Ultrasonic-assisted macroporous resin and membrane processes for the systematic separation of Ganoderma lucidum wastewater

To reduce environmental pollution caused by Ganoderma lucidum wastewater discharge while also decreasing pharmaceutical business manufacturing costs and improving resource utilization efficiency, this study provides a systematic method for ultrasonic assisted separation of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenes and polysaccharides. The first step improved the separation of polysaccharides, triterpenes, and oligosaccharides. The optimal separation parameters were 600 W of ultrasonic power, pH 6.20, and resin dosage 3 times. The wastewater treatment volume was raised from 2 L to 50 L, the adsorption rates of triterpene ranged from 91.34 % to 97.63 %, Ganoderma acid A ranged from 85.62 % to 92.76 %, and the oligosaccharides removal rate ranged from 42.08 % to 38.96 %, respectively. The second step involved the use of ultrasonic-assisted nanofiltration for separating triterpenes. 600 W of ultrasonic power, 60 % ethanol solution, and 300–500 Da nanofiltration were the separation conditions, and the triterpene yield was 95.06 %. Additionally, there is a strong logarithmic relationship between ultrasonic power and triterpene desorption efficiency. The third step involved the systematic separation of the Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide by ultrafiltration. 116.5 mg of 10 kDa–30 kDa polysaccharide (GLP-1), 404.2 mg of 30 kDa–50 kDa polysaccharide (GLP-2), and 619.3 mg of more than 50 kDa polysaccharide (GLP-3) were obtained from 10 L of Ganoderma lucidum wastewater. And GLP-2 has greater antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity than GLP-1 and GLP-3. The ultrasonic assisted separation technology solves the technological problem of recycling medicine resources of Ganoderma lucidum wastewater, achieves the orderly separation of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenes and polysaccharides.