Traceable Efficiency Determination of Large-Area Perovskite on Silicon Tandem Modules—Insights From a Calibration Laboratories Perspective

As the perovskite on silicon solar cell technology strives towards commercialization, the need to produce large-area devices increases and so does the necessity to traceably determine their efficiency. However, suitable measurement procedures and consequently efficiencies of such devices are rarely published. Due to metastability and the two-terminal tandem architecture, high demands are set on measurement procedures and the equipment used. In this publication, we present a measurement procedure which is fully built on a light emitting diode (LED)-based solar simulator. Besides power measurements, the procedure includes a full module EQE measurement, determination of temperature coefficients as well as investigations under various spectral conditions. We therefore present an approach to conduct a complete tandem module calibration using a single measurement setup by utilizing the spectral variability of the LED solar simulator. The introduced procedure is exemplarily carried out on a large-area perovskite on silicon tandem module which achieves an efficiency of 25%.