Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Ten principles for developing and implementing tools in the context of white analytical chemistry","authors":"Adrián Fuente-Ballesteros ,&nbsp;Victoria Samanidou ,&nbsp;Ana M. Ares ,&nbsp;José Bernal","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents a structured framework of ten principles designed to guide the development and implementation of analytical tools within the context of white analytical chemistry. Despite the growing availability of various metric tools such as AGREE, AGREEprep, GAPI, ComplexGAPI, MoGAPI, and BAGI, the absence of standardized guidelines for their development has resulted in inconsistencies in applicability and effectiveness. The ten principles proposed in this study, framed within the PRISM approach—Practical, Reproducible, Inclusive, Sustainable, &amp; Manageable—aim to bridge this gap by promoting standardization, usability, and sustainability in the design of analytical tools. Each principle is explored emphasizing the importance of simplicity, clear guidance, visual clarity, comparability, dual quantitative and qualitative evaluation, open accessibility, and adaptability. Additionally, an evaluation of recently developed tools using the PRISM framework, identifying their strengths, limitations, and areas for improvement is included. This assessment highlights the necessity for tools that are dynamic and capable of integrating emerging methodologies. By establishing these principles, it is expected to contribute to advancing a more standardized and sustainable future for analytical chemistry, ensuring that tools effectively support the field's progress while adhering to white analytical chemistry's holistic goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102031"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulphated polysaccharide extracted from the Mediterranean edible seaweed Caulerpa racemosa: structural, rheological and biological features","authors":"S. Inoubli ,&nbsp;M. López-Álvarez ,&nbsp;A. Shili ,&nbsp;P. González ,&nbsp;M.D. Torres ,&nbsp;R. Ksouri ,&nbsp;H. Domínguez","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was intended to estimate the proximate nutritional composition of the green seaweed <em>C. racemosa</em> and to operate microwave processing (180–220 °C, 3 min) for the extraction of sulphated polysaccharides. Polymer fractions boasting the highest yields were selected to evaluate their structural and rheological features. Cell viability of the polysaccharide (200 °C) was examined on NCTC clone 929 mouse fibroblasts (0.25–1.0 mg/mL) and further on RAW264.7 murine macrophages (62.5–500 μg/mL). Its anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated <em>in vitro</em> by monitoring the levels of nitric oxide (NO). The highest polymer yield (32.3 %) was found for samples treated at (200 °C, 32.3 %), followed by (180 °C, 17 %). Structural analysis demonstrated that these biopolymers are structurally like those reported for sulphated polyssacharides derived from other green seaweeds, with molecular weights between 149 kDa and 37.6 kDa. The highest TPC (93 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant capacity were obtained at 220 °C. The greatest sulphate (338.3 mg K₂SO₄/g extract) and protein (26.5 mg BSA/g extract) rates were found at 180 °C. All polymer doses examined were non-toxic to NCTC clone 929 murine fibroblasts or RAW 264.7 cells. NO inhibition (%) revealed that the biopolymer had a substantial <em>in-vitro</em> anti-inflammatory impact with an IC₅₀ of (200 μg/mL).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102034"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmentally sustainable production of biodiesel from waste edible oil using Mn–Fe supported magnetic acid heterogeneous catalyst: Optimization via Taguchi L9 technique","authors":"Hiarla Cristina Lima dos Santos,&nbsp;Matheus Arrais Gonçalves,&nbsp;Geraldo Narciso da Rocha Filho,&nbsp;Leyvison Rafael Vieira da Conceição","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present work reports the synthesis and application of a novel magnetic acid heterogeneous catalyst (MoO₃/MnFe₂O₄) with efficient performance and practical recoverability for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO). Manganese ferrite (MnFe₂O₄) was successfully prepared via the co-precipitation method to obtain a magnetic support. A molybdenum precursor was added to MnFe₂O₄ by wet impregnation to develop the MoO₃/MnFe₂O₄ catalyst. Surface acidity, XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, and VSM were used to characterize the synthesized materials. The MoO₃/MnFe₂O₄ catalyst was evaluated in the transesterification reaction under different operating conditions, including reaction temperature (130.0–170.0 °C), methanol:WCO molar ratio (20:1–40:1), catalyst amount (4.0–8.0 wt%), and reaction time (2.0–4.0 h). An L9 orthogonal array using the Taguchi method was employed to optimize the biodiesel ester content using a minimal number of experimental runs. The mathematical model (R² = 0.932) showed a good correlation between experimental and predicted ester content values. Investigation of the four independent variables revealed temperature as the most significant parameter in biodiesel production using the MoO₃/MnFe₂O₄ catalyst. Under optimal conditions (temperature = 164.5 °C, methanol:WCO molar ratio = 32:1, catalyst amount = 6.5 wt%, and reaction time = 2.5 h), the biodiesel achieved a maximum ester content of 96.7 %, maintaining stable catalytic activity (∼90.0 %) over eight consecutive reaction cycles. This study highlights the importance of fabricating the MoO₃/MnFe₂O₄ catalyst as a new approach to enhancing the biodiesel production process with low energy consumption as well as minimal negative environmental impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102030"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A step towards sustainable and effective hand sanitizer formulations based on bacterial cellulose nanofibers","authors":"Manuel Peña-Ortiz ,&nbsp;Luis Serrano ,&nbsp;Raquel Muñoz-Castells ,&nbsp;Araceli García","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) formulated with carbomers after the COVID-19 pandemic has increased ecotoxicity concerns. This work explored, for the first time, bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCN) as a sustainable alternative to carbomers in ethanol and isopropanol based ABHS formulations. This approach aimed to utilize BCN biocompatibility, biodegradability, and higher environmental safety in the final product. The sensory, rheological, physical, and antimicrobial properties of the formulated ABHS were then evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that BCN had a micrometric length and narrow width (46 nm). BCN-containing ABHS showed intermediate viscosity (≈75 cP) compared to carbomer gels formulated with ethanol (487 ± 4 cP) and isopropanol (29 ± 0 cP), directly affecting their spreadability. Less viscous ABHS (i.e., isopropanol-carbomer) showed significantly higher spreadability (S ≈ 3.0) than the others (S ≈ 2.3). BCN also influenced evaporation rates, with values similar to ethanol-carbomer formulations (≈54 % after 60 min). Optical tests revealed lower transparency for BCN formulations (≈4 % transmittance) compared to carbomer formulations (≈66 %). Antimicrobial tests confirmed robust <em>in vitro</em> activity against <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, and <em>Candida albicans</em>. A lower Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was observed for BCN formulations against <em>C. albicans</em>, suggesting interactions with the yeast cell wall. <em>In vivo</em> tests showed a slightly higher reduction in baseline hand microbiota (97.40 ± 0.91 %) for BCN-based ABHS compared to carbomer-based ones (96.95 ± 1.30 %). Results suggest that BCN could replace carbomers in ABHS, offering equal or superior antimicrobial efficacy while significantly reducing environmental impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102021"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards Circularity: Integrating biochar production from maize stover into the tequila industry","authors":"Juan Daniel Castanier-Rivas ,&nbsp;Andrew Sebastián Larrea-Cedeño ,&nbsp;Sumesh Sukumara ,&nbsp;Javier García de Alba-Verduzco ,&nbsp;Martín Esteban González-López ,&nbsp;Misael Sebastián Gradilla-Hernández","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maize stover and tequila vinasses require sustainable management. This study aims to assess the feasibility of maize stover biochar (MS-BC) as a low-cost alternative for treating vinasse contaminated water. A comprehensive approach encompassing experimental and simulation methodologies was employed to assess the economic, technological and environmental viability of MS-BC. Commercially available granular activated carbon from coconut shell (CN-GAC) was used for filtration comparison by evaluating reduction capacities for chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate (TP), and nitrogen (TN). Afterwards, a comprehensive process simulation was performed in SuperPro Designer to analyze production of MS-BC, energy, and bio-oil. The analysis was further enhanced with a <em>cradle-to-grave</em> life cycle assessment (LCA). Filtration media characterization revealed distinct physicochemical properties. In filtration experiments, CN-GAC and MS-BC slightly reduced COD (4.53 % vs. 3.34 %, respectively), but considerably reduced TN (48 %, 40 %). CN-GAC outperformed MS-BC in all cases; notably, MS-BC leached TP. The economic evaluation indicates MS-BC is profitable, suggesting enough cost margin for biochar pretreatment. Achieving technical parity with CN-GAC requires further research on pretreatments, lifetime, maintenance, and operational conditions in the context of tequila vinasse filtration. Sensitivity analyses of financial indicators for feedstock cost, carbon credits, biochar and energy price were performed. Profitability displayed high sensitivity to all four factors. The LCA revealed environmental advantages of MS-BC over CN-GAC on 12 of the 18 ReCiPe methodology indicators despite TP leaching. The GWP was −0.409 and −0.273 kgCO₂eq/L of treated influent for MS-BC and CN-GAC, respectively. Activation of MS-BC did not improve most of the environmental performance indicators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102027"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous dyeing and wastewater treatment in one bath by constructing cationic polyelectrolyte self-assembled coating onto cellulosic fabrics","authors":"Jia-Li Yu ,&nbsp;Wen-Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Jia-Chi Chiou ,&nbsp;Ka-Fu Yung ,&nbsp;Chi-Wai Kan","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we present a simple yet effective strategy for simultaneous textile dyeing and wastewater treatment in a single bath. Fabrics were first treated with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) through self-assembly coating and subsequently dyed with bromophenol blue (BPB) and C.I. Acid Red 127 (AR). The color yield exhibited a strong dependence on PHMB concentration, with optimal color strength achieved at 1 % (v/v) PHMB, independent of the liquor-to-goods ratio. For wastewater treatment, the phase separation efficiency varied depending on dye type and processing conditions. The BPB dyebath showed the best phase separation effect at 2 % (v/v) PHMB, particularly at a 30:1 liquor-to-goods ratio. In contrast, the acid dye AR required a higher PHMB concentration (3 %, v/v) for optimal separation, with the best performance observed at 35:1 and 40:1 ratios. Notably, a 2 % (v/v) PHMB concentration at the 30:1 ratio still provided acceptable separation for AR. This one-pot process successfully combined high-quality dyeing with efficient wastewater treatment. Additionally, the dyed fabrics showed excellent antibacterial activities. Our findings demonstrate that PHMB-based self-assembled coating enables simultaneous dyeing and wastewater purification within a single bath, eliminating the need for additional wastewater collection and treatment. This integrated approach significantly reduces operational costs while minimizing the environmental impact of conventional dyeing processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102028"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of waste glass powder in alkali-silica reaction mitigation: Transforming glasscrete durability through chemical composition dynamics","authors":"Maryam Basil Ishaq,&nbsp;Ahmed Salih Mohammed,&nbsp;Azad A. Mohammed","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The alkali-silica reaction poses a significant challenge to the durability of concrete structures, primarily due to the reaction between alkaline pore solutions and reactive silica in aggregate, generating hygroscopic gel that leads to cracks and concrete deterioration in the presence of moisture. Waste glass powder is selected due to its high silica content, pozzolanic reactivity, and potential to bind alkalis, which can mitigate ASR-induced expansion. Additionally, its use promotes sustainability by reducing cement consumption and repurposing industrial waste, aligning with the principles of green construction. Utilizing waste materials in optimal dosage offers sustainable concrete with balanced durability and performance. In this study, models were generated to predict alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Expansion for concrete modified with waste glass as cement replacement, such as linear, pure quadratic, and M5P-tree models based on the chemical composition of glass and cement, and other input parameters such as w/b, cement, fine aggregate, glass replacement, and immersion time. The findings indicate that incorporating glass powder effectively reduces expansion (%), with optimal dosages identified through the expansion-time optimizing technique. Comparative assessments reveal that while glass powder demonstrates notable ASR mitigation at lower dosages, fly ash exhibits superior long-term performance across all replacement levels, particularly after 28 days of immersion in NaOH solution. Additionally, slag performs competitively at higher dosages, indicating its potential utility in ASR reduction. Higher SiO₂/CaO ratios lead to reduced ASR expansion, particularly with increased GP (%) and more extended curing periods. Higher GP (%) also results in higher ASR expansion, rising from 0.05 % in plain mortar to 0.2 % with 40 % GP after 3 days. In contrast, plain mortar bars with 0 % GP at a SiO₂/CaO ratio of 0.3 show minimal ASR expansion of 0.03 % after 3 days, rising to 0.18 % after 28 days, indicating the critical role of immersion time in alkaline solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102019"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A short-term durability comprehensive study of ceramic waste-doped White Cement composites with hooked-end, basalt and copper-coated fibers","authors":"Baraa Abduljabbar Badi Al-Sharhanee ,&nbsp;Metin Mehmetoğlu ,&nbsp;Yurdakul Aygörmez ,&nbsp;Anıl Niş","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>White Cement (WC) mixes are an alternative product to the OPC. However, there are limited studies on the materials used in the production of composite materials as substitutes for the WC. Ceramic waste (CW) is an important alternative material in this regard. In this context, ceramic waste was replaced with White Cement at the rates of 5 %, 10 %, and 15 %, while three different fibers for reinforcement, namely hooked-end (HE) steel fiber, basalt (B) fiber, and copper-coated (CC) steel fiber (0.4 %) were used. The compressive and flexural strength results at 28 and 90 days were examined for the variations of White cement-based mortar properties. After 90 days, durability tests (sulfate effect, high temperature, and freeze-thaw) were applied while mechanical properties and weight losses were measured. SEM, XRD, Micro-CT, and TGA-DTA analyses were also used to see the changes with durability tests. According to the results, the increase in SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ content in the addition of 5 % and 10 % ceramic waste increased the strength while keeping the pozzolanic reaction at a high level. In the case of 15 % substitution, it caused a reduction due to the decrease in the cement's relative content. The hooked-end steel fiber, which was denser and longer, had the highest performance, while the copper-coated steel fiber showed the lowest performance. With 5 % ceramic powder and hooked-end steel fiber reinforcement, the flexural strength was enhanced by 26 %, while the compressive strength was enhanced by 17 % compared to the 100 % White Cement sample (control sample).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102026"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exergy and energy analysis of pyrolysis of pretreated single-use waste plastics","authors":"Uduak Bassey ,&nbsp;Husain Ibrahaim ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Edet ,&nbsp;Satyanarayana Narra ,&nbsp;Gesa Beck ,&nbsp;Michael Nelles ,&nbsp;Michael Hartmann","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The kinetics of the pyrolysis of real-life mixed single-use waste plastics were assessed using experimental data from a lab-scale batch reactor by conducting a nonlinear least square curve fitting. The optimizing effect of waste plastics pretreatment on product yield, energy and exergy efficiency of the pyrolysis process was investigated. Process parameters such as energy recovery ratio, energy combustion ratio, and others were considered. The best-fitting kinetic model for mixed single-use plastics (raw and pretreated) was Avrami-Erofeev. Energy and exergy efficiencies obtained from pyrolyzing raw and pretreated single-use waste plastics were in the range of 17–42 % and 35–74 %, respectively. It was revealed that pyrolyzing pretreated feedstock compared to raw SUP increased the oil/wax yield from 62.61 ± 0.41 % to 79.38 ± 0.48 %. This work provides a reliable assessment of the potential of pyrolysis to efficiently convert mixed waste plastics to fuel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102020"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of a novel eco-friendly adhesive for plywood composed by vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer emulsion and polyvinyl alcohol","authors":"Mengjie Jia ,&nbsp;Yani Wang ,&nbsp;Yiyang Qi ,&nbsp;Xiaoge Ji ,&nbsp;Zhongyuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Shijing Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the plywood industry, formaldehyde-based adhesives are commonly used, but the health risks associated with them are a significant concern. As a result, there has been a growing emphasis on developing formaldehyde-free alternatives. This study presents an eco-friendly adhesive formulated from vinyl acetate-ethylene (VAE) copolymer emulsion and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The synthesis conditions, curing behavior, synthesis mechanisms and curing mechanisms were further investigated.</div><div>The optimal preparation conditions were as follows: VAE emulsion and 4 % PVA1788 were synthesized at 90 °C for 2 h, and the solid content was adjusted to 50 % by adding distilled water. Subsequently, 5 % pMDI was incorporated. The wet shear strength of the resulting adhesive, which is 0.93 MPa, met the requirements of the Chinese national standard GB/T 9846-2015 (≥0.7 MPa) for Class II plywood.</div><div>The curing behavior of the VAE-PVA adhesive was investigated by measuring the insoluble mass proportion and thermal analysis. The results showed that when the adhesive was heated at 130 °C for 10 min, the insoluble mass proportion reached 81.16 %, and an endothermic reaction occurred at approximately 100 °C. To investigate the synthesis mechanism of VAE-PVA adhesive, FT-IR analysis revealed that esterification occurred between the VAE emulsion and the hydroxyl groups in PVA. Additionally, FT-IR analysis, XPS analysis, and Py-GC/MS analysis were used to explore the curing mechanism of the VAE-PVA adhesive. The results indicated that during the curing process, pMDI polymerized with the vinyl groups in the VAE emulsion and the hydroxyl groups in PVA, forming a three-dimensional network of cured polymer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102014"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}