions. In this contribution, we perform calculations in three exemplary environments and extend the results globally. Especially for facade surfaces, we find that there is a pronounced intra-day and also seasonal distribution of PV potentials that strongly depends on the degree of latitude. The consideration of light reflections in our ray tracing approach causes an increase in calculated full load hours for facade surfaces between 10% and 25% for most geographical locations.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"32 4","pages":"232-243"},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.3756","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138525351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}