Progress in Photovoltaics最新文献

{"title":"Self-Thermometry of PV Modules: Shift-Factor Approach Compared to Sandia, Faiman, and IEC 60904-5 Models","authors":"Shahzada Pamir Aly,&nbsp;Baloji Adothu,&nbsp;Ahmad Alheloo,&nbsp;Ahmer A. B. Baloch,&nbsp;Bhaskar Parida,&nbsp;Vivian Alberts,&nbsp;Muhammad Ashraful Alam","doi":"10.1002/pip.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The most common approach to directly measuring the temperature of a photovoltaic (PV) module is by attaching a sensor to its rear side. However, this is not always possible in commercial installations, as it is costly, requires routine calibrations, and is prone to detachment, which can potentially provide misleading data. To overcome this challenge, researchers have developed thermal models (as an intrinsic thermometer) to estimate the PV module's operating temperature (T_mod) under various field conditions. These self-thermometry models vary from simple empirical correlations to detailed numerical models. The model choice depends on the application, as the prediction accuracies of these models vary. For quick estimates, the empirical models suffice. However, for detailed performance analysis of the PV systems, more accurate models are required. This paper introduces the shift-factor method, an innovative, thermodynamically based approach that estimates T_mod by analyzing changes in the open-circuit voltage (V_oc) or the maximum power point voltage (V_mp). By correlating these electrical responses with irradiance and module temperature, this method not only offers a flexible and non-intrusive approach to temperature estimation but also serves to verify or rectify sensor data, effectively complementing and enhancing the reliability of traditional sensor-based measurements. Compared to other self-thermometry models, the proposed shift-factor method achieves the lowest overall root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.6 °C. While IEC 60904-5 offers slightly better precision (lower centralized RMSE), it suffers from higher bias and relies solely on V_oc. In contrast, the shift-factor model supports both V_oc and V_mp for the T_mod estimation, enhancing field applicability.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 11","pages":"1290-1307"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Novel Two-Terminal (2T) and Four-Terminal (4T) Perovskite/CIGS Solar Cells","authors":"Daniele Costa,&nbsp;Alessandro Martulli,&nbsp;Anne van den Oever,&nbsp;Amelie Müller,&nbsp;Roel Degens,&nbsp;Neethi Rajagolapan,&nbsp;Ulrich W. Paetzold,&nbsp;Sebastien Lizin,&nbsp;Bart Vermang","doi":"10.1002/pip.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Perovskite solar cells are an emerging photovoltaic technology promising higher efficiency than monocrystalline silicon solar cells. This study assesses the environmental impacts of novel two-terminal (2T) and four-terminal (4T) perovskite/copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) tandem solar cells at technology readiness levels (TRL) 3 (2T configuration) and 4 (4T configuration). Based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, impacts are assessed from cradle to gate, focusing on climate change impacts per 1 m² of solar cell, 1 kW_p of module capacity, and the environmental 1 kWh of produced energy. Other relevant environmental impact categories, cumulative energy demand (CED) and energy payback time (EPBT), are also considered. The impacts of critical parameters are a sensitivity analysis. The LCA results indicate global warming impacts (GWI) of 49 and 50 kg CO₂eq/m², 170 and 174 kg CO₂eq/kWp for the 2T and 4T configurations, respectively. For both configurations, the GWI ranges from 3.2 to 5.6 gCO₂eq/kWh. Prospective investigated in climate change impact assessments suggest that manufacturing impacts may increase by 4% by 2050 without climate policies because of changes in the European energy mix. Conversely, stringent climate policies could reduce climate change impacts by 77%. The sensitivity analyses identify electricity use as the most critical factor for climate change impacts. CED values are 1219 and 1266 MJ/m² for the 2T and 4T configurations, respectively. For impacts per energy output, the CED is 4231 and 4380 MJ/kWp for the 2T and 4T configurations, respectively. For both configurations, the CED ranges from 80 to 140 kJ/kWh. The average EPBT values are 0.74 and 0.76 years for the 2T and 4T configurations, respectively.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 11","pages":"1271-1289"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation-Free High-Efficiency Fluoride-Coating Solar Cells via Precision Interface Engineering","authors":"Yu Bai,&nbsp;Yimin Zhang,&nbsp;Hong Luo,&nbsp;Jianhua Shi,&nbsp;Yuhui Ji,&nbsp;Yu Hu,&nbsp;Wei Long,&nbsp;Fangdan Jiang,&nbsp;Guoqiang Xing,&nbsp;Junsheng Yu,&nbsp;Ying Zhou,&nbsp;Wenzhu Liu,&nbsp;Sheng Meng,&nbsp;Jian Yu","doi":"10.1002/pip.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Halogen compounds are widely used in many advanced photovoltaic technologies including silicon solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and perovskite/silicon tandem cells. They not only play a key role in passivating inter-material contacts, but also act as an excellent anti-reflective layer. Here we reveal that the halogen compound serves as a double-edged sword for solar cells: on one hand, it maintains an inert surface with good anti-reflectivity and enhances short-circuit current density (<i>J</i>_<i>SC</i>) by up to 0.46 mA/cm², resulting in an enhanced power conversion efficiency (<i>E</i>_<i>ff</i>) of silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells to 25.37%; on the other hand, it significantly deteriorates the optoelectronic properties in subsequent damp-heat (DH) tests. Extensive experimental analyses and first-principles simulations demonstrate that the diffusion of fluoride ions and their subsequent reaction with water under DH conditions is key to such behaviors, producing corrosive substances and creating lattice defects in the microstructure of a-Si:H/c-Si(n). Importantly, we successfully reduce <i>E</i>_<i>ff</i> degradation from &gt;53 rel.% to 0 rel.% by incorporating a precisely engineered low-cost dielectric thin layer to impede fluoride diffusion, leading to a degradation-free high-efficiency fluoride-coated SHJ solar cell. This work provides vital insights for maintaining long-term durability of SHJ and will facilitate wide adoption of high-stability silicon solar cells and perovskite/silicon tandem devices.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 11","pages":"1260-1270"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power Losses From Series Resistances—Analysed Using Daylight Photoluminescence Imaging","authors":"Hugh Gottlieb,&nbsp;Oliver Kunz,&nbsp;Juergen W. Weber,&nbsp;Zi Ouyang,&nbsp;Thorsten Trupke","doi":"10.1002/pip.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fast and accurate performance analysis of fielded solar modules is essential for the reliable, long-term operation of large-scale solar farms. Daylight photoluminescence imaging has emerged as a promising inspection method, providing quantitative information while circumventing many logistical constraints associated with alternative methods. Luminescence images of modules acquired with partial current extraction reveal series resistance defects, a key contributor to cell and module degradation. A novel method is presented to estimate the reduction in output power caused by series resistance defects, based purely on daylight photoluminescence image data. This automated process generates electrical models to match series resistance-related intensity variations observed in daylight photoluminescence images, which are used to quantify performance losses. Cell-level simulations and experimental results are presented, yielding excellent results, as well as promising proof-of-concept demonstrations on full modules.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 11","pages":"1247-1259"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.70022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UV + Damp Heat Induced Power Losses in Fielded Utility N-Type Si PV Modules","authors":"E. Ashley Gaulding,&nbsp;Elizabeth C. Palmiotti,&nbsp;Joseph F. Karas,&nbsp;John S. Mangum,&nbsp;Steve W. Johnston,&nbsp;Joshua B. Gallon,&nbsp;Dana B. Sulas-Kern,&nbsp;Glenn Teeter,&nbsp;Chung-Sheng Jiang,&nbsp;Ingrid L. Repins,&nbsp;Timothy J. Silverman,&nbsp;Michael G. Deceglie","doi":"10.1002/pip.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A recent trend in commercial PV modules is a transition to n-type silicon cells, including passivated emitter rear totally diffused (n-PERT), tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon), and silicon heterojunction (SHJ). There is evidence via lab studies that some of these cells are more susceptible to UV induced degradation (UVID), yet there is a lack of confirmation that such degradation occurs in the field. Current IEC standards designed to screen for early module failures require only minimal UV exposure (15 kWh/m² 280–400 nm, ~2–3 months equivalent outdoor exposure). Here, we investigate fielded n-PERT silicon (Si) modules from a commercial utility that show power losses of ~2%/year. We present a comprehensive picture of the physics and chemistry of degradation supported by both module and cell electronic characterization (EL, PL, IV, EQE, and DLIT) and materials-level morphological and chemical analysis (SEM, EDS, XPS, FTIR, and HPLC). All sampled site modules show short circuit current (I_sc) and open circuit voltage (V_oc) losses when compared to unfielded spares, with the most severely degraded also having losses in fill factor (FF). We identify two different degradation modes contributing to overall power loss: (1) external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements show losses in the blue range of the spectra, indicative of cell surface recombination losses, and (2) variations in high series resistance (R_s) at the cell level that are correlated with compositional differences in cell metallization. Using unfielded spares, we were able to reproduce V_oc, I_sc, and EQE losses via a minimum UV stress of 67.5 kWh/m² (280–400 nm), 4.5× the exposure currently required in IEC 61215-2 (MQT 10). Degradation continued with additional UV dosage equivalent to the fielded modules (405 kWh/m² total), with power loss leveling out at an average of 6.1%. Subsequent 1000 h of 85% RH/85°C damp heat testing showed that cells exposed to UV underwent additional severe series resistance degradation, even those without the susceptible paste composition seen in the field, whereas non-UV exposed cells saw little change. We attribute this to higher concentrations of acetic acid generated on the UV exposed area of the module, leading to degradation of the gridline/cell interface and high R_s. This study is unique in that it reproduces <i>field observed utility scale UVID</i> with an accelerated test and supports the need for standards development for longer UV exposure combined with other stress factors to catch materials interplay within a module package.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 11","pages":"1236-1246"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving High Efficiencies for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells Using Silver-Free Metallization","authors":"Mohamed Issifi Yacouba,&nbsp;Andreas Lambertz,&nbsp;Yanxin Liu,&nbsp;Henrike Gattermann,&nbsp;Volker Lauterbach,&nbsp;Karsten Bittkau,&nbsp;Uwe Rau,&nbsp;Kaining Ding","doi":"10.1002/pip.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work investigates the influence of the metallization of low-temperature Cu paste and AgCu paste on the performance of SHJ solar cells through a comprehensive study of two techniques—screen printing (SP) and dispensing. The research successfully applied Cu and AgCu pastes as metal contacts on SHJ solar cells, yielding promising results. Notably, cells with AgCu paste SP on the front side and Ag paste SP on the rear side achieved a 0.13% efficiency gain over reference Ag SP bifacial cells. Moreover, cells with AgCu paste SP on the front side and Cu paste SP on the rear side reached an efficiency of 23.6%, just 0.35% lower than the reference cells, while saving approximately 70% of Ag paste. Cells with Cu paste SP on both sides recorded an average efficiency of 22.4% and a maximum of 23.08%, the highest efficiency reported for cells using Cu SP on both sides (zero Ag). Cells with Cu dispensing on the rear side also demonstrated superior performance compared to cells with Cu SP on the rear side. Along, we assessed the finger-printed characteristics of the three pastes and the performance of SHJ solar cells under various annealing conditions including the Cu annealing conditions (300°C for 5 s). The solar cells maintained stable performance up to 280°C for 5 s, with degradation observed above this temperature, and light soaking partially recovered some of the efficiency loss. A 0.2% drop persisted under Cu annealing conditions, but light soaking reversed this effect back to the original efficiency. This work advances SHJ solar cell technology by highlighting the potential of AgCu and Cu pastes to efficiently replace or reduce Ag paste consumption in SHJ solar cell metallization.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 11","pages":"1223-1235"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.70016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro–Macro Performance of Naturally Aging Amorphous Silicon Photovoltaics From BIPV Applications","authors":"Jianhui Hu,&nbsp;Jian Zhang,&nbsp;Zhi Zheng,&nbsp;Wujun Chen,&nbsp;Yi Xu,&nbsp;Saishuai Huang,&nbsp;Jian Lu,&nbsp;Wanwu Guo,&nbsp;Takhir Razykov,&nbsp;Kazuki Hayashi","doi":"10.1002/pip.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Amorphous silicon thin-film photovoltaics have been widely utilized in building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) due to their advantages of lightweight, flexible, and easily transportable properties. However, long-term exposure to natural environmental conditions leads to the gradual degradation of their properties. To investigate the effects of aging on the mechanical performance and stress-related electrothermal reduction of these photovoltaics, this study selects naturally aged amorphous silicon thin-film photovoltaics as the research subject. Uniaxial tensile tests and microscopic morphology characterization were conducted to analyze specimen mechanical behavior throughout the full loading process and to reveal the mechanisms influencing temperature and voltage responses. Experimental results indicate that the aged photovoltaics exhibit an elastic modulus of 4108 MPa and a tensile strength of 49.86 MPa. Structural failure occurs due to the fracture of the stainless steel substrate during loading, while electrical failure and temperature decrease are observed prior to the yielding stage, with the temperature drop occurring after electrical failure. Electro–thermal–mechanical response reveals that the loss of photovoltaic capability leads to a reduction in internal current, which subsequently induces the temperature decrease. These findings can provide valuable insights for evaluating the long-term operational performance and safety of building-integrated photovoltaics.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 11","pages":"1211-1222"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photovoltaics Literature Survey (No. 201)","authors":"Ziv Hameiri","doi":"10.1002/pip.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 10","pages":"1154-1158"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Omnidirectional Light Harvesting Enhancement of Cu2ZnSnSe4 Solar Cells Decorated With Periodic ZnO Subwavelength Structures by Nanoimprint Lithography","authors":"Shou-Yi Kuo,&nbsp;Jui-Fu Yang,&nbsp;Wei-Chun Chen,&nbsp;Kuo-Jen Lin,&nbsp;Fang-I Lai","doi":"10.1002/pip.3933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.3933","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aims to enhance the conversion efficiency of Cu₂ZnSnSe₄ (CZTSe) thin-film solar cells under AM1.5G/indoor illumination by utilizing nanoimprint lithography to fabricate three types of nanostructures with periodic designs. These structures not only demonstrate efficiency improvements under both AM1.5G/indoor illumination but also exhibit good performance under high-angle incident light and weatherability tests. Under AM1.5G illumination, the surface with/without nanostructures shows an increase in conversion efficiency from 5.54% to 9.05%, while under indoor illumination, the efficiency increases from 2.93% to 5.09%. Additionally, the surface's periodic nanostructures slightly outperform the optical enhancement of indoor light compared with that under AM1.5G illumination. In terms of weatherability testing, the efficiency decay rate of CZTSe solar cells with structures is 34.81%, significantly better than the unstructured counterpart at 48.01%. Interestingly, with increasing etching time, the characteristics of CZTSe devices not only show improvements in optical design but also exhibit self-healing effects, enhancing interface defects and reducing carrier recombination. Thus, the improvements are not limited to optical properties but also extend to the interface layers of the device.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 11","pages":"1198-1210"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Photovoltaic System Performance in Cold, Snowy Climates","authors":"Erin M. Tonita,&nbsp;Dirk C. Jordan,&nbsp;Silvana Ovaitt,&nbsp;Henry Toal,&nbsp;Karin Hinzer,&nbsp;Christopher Pike,&nbsp;Chris Deline","doi":"10.1002/pip.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As countries around the world transition towards renewable energy, there is increasing interest in using photovoltaic (PV) technologies to help decarbonize northern and alpine communities due to their scalability and affordability. However, a barrier to large-scale adoption of PV in cold climates is long-term performance uncertainty under snowfall, freeze–thaw cycles, low temperatures, and high winds. In this work, we provide a comprehensive review of published silicon degradation rates in cold Köppen–Geiger climate classifications of Dfb (humid continental), Dfc (subarctic), and ET (tundra). We first analyze the system degradation rates of three subarctic ground-mounted photovoltaic sites in North America using the RdTools year-on-year method: an Al-BSF double-axis tracking site in Fairbanks, Alaska (65° N); a PERC and silicon heterojunction bifacial vertical and south-tilted site in Fairbanks, Alaska; and a PERC south-facing fixed-tilt site in Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories (62° N). Degradation rates of these newly analyzed sites vary between −0.4%/year and −1.5%/year. Combining these data with previously reported cold climate degradation rates, we show that the distribution of cold climate degradation peaks at −0.1%/year to −0.2%/year but has a large tail with rates above −0.5%/year. The average reported cold climate degradation rate is −0.45%/year, whereas the median value is −0.33%/year. These results suggest that despite frequent freeze–thaw cycles and potential exposure to high wind and snow loads, PV systems in cold climates tend to degrade slower than PV systems in warmer climates. The limited sample size of reported degradation rates in cold climates (27) motivates the need for further data acquisition and monitoring efforts as new technologies are deployed.</p>","PeriodicalId":223,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Photovoltaics","volume":"33 11","pages":"1180-1197"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pip.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}