Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Green chemistry meets theoretical chemistry – comparison of 24 quantum chemical methods for calculating NMR shielding constants using the RGB model","authors":"Paweł Mateusz Nowak ,&nbsp;Dariusz Maciej Pisklak ,&nbsp;Łukasz Szeleszczuk","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The idea of green chemistry has already found many recipients, but not yet among computational chemists. Although theoretical methods indeed do not use chemical reagents and do not produce laboratory waste, due to the complexity of calculations they often require a lot of energy and can generate a significant carbon footprint. In our opinion, the basic question is not “Should we take into account the carbon footprint of computational methods in their assessment?”, but “How to do it properly?” In this work, we have attempted to address this issue by using an RGB model, a well-known tool used for assessing analytical chemistry methods, that has been adapted to the specifics of computational chemistry (RGB_in-silico). The model uses three primary parameters: the calculation error (red), the carbon footprint resulting from the energy consumption of the computer (green), and the computation time (blue). In phase I, acceptability thresholds are adopted. Methods that are unacceptable in at least one aspect are rejected. In phase II methods are comprehensively compared in terms of “whiteness”. The model was validated on 24 quantum chemical methods for calculating NMR shielding constants, differing in functionals and basis sets. The obtained results indicate a huge discrepancy between the methods, and therefore, the need to use a dedicated tool for selecting the optimal one in a rational way. The large values of the carbon footprint clearly indicate that some computational methods cannot be considered as “green in nature”. The RGB_in-silico model seems to be a simple and useful metric.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102215"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pivotal role of support architecture in encapsulating heteropolyacids: Enhancing water tolerance and suppressing leaching for aqueous ethanol dehydration","authors":"Artit Ausavasukhi ,&nbsp;Kannika Noenkrathok ,&nbsp;Natkamon Kongnok ,&nbsp;Titiporn Wattanakul","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphotungstic acid (PTA) and silicotungstic acid (STA) encapsulated on a variety of porous materials (SBA-15, MCM-41, hierarchical zeolite ZSM-5 (h-ZSM-5) and hierarchical zeolite Beta (h-Beta)) were investigated for aqueous ethanol dehydration. Among the catalysts, the STA/SBA-15 consistently demonstrated the best catalytic activity, resulting in a high ethanol conversion and remarkable operating stability. On the other hand, the STA/h-Beta displayed considerably lower initial activity and greater deactivation. Thermal regeneration (300 °C) was quite effective in fully restoring the catalytic activity and selectivity that were acquired from the STA/SBA-15 (0.58 % decrease in ethanol conversion). However, the activity of STA/h-Beta was only partially recovered (15.09 % decrease in ethanol conversion). The leaching of active STA species during ethanol dehydration was the direct cause of the poor regeneration of the STA/h-Beta. The ICP analysis revealed a considerable drop in the tungsten content of the spent STA/h-Beta catalyst. This suggests that some STA was allowed to dissolve because it was not adequately contained in the hierarchical pore structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102212"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Furfural-based phenolic resins for plywood panels: From basic concepts to upscale production","authors":"Electra Papadopoulou ,&nbsp;Christina P. Pappa ,&nbsp;Konstantina Karidi ,&nbsp;Konstantinos S. Triantafyllidis","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, the use of furfural, a bio-based platform chemical, was investigated as a sustainable alternative to petrochemical formaldehyde in Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) resins, which are used in the manufacturing of wood-based products such as plywood. The catalytic condensation of phenol with furfural was studied at various temperatures (45–135^oC) to determine the reactivity of furfural towards formation of the respective dimers and oligomers. A pretreatment was applied to partially convert furfural to furfuryl alcohol which facilitated the condensation of phenol with furfural, at temperatures &gt;90^oC. PF-Furfural (PFFu) resins were prepared at semi-pilot scale (2–3 Kg) following typical industrial protocols aiming at the gradual replacement (20–80 wt%) of formaldehyde. The properties of the PFFu resins were characterized by various methods (solids, pH, viscosity etc.) and ¹³C NMR analysis. The PFFu resins with up to 60 wt% replacement of formaldehyde by furfural exhibited typical properties for such PF-type resins; however, viscosity and gel time were gradually decreased and increased, respectively, indicating the relatively reduced reactivity of furfural at the applied synthesis conditions (i.e. 90-100^oC) compared to formaldehyde. Plywood panels prepared with PFFu resins, demonstrated enhanced mechanical performance compared to the reference PF resin — such as improved shear strength (&gt;1.5 N/mm²) and wood failure (≥85 %) thereby meeting the requirements of the European standard EN314–2:1993. Furthermore, all panels prepared with furfural-containing resins exhibited significantly lower free formaldehyde emission (0.01–0.18 mg/m²h) compared to the reference panels (0.20 mg/m²h). The results highlight the possibility of formaldehyde replacement by furfural in the production of sustainable plywood products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102205"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zero waste realization method of rice husk: Silica extraction and methylene blue adsorption","authors":"Ye-Ji Lee ,&nbsp;Jeong-Min Lee ,&nbsp;Jung-Won Park ,&nbsp;Jim J. Wang ,&nbsp;Meng Wang ,&nbsp;Dong-Cheol Seo ,&nbsp;Jong-Hwan Park","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study determined the optimal conditions for extracting Si from rice husk (RH) for efficient resource utilization of RH and evaluated the adsorption characteristics of methylene blue (MB) by Si-extracted RH (Si-RH). The optimal conditions for extracting silica from RH were mixing 0.6 M NaOH (1:10 ratio) with RH (&gt;2 mm) and reacting at 70 °C for 2 h. The maximum adsorption amount of MB by Si-RH with expanded surface area and reinforced cellulose-hemicellulose-lignin matrix was 99.01 mg/g, which was three times higher than that of RH (34.36 mg/g), and better fit the Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo-second order models. It was found that the adsorption of MB by Si-RH was greatly affected by environmental changes such as reaction time, pH, dosage, and reaction temperature. The surface properties by SEM-EDS and FTIR and the adsorption model equation showed that the adsorption of MB by Si-RH was dominated by complex mechanisms rather than a single mechanism, and these greatly influenced the initial adsorption-desorption process of MB by Si-RH. In continuous adsorption-desorption experiments, Si-RH showed excellent adsorption efficiency for MB. In conclusion, the extraction of silica from RH and utilization of the residue as a dye adsorbent proposed in this study is considered to be the optimal method for realizing zero waste of RH.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102211"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of a cellulose paper based rotating paper disc as sustainable extraction device for anesthetic drug analysis in postmortem blood","authors":"Rajeev Jain ,&nbsp;Atul Bajaj ,&nbsp;Sarah Alharthi ,&nbsp;Mohammed Idris ,&nbsp;Lateefa A. Al-Khateeb","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present work, a rotating paper disc (RPD) device is fabricated and applied for effective, facile, and high-throughput extraction of four anesthetic drugs (prilocaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine) from forensic postmortem blood. The RPD utilizes a low-cost, natural, and biodegradable cellulose-based sorbent that is impregnated with octanol to enhance amphiphilic interactions for effective drug extraction. Device fabrication involves placing a magnetic bar between the layers of octanol-supported cellulose, which allows direct immersion in diluted blood samples and its rotation in the magnetic field. The important parameters, such as pH, ionic strength, extraction/desorption rate, and time, were optimized systematically. Adsorption was optimized at 400 rpm for 30 min and then rapid back-extraction into 2 mL of ethyl acetate. The approach showed good linearity (0.1–5 μg mL⁻¹), good extraction efficiency (92–112 % recovery), low LOQs (0.05–0.09 μg mL⁻¹), and excellent intra-day/inter-day precision (3.5–13.4 %). The disposable RPD device eliminates carry-over between samples and supports high sample throughput (15 samples/h) at a low cost (∼$0.3/unit). The BAGI practicality score (75) and ComplexMoGAPI greenness score (80) validate the method's compliance with green and white analytical chemistry. Applied to forensic toxicology casework, the procedure successfully determined an anesthetic drug in actual postmortem blood samples, illustrating its potential for regular forensic and clinical toxicology uses. Considering its sustainability, low cost, and excellent sensitivity, the RPD-GC-MS strategy is an innovative approach in sample preparation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102206"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of Carica papaya seed oil into biodiesel using a stable CuO–Al2O3 nanocatalyst under optimized condition","authors":"T. Dheenathayalan ,&nbsp;Muralidharan Kandasamy ,&nbsp;Suresh Vellaiyan","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the extraction of biodiesel from <em>Carica papaya</em> L. seed oil, an underutilized, non-edible agricultural byproduct, using a copper oxide–alumina (CuO–Al₂O₃) nanocomposite as a catalyst in the transesterification process. The synthesized catalyst combined the high surface area of mesoporous γ-Al₂O₃ with the catalytic activity of dispersed CuO nanoparticles, as confirmed by SEM, XRD, EDX, and FTIR analyses. Key transesterification parameters, including nanocatalyst concentration (NCC), methanol-to-oil molar ratio (MOR), reaction temperature (RTP), and reaction time (RTE), were optimized using response surface methodology. ANOVA results indicated that RTE had the greatest effect on biodiesel yield (55.6 %), followed by MOR (24.1 %) and NCC (16.9 %). Optimal conditions (149 ppm NCC, 9:1 MOR, 70 °C RTP, and 92 min RTE) developed a maximum yield of 96.9 %, which was validated experimentally. The catalyst retained &gt;95 % activity over five reuse cycles before gradual decline, confirming its reusability. FTIR confirmed ester carbonyl and methoxy groups, while fatty acid methyl ester profiling identified oleic acid methyl ester as the dominant component. The physicochemical properties<span><span>D6751</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>complied with ASTM D6751 and were close to EN 14214 requirements, with slight shortfalls in cetane number and oxidation stability that can be addressed by antioxidants or blending. These results demonstrate that papaya seed oil, in combination with a reusable CuO–Al₂O₃ catalyst under optimized conditions, can serve as a viable source for bioenergy extraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102207"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance assessment of homebrewed sodium silicate, and its comparison with commercial sodium silicate in one-part geopolymer mortar: Fresh, hardened, and microstructural properties","authors":"A.M. Salman ,&nbsp;U. Johnson Alengaram ,&nbsp;Wan Zurina Wan Jaafar ,&nbsp;Yandrapati Pierce ,&nbsp;M. Shanmuga Sundaram ,&nbsp;B. Prabu","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high cost, carbon footprint, and embodied energy of commercial sodium silicates have prompted the search for sustainable alternatives for geopolymer synthesis. <strong>This study introduces a novel thermochemical route for producing sodium silicates from silica-rich materials tailored for one-part geopolymers.</strong> Sodium silicates were synthesized from rice husk ash (RHA, high silica), eco-processed pozzolan (EPP, low silica), and illitic clay (IC, intermediate silica) combined with sodium hydroxide powder. These homebrewed activators were used to produce one-part geopolymer mortars from a binary blend of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) using an alkaline activator-to-binder ratio of 0.18, providing a low-carbon and user-friendly alternative to two-part geopolymers. The fresh and hardened properties, including flow diameter, fresh/hardened density, compressive and flexural strengths, water absorption, porosity, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), were evaluated. Mortars activated with homebrewed sodium silicates were compared with those activated with commercial sodium silicate under ambient curing conditions. The sodium silicates were characterized using pelletized X-ray fluorescence (XRF), while X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) were used for mineralogical and microstructural analyses. RHA-derived activators achieved the highest 28-day compressive (49.95 MPa) and flexural (6.16 MPa) strengths, surpassing the commercial reference (43.55 MPa; 5.20 MPa), while the EPP-based mortar recorded the lowest strength (37.00 MPa). Flowability was greatest for the commercial mix (215 mm) and lowest for IC-based mortar (161.5 mm). SEM/EDX confirmed the formation of semi-amorphous C–N-A-S-H and minor C–S–H gel. All mortars exceeded 37 MPa, thereby meeting the structural grade requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102184"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonic-assisted macroporous resin and membrane processes for the systematic separation of Ganoderma lucidum wastewater","authors":"Cunyu Li ,&nbsp;Xin Shen ,&nbsp;Ranyun Qiu ,&nbsp;Dantong Xing ,&nbsp;Xinglei Zhi ,&nbsp;Yuqing Zhou ,&nbsp;Wei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To reduce environmental pollution caused by <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> wastewater discharge while also decreasing pharmaceutical business manufacturing costs and improving resource utilization efficiency, this study provides a systematic method for ultrasonic assisted separation of <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> triterpenes and polysaccharides. The first step improved the separation of polysaccharides, triterpenes, and oligosaccharides. The optimal separation parameters were 600 W of ultrasonic power, pH 6.20, and resin dosage 3 times. The wastewater treatment volume was raised from 2 L to 50 L, the adsorption rates of triterpene ranged from 91.34 % to 97.63 %, <em>Ganoderma</em> acid A ranged from 85.62 % to 92.76 %, and the oligosaccharides removal rate ranged from 42.08 % to 38.96 %, respectively. The second step involved the use of ultrasonic-assisted nanofiltration for separating triterpenes. 600 W of ultrasonic power, 60 % ethanol solution, and 300–500 Da nanofiltration were the separation conditions, and the triterpene yield was 95.06 %. Additionally, there is a strong logarithmic relationship between ultrasonic power and triterpene desorption efficiency. The third step involved the systematic separation of the <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> polysaccharide by ultrafiltration. 116.5 mg of 10 kDa–30 kDa polysaccharide (GLP-1), 404.2 mg of 30 kDa–50 kDa polysaccharide (GLP-2), and 619.3 mg of more than 50 kDa polysaccharide (GLP-3) were obtained from 10 L of <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> wastewater. And GLP-2 has greater antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity than GLP-1 and GLP-3. The ultrasonic assisted separation technology solves the technological problem of recycling medicine resources of <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> wastewater, achieves the orderly separation of <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> triterpenes and polysaccharides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102210"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revamping sorghum waste into valuable films: A sustainable bioplastic with tunable properties and agro-suitability","authors":"Manmeet Kour ,&nbsp;Aanvi Bansal ,&nbsp;Savita Chaudhary ,&nbsp;Rajeev Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The overuse of conventional plastics has raised critical ecological concerns, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives. In this work, sorghum husk, an agro-waste, was valorized into cellulose–chitosan (CC) based biodegradable films. To enhance their performance, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, synthesized from the waste filtrate of cellulose extraction, and charcoal were incorporated as fillers. The resulting biocomposites exhibited improved properties compared to neat CC films. Thermal stability increased markedly, with 20 % weight loss up to 800 °C versus 57 % in control films. Tensile strength improved from 16.4 to 19.9 MPa, while moisture content decreased significantly upon filler addition. Antioxidant activity was notably enhanced, rising from 9.6 % in CC films to 23.2 %, 31.6 %, and 72.9 % in films with ZnO nanofillers, ZnO nanocomposites, and charcoal, respectively. Seed germination tests showed that all the bioplastic films were safe for plants, promoting growth and proving to be non-toxic and highly compatible. These findings collectively underscore the potential of these cellulose-based biocomposite films as sustainable, functional, and eco-friendly alternatives for packaging and agricultural applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102208"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of industrial by-product gypsum for sustainable lightweight brick: Performance, microstructure and environmental safety assessments","authors":"Longjian Zhang ,&nbsp;Fengyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Tee How Tan ,&nbsp;Panumas Saingam ,&nbsp;Geok Wen Leong ,&nbsp;Soon Poh Yap ,&nbsp;Kim Hung Mo","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable development and the utilization of renewable resources are crucial for addressing environmental degradation and resource depletion, particularly in the construction industry. Bricks are one of the common construction materials, and their production has a substantial environmental impact. Phosphogypsum (PG), an industrial by-product gypsum with low recycling rates, is being explored as an alternative material for bricks. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive assessment of a novel lightweight PG-based brick (LPB), focusing on its engineering performance and environmental safety as a critical scientific evaluation prior to industrial application. The evaluation emphasizes the brick's service performance and safety characteristics. Additionally, the properties of the produced LPB were compared with three different types of commercial bricks, namely autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) brick, cement sand brick (CSB), and red clay brick (RCB). The results demonstrate that LPB exhibits compressive strength (5.2 MPa) comparable to that of AAC bricks and CSB, along with good water resistance. Although LPB has a lower compressive strength than RCB, its lightweight nature (890 kg/m³) offers distinct advantages. Furthermore, the leachability of heavy metals from LPB, as well as the content of radionuclides in LPB, are below the limits outlined in GB 5085.3–2007 and GB 6566-2010, respectively. Therefore, LPB is suggested to be a viable brick option for non-load bearing applications in the construction industry without causing adverse environmental impacts. The research output can contribute to the promotion of sustainable building materials and the efficient utilization of PG resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102179"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}