Sustainable Materials and Technologies最新文献

{"title":"3D-printable PVA-based inks filled with leather particle scraps for UV-assisted direct ink writing: Characterization and printability","authors":"Luca Guida ,&nbsp;Alessia Romani ,&nbsp;Davide Negri ,&nbsp;Marco Cavallaro ,&nbsp;Marinella Levi","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite its significant environmental impacts, leather remains a popular material due to its durability, aesthetics, and mechanical properties. Recycling leather scraps is gaining increasing attention to reduce waste, pollutants, and emissions from pristine raw materials in the tanning industry. Material Extrusion additive manufacturing represents a promising way to recycle leather byproducts as secondary raw materials for new applications. This paper investigates the characterization and printability of photo- and thermal-curable PVA-based inks for UV-assisted Direct Ink Writing filled with leather filler scraps from the tanning industry, i.e., leather shavings. As a cold extrusion process, Direct Ink Writing reduces energy consumption and maximizes the waste percentage content in new material formulations. The morphology and thermal properties of the leather filler were assessed before adding it to a novel cross-linkable PVA-based matrix, preparing inks containing up to 20 % wt. of leather scraps, leading to almost 40 % wt. after post-curing. Rheological tests showed a shear-thinning behavior of the formulations and a clear transition from solid-like to fluid-like behavior, followed by a quick recovery of the solid-like behavior, ensuring good printability, shape retention, and fidelity. UV crosslinking and post-curing led to robust polymer networks, reaching crosslinking degrees of ∼90 %. According to the mechanical tests, the PVA-leather scrap inks exhibited mechanical properties broadly similar to virgin leather materials, i.e., 170 MPa elastic modulus, 13 % elongation at break, and 6 MPa stress at break. Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed a preferential alignment of the leather filler along the extrusion direction, confirming the reinforcing effect of the scrap particles. These results demonstrate the suitability of these inks as alternatives for new tailored applications in the leather industry, reducing virgin material usage through additive manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e01335"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating multiple cold plasma generators and Bernoulli-driven microbubble formation for large-volume water treatment","authors":"Ziya Saedi ,&nbsp;Deepak Panchal ,&nbsp;Qiuyun Lu ,&nbsp;Muzammil Kuddushi ,&nbsp;Sina Esfandiar Pour ,&nbsp;Xuehua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cold plasma-bubble is a promising clean technology for wastewater treatment using air and electricity. However, scalability continues to pose a significant challenge to industrial applications. In this study, we integrate portable, low-power cold plasma generators with spontaneous microbubble formation in engineered venturi tubes for rapid water treatment. These tubes provide water flow channels with multiple plasma ports. The design expanded the flow rate range for stable microbubble formation from earlier reports, enabling 16 L/min and scaling up the volume of treated water to 40 L with same energy efficiency. Importantly, we identified a universal linear correlation between the total surface area of microbubbles and activation efficiency, represented by removal of a model dye, methyl orange. Significant disinfection against Gram-(−/+) bacteria with 6.68-log was confirmed in increasing water volume. Time required for effective disinfection of 4-log CFU/mL removal increases approximately linearly with volume of water, suggesting that disinfection can be achieved even at large-scale without losing the effectiveness. Increasing the plasma generator numbers (four-needle), the treatment capacity can be further improved to 120 L. Our work demonstrates that the cold plasma-bubble technology for flowing water is rapid and scalable, providing a sustainable solution for diverse industrial and environmental challenges.</div></div><div><h3>Synopsis</h3><div>This study integrates portable, low-power cold plasma generators for microbubble enhanced activation using engineered venturi tubes, demonstrating scalable, efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment and disinfection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e01300"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of surface interventions in bio-welding mycelium based-composites","authors":"Dana Raslan ,&nbsp;Elise Elsacker ,&nbsp;Kumar Biswajit Debnath ,&nbsp;Martyn Dade-Robertson","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of mycelium-based composites in large-scale bio-fabrication is limited due to the biomatter's low mechanical strength and the requirement for external reinforcement or permanent moulds holding the material in place. Utilising bio-adhesion in the fabrication process of mycelium-based composites may offer the potential to upscale the production of fungal biomatter and further expand its range of applications. However, studies on the effects of bio-welding on the properties and performance of mycelium composites are limited.</div><div>This is the first paper investigating the use of different bio-welding interventions to bind mycelium-based composites and studying the impact of these interventions on the material's properties and performance through environmental readings, physical and chemical analysis and mechanical testing. <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> grain spawn was used with hemp shivs to bio-fabricate mycelium composites. The surfaces of these composites were then subjected to environmental, nutritional, and abrasive interventions for five consecutive days before binding, and monitored during different stages of the bio-welding process. The temperature, relative humidity, and CO₂ of the mycelium-based composites were recorded during the five-day intervention phase. A chemical analysis was undertaken at the wet and dry stages of the composite samples. Furthermore, the final (dried) bio-welded components underwent mechanical testing (flexural, compressive, and tensile strength) for performance evaluation. This study found that surface interventions could affect and enhance the mechanical properties of bio-welded mycelium composites. The research demonstrated that adding nutrients to surfaces before binding significantly affected compressive, tensile, and flexural strength. Using interventions in the bio-welding process presented new opportunities for upscaling the production of mycelium-based composites and the potential to fine-tune their mechanical properties, adapting them for different applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article e01326"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reusing cellulose acetate microplastic fibres derived from discarded cigarette butts as superior adsorbent for lead ions: UV ageing, adsorption mechanisms and DOM investigation","authors":"A.G. Sethulakshmi,&nbsp;M.P. Saravanakumar","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cigarette butts (CBs), the residual components of cigarettes post-consumption, are primarily composed of cellulose acetate microplastic fibres (CA MP_f), which significantly contribute to the global excess of non-biodegradable plastic trash. Consequently, for the first time, this study examines the reusability of hazardous CA MP_f by extracting it from discarded CBs, recycling it, and employing as an effective adsorbent for Pb (II) removal from aquatic environments. Further, the UV ageing characteristics, adsorption behavior, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) investigation of CA MP_f embedded within CBs have been examined, to comprehend the heavy metal adsorption characteristics in water environment. Subsequently, under UV irradiations, a novel cow urine-based ageing approach for CA MP_f has been explored to enhance the ageing properties, which was not previously the subject of any research. Notably, the cow urine-aged CA MP_f demonstrated a remarkable increase in removal efficacy (96 %) for Pb (II), compared to the pristine CA MP_f. The lower half-life capacity of 1.748 min and higher HCC of 60 mg/L obtained for aged CA MP_f revealed rapid adsorption potential and higher removal efficiency. The DOM investigation of pristine and cow urine-aged MP_f shows possible leaching of humic acid-like components as environmental pollutant “vectors.” CA MP_f's reusability as an adsorbent guarantees a sustainable approach and is aligned with the Sustainable Development Goal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article e01319"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-component low-carbon sustainable geopolymer synthesis using calcium carbide residue, gypsum, sewage sludge ash, and ground granulated blast slag","authors":"Xiaobing Ma ,&nbsp;Yingzi Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of sewage sludge ash-based geopolymers has been hindered by the significant environmental impact associated with traditional alkaline activators, such as (Na₂SiO₃ and NaOH). Calcium carbide residue (CCR) has emerged as a promising alternative solid activator due to its low environmental footprint. However, its limited alkalinity results in slow strength development, posing challenges to its practical application. This study explores a novel synergistic activation strategy that combines gypsum with CCR to enhance the performance of sludge ash-based geopolymers. The effects of varying gypsum contents on the compressive strength and phase composition of the geopolymer paste were systematically investigated, alongside an evaluation of the environmental benefits of this co-activation approach. The results reveal that the synergistic activation significantly improves the compressive strength of the specimens. Notably, the optimal blend—comprising 5 % CCR and 15 % gypsum—achieved a remarkable compressive strength of 53 MPa after 28 days of curing. Microstructure analysis shows that the sulfate ions released by gypsum promote the formation of ettringite in the geopolymer matrix. The presence of ettringite, together with the hydrated C-A-S-H gel, reduced porosity and densified the microstructure, leading to improved mechanical properties. Importantly, the sustainability analysis highlighted the significant advantages of this activation method, with CO₂ emissions and energy consumption reduced by over 75 % and 62 %, respectively, compared to traditional activators. This research provides guidance for the low-carbon disposal and management of substantial amounts of solid waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article e01314"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143508260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Azobisisobutyronitrile-induced biocarbon with high edge-nitrogen density: A metal-free redox-catalyst for electrochemical detection and reduction of 4-nitrophenol","authors":"Pooja V. Chavan,&nbsp;Anteneh F. Baye,&nbsp;Pramod V. Rathod,&nbsp;Hern Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing the specific nitrogen dopant concentration within the sp²-C domain of carbon materials is a promising approach to developing metal-free redox catalysts for electrochemical detection and remediation, thereby eliminating the need for toxic chemicals and complex procedures. However, achieving precise control over the type and concentration of nitrogen within the sp²-C domain during pyrolysis remains challenging. In this study, we synthesized unique nitrogen-doped biocarbons (AIBN_XOC) by pyrolyzing orange peel waste with azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) under nitrogen atmosphere, introducing AIBN as a novel nitrogen dopant. These material were tested for electrochemical detection and reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). By varying the concentrations of AIBN (X), a nitrogen-rich carbon framework with distinctive functionalities, such as pyridinic-N, graphitic-N, and carbonyl (C=O) groups was achieved. These functionalities successfully enhanced electrochemical performance by facilitating accelerated electron transfer and increasing 4-NP adsorption. The optimized AIBN₁OC-modified glassy carbon electrode (AIBN₁OC/GCE) exhibited excellent sensing capabilities, with a low detection limit of 0.4 nM and strong selectivity against potential interferences. Additionally, AIBN_XOC were applied for the catalytic reduction of 4-NP to 4-aminophenol in the presence of NaBH₄, leveraging the synergistic effects of pyridinic-N and C<img>O sites for efficient hydride (H^δ+/H^δ-) formation. Practical applicability was demonstrated by detecting 4-NP in river water samples, showcasing the material's potential for real-world environmental monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article e01304"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixed fatty acid cellulose esters from diosmectite oxalate-assisted surface esterification. Investigating properties, techno-economics and sustainability","authors":"Muzamil Jalil Ahmed ,&nbsp;Jaweria Ashfaq ,&nbsp;Sarim Ahmed ,&nbsp;Saeeda Nadir Ali ,&nbsp;Ali Dad Chandio ,&nbsp;Iftikhar Ahmed Channa","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Preparation of fatty acid cellulose esters (FACEs) is much mired in high costs, process complexity and requirements for specialized handling and safety. The present work proposes a novel oxalic acid clay-assisted surface esterification of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in a two-stage modified Fischer-Speier Esterification. The proposed method has substantial potential as a process with high reactant recyclability, esterification degree and FACEs with high degree of substitutions, <em>ca.</em> 0.86–2.16. The coconut oil esterifying agent rich in C₁₂-C₁₄ fatty acids has been directly used, reducing the need for derivatization steps. Optimization has been performed in terms of %weight proportions of the co-reactant, time, temperature, and the feedstock. FTIR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR confirm the synthesis of a mixed FACE having either lauroyl or myristoyl fatty acid groups, in combination or by themselves. Thermal and XRD characterization further reveals high thermal stability up to ≥360 °C (by TGA/DTG) and crystallinity upto 23 % – 43 % (XRD) which provides significant appeal as potential thermoplastic material for additive utilization and blending. In this paper, we further demonstrate the applicability of the Green Chemistry Metrics (GCM) and the E-factor (<em>ca.</em> 0.18) approach to quantify how the above procedure compares with the tenets of Green Chemistry Principles, with reference to other reported methods to prepare FACE.</div></div><div><h3>Synopsis</h3><div>The article relates to sustainability in chemistry regarding novel cellulose modification characterized by high reactant recyclability, OH conversion and cost-effective use of green reagents and auxiliaries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article e01299"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aqueous synthesis of bio-based multifunctional additives for polylactic acid with flame retardation, expedited degradation and crystallization","authors":"Jun Lu,&nbsp;Juanjuan Su,&nbsp;Jian Han","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bio-based flame retardants have attracted significant attention in the flame retardant modification of polylactic acid (PLA). In this work, a bio-based flame retardant AA is controllably synthesized by ion exchange of arginine (Ar) and amino-trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP). The optimal interfacial compatibility and nano-size dispersion endow it with robust flame retardant and reinforcement effects simultaneously. The PLA/3AA composite, with the addition of only 3 wt% AA, exhibits a LOI of 28.5 % and a UL-94 of V-0 rating. Additionally, the tensile strength of PLA/3AA composites is up to 71 MPa, which is 14.3 % higher than that of pure PLA. Meanwhile, AA possesses the function of accelerating the decomposition and promoting the crystallization of PLA. This study paves a promising approach for the development of highly efficient bio-based flame retardant and its engineering application in PLA materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article e01313"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable multifunctional foams for cold-chain packaging: Stabilizing polyethylene glycol with cellulose and pomegranate peel for antibacterial protection and temperature control","authors":"Hossein Baniasadi ,&nbsp;Roozbeh Abidnejad ,&nbsp;Cristina D. Cruz ,&nbsp;Ziba Fathi ,&nbsp;Päivi Tammela ,&nbsp;Eero Kontturi ,&nbsp;Erlantz Lizundia","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Here, we developed multifunctional, bio-based foams specifically designed for cold-chain packaging. Polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) is integrated as a phase change material within a cellulose and pomegranate peel matrix. The foams exhibited high porosity, low thermal conductivity, and effective thermal regulation with a phase transition at around 2 °C, storing approximately 65 J/g of latent heat. Importantly, the foams demonstrated stable thermal behavior across repeated heating-cooling cycles, with no leakage of PEG observed. Antibacterial testing revealed significant inhibition of <em>Staphylococcus aureus,</em> and antioxidant activity reached close to 100 %, underscoring the foams' potential for microbial control and oxidative stability in temperature-sensitive applications. A life cycle assessment further supported the environmental benefits, showing a 25 % reduction in carbon footprint compared to conventional petroleum-based foams. Additional benefits were achieved over benchmark foams when material criticality was considered. Overall, this work introduced a sustainable packaging solution for cold-chain transport, combining temperature stability, antibacterial and antioxidant activities, and reduced environmental impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article e01312"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of polylimonene on the release behavior and physico-chemical properties of photo-cross-linkable alginate-based hydrogels","authors":"Roniérik Pioli Vieira ,&nbsp;Guilherme Frey Schutz ,&nbsp;Laurens Parmentier ,&nbsp;Sandra Van Vlierberghe","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of methacryloyl-modified sodium alginate (AlgMA)-based hydrogels incorporating an antioxidant limonene-derived oligomer (PLM) for potential biomedical applications. ¹H NMR spectroscopy confirmed the successful synthesis of AlgMA, enabling hydrogel formation <em>via in-situ</em> photo-cross-linking in the presence of PLM. The effect of 2.5 %, 5 %, and 10 % PLM was meticulously assessed on the material's properties. High PLM loads tended to decrease the hydrogel storage modulus, changing from 4.4 kPa (AlgMA) to 2.2 kPa (AlgMA/PLM10), enabling tuning from stiff to softer materials. Both physical properties and HR-MAS ¹H NMR spectroscopy results indicated a decrease in cross-linking efficiency upon increasing PLM concentration, with double bonds conversion ranging from 91 % to 68 % depending on PLM load. Moreover, cytotoxicity evaluations revealed AlgMA/PLM5 as an upper threshold to maintain cell viability above 70 %, while AlgMA/PLM2.5 showed improved cytocompatibility. PLM release from hydrogels followed Weibull kinetics, experiencing a burst release followed by a sustained release phase, allowing for quick application to deliver antioxidants. Overall, AlgMA-based hydrogels incorporating PLM offer tunable physico-chemical properties, retained antioxidant activity, and a release profile within a defined therapeutic window, showcasing their potential as novel biomaterials exhibiting antioxidant properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article e01311"},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}