Sustainable Materials and Technologies最新文献

{"title":"Self-extinguishing and hydrophobic epoxy composites containing hydrothermal liquefaction-derived biochar and whisker-like particles based on tailored PVP-coated silica fibers","authors":"Immacolata Mazzuoccolo ,&nbsp;Immacolata Climaco ,&nbsp;Jessica Passaro ,&nbsp;Francesca Di Lauro ,&nbsp;Daniele Battegazzore ,&nbsp;Milijana Jovic ,&nbsp;Pietro Russo ,&nbsp;Giulio Malucelli ,&nbsp;Sabyasachi Gaan ,&nbsp;Antonio Aronne ,&nbsp;Fabio Montagnaro ,&nbsp;Marco Balsamo ,&nbsp;Claudio Imparato ,&nbsp;Aurelio Bifulco","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of waste biomass produces bio-oil along with solid, aqueous, and gaseous co-products. The utilization of solid residue (biochar) is a crucial step in achieving the sustainability and circularity of the entire HTL process. Here, we propose the valorization of biochar derived from HTL of municipal sewage sludge as a functional additive for epoxy resins to enhance their flame retardancy. Biochar samples from HTL, obtained under different operative conditions, were characterized and incorporated into an epoxy resin cured with a cycloaliphatic amine. Biochar was used in combination with whisker-like particles, made of silica coated with electrospun poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and functionalized to enhance compatibility with the polymer matrix. The synergy of these fillers with ammonium polyphosphate and urea enabled the preparation of no-drip self-extinguishing composites (V0 rating at UL-94 vertical flame spread tests), showing excellent fire performance, as assessed by cone calorimetry and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry, with a limited effect on the viscoelastic behavior and some impact on the flexural properties. Notably, a strong flame retardant action in the condensed phase, with a slight effect in the gas phase, was responsible for the formation of a ceramic continuous char, which decreased the peak of the heat release rate (∼36%) as well as the total smoke release (∼10%) during the burning process. Besides, the tailored whisker-like particles were able to migrate at the surface of composites, providing water contact angles of ∼120°, suggesting a potential use of the designed materials as water-proof protective coatings or components for multifunctional infrastructures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01900"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lotus pod-inspired self-floating photothermal system based on laser-ablated Ag nanoparticles on macroporous polyvinyl formal sponge for green seawater desalination and oil absorption","authors":"Mariam El-Adl ,&nbsp;S.E. Samra ,&nbsp;Amr Awad Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Mina Shawky Adly","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pollution and water scarcity have become major global issues that endanger both ecological sustainability and human health. Though traditional evaporator designs have limited efficiency and salt accumulation, solar-driven water purification offers a promising green and eco-friendly solution. In this study, a soft, flexible, and self-floating photoabsorber was prepared by a simple method with a bioinspired cone architecture from the lotus pod. The fabricated device is characterized by excellent photothermal conversion, rapid water transportation through the macrochannels, and exceptional salt rejection. Laser ablation was applied to convert the surface of the polyvinyl formal (poly(vinyl alcohol) formaldehyde, PVF) sponge into a black material-based laser-induced graphene (LIG) decorated with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The generated nanocomposite exhibits remarkable mechanical durability under stress-strain tension and high photothermal efficiency for seawater desalination. This photothermal exhibits remarkable performance, which is attributed to multi-directional solar energy absorption through a porous structure, enhanced thermal localization, and good salt rejection. Furthermore, the photothermal materials adhered to the surface tightly and floated on the water surface without tilting. The designated LIG-Ag-based PVF sponge exhibited an efficiency of 108.7% under one sun irradiation, along with a significant rate of 1.57 kg m⁻² h⁻¹. Moreover, it demonstrated good performance in terms of salt resistance, chemical and mechanical stability, recyclability and absorption of organic liquids. The cone-like design can be used as an excellent candidate for different applications related to water desalination and purification due to its simplicity, cost-effective production process, and improved solar photothermal efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01895"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of geopolymer foam based on construction and demolition waste","authors":"Francesca Servadei ,&nbsp;Valentina Medri ,&nbsp;Annalisa Natali Murri,&nbsp;Elettra Papa,&nbsp;Francesco Miccio,&nbsp;Elena Landi","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Construction and demolition waste (CDW) represents one of the largest waste streams worldwide, and its reuse in high-value applications is a key challenge in the transition toward circular economy. This work demonstrates for the first time that unsorted CDW can be used as the main aluminosilicate precursor (60 wt%) to fabricate geopolymer foams with 74% total porosity, filling a gap in CDW-based geopolymer research, which has so far focused on dense matrices or separated waste fractions. A direct foaming approach was employed using hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as a blowing agent to generate a macroporous structure. Macro-microstructural, mechanical, gas permeation, and thermal properties of the resulting geopolymer foam were analyzed. The bulk density was about 0.62 g/cm³ with a bimodal distribution in the mesopore to ultra-macropore range, and the compressive strength exceeded 2 MPa. Gas permeability measurements indicated comparable performance to gel-cast foams and honeycomb filters. The foam showed a thermal conductivity of 0.166 W/(m·K) and good thermal stability up to 650 °C, above which sintering occurred leading to a shrinkage of about 15%. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of valorizing unsorted CDW into lightweight geopolymer foams with high porosity, providing a novel and cost-effective route for thermal insulation materials in the construction sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01875"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable recovery of critical raw materials from geothermal igneous systems: Geochemical, mineralogical, and techno-economic insights from the Dikili-Bergama field (Western Anatolia, Türkiye)","authors":"Tolga Ayzit,&nbsp;Alper Baba","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sustainable co-extraction of critical raw materials (CRMs) with renewable geothermal energy offers a dual pathway to support the circular economy and low-carbon transition. In this study, an integrated geochemical and mineralogical approach is used to comprehensively assess the recoverable lithium (Li) boron (B), strontium (Sr) and other critical raw materials in the geothermal reservoirs of the Dikili-Bergama region Türkiye. A geochemical analysis was carried out by systematic sampling and multi-element testing of geothermal water and reservoir rock. Hydrogeochemical studies of the geothermal fluids indicated the presence of remarkable concentrations of B (4.6 ppm), Sr (2.8 ppm) and Li (1.2 ppm), suggesting the possibility of active leaching processes in the deposit. Mineralogical studies using X-ray diffraction (XRD) have revealed a number of secondary mineral phases, such as quartz and labradorite, indicating the interaction between water and rock. These interactions affect not only the permeability and porosity of the deposit, but also the mobilization and precipitation of CRMs. A techno-economic analysis will be used to identify potential synergies that could improve the economic feasibility of geothermal projects in the region. The Monte Carlo simulation has shown that the Dikili-Bergama geothermal reservoirs have a potential of ∼712 tons of Li. In this study, the CRM potential that emerged during the geothermal energy exploitation process in the region was calculated. The temporality and the process of obtaining are completely related to the extraction technology. This offers the dual benefit of renewable energy and strategic mineral extraction, contributing to sustainable resource management in volcanic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01883"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extremely durable integrated metallic micromesh for multifunctional transparent electromagnetic interference shielding","authors":"Wei Xie ,&nbsp;Yu Yan ,&nbsp;Mengqi Tian ,&nbsp;Zeqi Nie ,&nbsp;Yapeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yige Xiong ,&nbsp;Zhengwen Shuang ,&nbsp;Jianhua Li ,&nbsp;Guangzhao Qin ,&nbsp;Huigao Duan ,&nbsp;Guanhua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The escalating threat of electromagnetic pollution demands advanced electromagnetic shielding structures that simultaneously deliver optical transparency and environmental adaptability for mission-critical optoelectronic systems. Unfortunately, most transparent conductive materials are sensitive to extreme environmental conditions and are prone to oxidation and corrosion, resulting in structural degradation and eventual failure. Balancing high-efficiency electromagnetic shielding with exceptional optical transmittance under extreme operating circumstances remains a critical challenge. Herein, we present an innovative copper micromesh architecture with quasi-periodic ring-nested array structure conformally integrated with Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ protective layers (CM@AT). By reasonable structural design and optimization, the CM@AT film exhibits superior optical transmittance (T₅₅₀ = 86.2 %), low sheet resistance (Rs = 0.073 Ω sq⁻¹), excellent shielding effectiveness of 28.9 dB. It also offers remarkable mechanical durability (99 % conductivity retention after 18,000 bending cycles). Furthermore, atomic-layer-deposited Al₂O₃/TiO₂ nanolaminates afford the CM@AT film great extreme environmental durability in various harsh environments, such as extreme low and high temperature shock (−80 °C to 400 °C), and strong acid/alkali/salt corrosion resistance. Additionally, as a transparent heater, it exceeds 100 °C within 60 s (2 V DC), and demonstrates high thermal stability at saturation temperatures. The transparent multifunctional electromagnetic shielding film holds great potential for optoelectronic equipment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01844"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the potential of bioactive compounds in vegetable and fruit peels: Exploring sensing characteristics, health benefits, and environmental opportunities","authors":"S. Keerthana,&nbsp;S. Aashika,&nbsp;Ashis Tripathy","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peels from fruits and vegetables, which are typically thought of as agricultural waste, are currently attracting scientific interest as renewable sources of nanomaterials for ecofriendly sensor technologies. These peels, which are rich in bioactive substances like polypHenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids, allow for the environmentally friendly synthesis of nanoparticles with superior functional qualities. The development of peel-derived nanomaterials for a variety of sensor platforms, such as humidity, piezoelectric, gas, strain, pH, electrochemical, colorimetric, and fluorescence-based systems, is highlighted in this review. Emerging WaveFlex optical-fiber plasmonic architectures show how engineered fiber geometries and hybrid coatings, such as peel-based fluorescent carbon dots, can further improve signal amplification, evanescent-field interaction, and multimodal sensing performance in tandem with these material-derived innovations. The sensitivity, response time, and environmental adaptability of these bio-inspired sensors show encouraging results. The use of peel-based nanoparticles in sensor manufacturing is in line with the ideas of the circular economy and provides an affordable, environmentally beneficial substitute for traditional sensing materials. Along with addressing important issues like process standardization and signal stability, the review also looks at important synthesis routes, material characterization, and functional optimization. In the end, this work presents peel-based nanomaterials as a revolutionary strategy for improving biomedical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01850"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization, pilot scale production and techno-economic assessment of nano fibrillation strategies of cellulose from γ-valerolactone delignified sweet potato vines","authors":"Yuan Li ,&nbsp;Hongnan Sun ,&nbsp;Taihua Mu ,&nbsp;Marco Garcia-Vaquero","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to optimize, scale-up and assess the economic feasibility of mechanical nanofibrillation strategies (high-pressure homogenization and ball milling) to generate high-quality cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from delignified sweet potato vines biomass, utilizing γ-valerolactone/water (GVL/H₂O), while comprehensively analyzing the physicochemical, structural characteristics and appearance morphology of CNFs. Sequential parametric optimization allowed to determine optimum high-pressure homogenization (40 MPa, 4 cycles) and ball milling (60 Hz, 100 min) processing conditions. CNF by high-pressure homogenization achieved yields of 22.60 %, zeta potential of −27.23 mV, and average diameter of 23.66 nm; while ball milling yielded 19.74 % of CNF with zeta potential of −25.83 mV, and average diameter of 22.25 nm. The scale-up of high-pressure homogenization conditions at pilot scale generated yields of 21.90 % CNFs with consistent nanofibril morphology (19.81 nm average diameter). Moreover, comprehensive characterization revealed all CNFs exhibited superior thermal stability (&gt;314 °C), enhanced crystallinity, and improved hydrophilicity compared to commercial CNFs. Techno-economic analysis of the pilot scale method under 2 different scenarios, recovering lignin and solvent or not. This analysis confirmed higher long-term profitability of the scenario recovering the compounds, despite the relatively higher initial investment, with a higher net present value ($485.82 million) and return on investment (57.24 %). Through the implementation of recyclable solvent-based biomass pretreatment, optimization of biorefining processes, pilot-scale validation, and techno-economic analysis, this study establishes a comprehensive green and sustainable biorefinery model for effectively converting agricultural waste into high-value nanomaterials, providing an economically feasible model for large-scale production of CNFs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01882"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of a SOFC-based hydrogen-electricity cogeneration system featuring the CuCl cycle","authors":"Mengxian Wang ,&nbsp;Nan Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-based hydrogen-power cogeneration is seen as a clean and efficient energy conversion and storage technology. This research investigates an SOFC-based hydrogen-electricity cogeneration system coupled with the copper‑chlorine cycle. The life cycle assessment is conducted to analyze its environmental impact and key factors of this system. Based on the EF3.0 method, the consumption of raw materials and resources, and emissions to the environment, are obtained during different stages. The environmental performance is comprehensively evaluated using 16 environmental indicators. The results show that the system demonstrates significant energy conservation and carbon reduction capabilities throughout its life cycle, mainly due to the synergy of the efficient power generation of SOFC and the copper‑chlorine cycle in the use phase. In general, the proposed system achieves a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.21 × 10⁹ kg CO₂ eq. The integration of SOFC and the copper‑chlorine cycle presents obvious advantages in the context of carbon neutrality. The climate change indicator of −2.34 × 10⁷ kg CO₂ eq, the resource use indicator of −2.31 × 10¹¹ kg Sb eq, and the acidification indicator of −3.16 × 10¹¹ Mole H⁺ eq achieve the greatest improvements. This study provides a scientific basis for the design and policy-making of clean hydrogen production processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01884"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interface-engineered S-doped ZnS/ZnO carbon nanocomposites with oxygen vacancies for enhanced 4-nitrophenol detection","authors":"Feven Kassaye Egualle,&nbsp;Anteneh F. Baye,&nbsp;Hern Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is a semiconductor with a tunable bandgap and strong surface interactions, making it a promising candidate for optical and photonic applications. However, its use in electrochemical sensing remains limited due to its poor electron transport and insufficient affinity for redox-active analytes. To address these limitations, S-doped ZnS/ZnO carbon nanocomposite was synthesized via zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) activation of alkali lignin and subsequent hydrothermal sulfidation to enable the electrochemical detection of toxic 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP). During this process, the in-situ formation of ZnS and partial conversion of zinc oxide (ZnO) generated a strong interfacial coupling between ZnS and ZnO, leading to enhanced electron transport, while sulfur incorporation into the carbon framework not only facilitated 4-NP adsorption but also induced oxygen vacancies in ZnO, enhancing active sites and surface energy and ultimately reducing the charge transfer resistance. Owing to these outstanding properties, the sensor exhibited a low limit of detection, excellent selectivity against various interferences, and long-term stability. The practical applicability of S-doped ZnS/ZnO carbon nanocomposite was also evaluated, where it showed reliable detection of 4-NP concentrations in river water samples. Overall, the in-situ formation of S-doped ZnS/ZnO nanocomposites leverages the synergy between ZnS and ZnO nanoparticles, effectively integrates oxygen-vacancy-rich ZnO with a sulfur-doped carbon network, providing valuable insights for designing efficient electrocatalysts for multiple analyte-sensing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01858"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating sodium storage behavior in hard carbon directly fabricated from industrial biochar precursors","authors":"Shuang Jia ,&nbsp;Rongtian Li ,&nbsp;Shihao Liang ,&nbsp;Bo Zhang ,&nbsp;Tianyang Sun ,&nbsp;Xingsheng Li ,&nbsp;Xihan Zhuang ,&nbsp;Guanhua Jin ,&nbsp;Dan Sun ,&nbsp;Haiyan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a key component enabling the commercialization of SIBs, hard carbon anodes have attracted extensive interest. The promise of SIBs is anchored in their cost advantage, which necessitates the development of electrode materials through cost-effective routes. Biomass is abundant and low-cost, serve as ideal precursors for hard carbon anodes. In this work, commercial walnut shell biochar was used as the starting material to synthesize hard carbon through simple acid washing and thermal treatment. Structural analysis shows that the obtained hard carbon possesses a relatively large interlayer spacing and well-developed closed pore structure with a diameter of 2.22 nm. The material HHC1300 exhibits a reversible sodium storage capacity of 287.41 mAh g⁻¹ and an ICE of 89.38%. Notably, the low-voltage plateau region contributes about 70% of the total capacity. These performance metrics exceed those of commercial hard carbon and most laboratory-reported hard carbons derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Furthermore, due to the intrinsically low ash content of the precursor, samples carbonized directly without acid washing can still achieve an ICE of 88.91%. This study demonstrates that incorporating mature industrial carbonization processes into hard carbon fabrication is an effective strategy, paving a practical route toward low-cost, high-performance electrode materials for scalable SIB production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01891"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}