steel research international最新文献

{"title":"Improving the Impact Toughness of FASTCOOL50 Die Steel by Increasing High-Angle Grain Boundaries Density","authors":"Jialong Tian,&nbsp;Jihang Li,&nbsp;Zhijie Lai,&nbsp;Zhouhua Jiang","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500753","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hot work die steel FASTCOOL50 was developed by Rovalma S.A., this steel indicates high thermal conductivity while low impact toughness. Herein, a novel strategy is proposed to improve impact toughness by refining the effective grain size and by reducing the forging temperature. Samples with different microstructural characteristics are prepared by varying the forging and heat treatment processes. The crack propagation path and mechanism are analyzed in detail by electron backscatter diffraction; the relationship between yield strength/cleavage fracture stress and martensitic block size (<i>d</i>_b) is established; and the strong dependence of cleavage fracture stress on <i>d</i>_b is revealed. Compared to traditional forging process with of <i>d</i>_b 1.61 μm, the novel strategy can decrease the <i>d</i>_b to 0.86 μm. Thus, this improve the impact toughness by 4 times. This phenomenon is attributed to the refinement of the <i>d</i>_b and the increase in the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries, increasing the energy consumption of crack propagation. Owing to its excellent strength, toughness, and thermal conductivity, FASTCOOL50 has been manufactured into casting pins and successfully applied in gigacasting molds, achieving a service life of over 30 000 cycles while also addressing the issue of shrinkage in cast parts.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 10","pages":"5177-5185"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Front Cover: Toward the Application of Multiaxial Failure Criteria: Mean Stress Sensitivity of Carbide-Rich, High-Alloy PM-HIP Tool Steels Under Axial and Torsional Cyclic Loading (steel research int. 10/2026)","authors":"Lennart Mirko Scholl,&nbsp;Frederik Tegeder,&nbsp;Tobias Hajeck,&nbsp;Alexander Bezold,&nbsp;Christoph Broeckmann","doi":"10.1002/srin.70756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.70756","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cover image is based on the article Toward the Application of Multiaxial Failure Criteria: Mean Stress Sensitivity of Carbide-Rich, High-Alloy PM-HIP Tool Steels Under Axial and Torsional Cyclic Loading by Lennart Mirko Scholl, et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202501036.\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.70756","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution Mechanism of Mo-Rich, B2-NiAl, and Cu-Rich Particles under High Temperature and Its Influence on Thermal Stability and Thermal Fatigue in a Maraging Hot Work Steel SDH88","authors":"Ruizhi Peng,&nbsp;Xiaochun Wu","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500300","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A novel maraging hot work steel designed for integrated die casting, SDH88 (10Cr5Mo4Ni4AlCu), is developed. The traditional Cr-Mo-V hot work steel is commonly used in high-pressure die casting due to both excellent strength and toughness. However, they show unsatisfactory tempering resistance (TR) at temperatures above 600 °C, which may not meet the demands of integrated die-casting technology. Compared with H11 steel, which is primarily used in integrated die casting, SDH88 demonstrates superior hardenability and improved TR. For SDH88 steel, the TR mechanism is influenced by precipitation strengthening (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>σ</mi>\u0000 <mi>P</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$left(sigmaright)_{text{P}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) and dislocation strengthening (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>σ</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mtext>Dis</mtext>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$left(sigmaright)_{text{Dis}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>). The results of thermal fatigue tests show that the SDH88 exhibits better thermal fatigue resistance than that of H11. The crack propagation mechanism is transgranular. The new DRXed grain formed near the thermal crack with random orientation acts as a barrier to the thermal crack propagation. Finally, this work demonstrates that the new alloy composition design allows the application of maraging steels in die-casting steels with advantages in obtaining better TR and thermal fatigue resistance and potential for industrial production. A new approach for designing hot work die steel without quenching treatment during mold processing is proposed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 10","pages":"5048-5057"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward the Application of Multiaxial Failure Criteria: Mean Stress Sensitivity of Carbide-Rich, High-Alloy PM-HIP Tool Steels Under Axial and Torsional Cyclic Loading","authors":"Lennart Mirko Scholl,&nbsp;Frederik Tegeder,&nbsp;Tobias Hajeck,&nbsp;Alexander Bezold,&nbsp;Christoph Broeckmann","doi":"10.1002/srin.202501036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202501036","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Complex-shaped cold-work tools often fail due to fatigue. Therefore, the targeted designing of such tools against fatigue fracture under uni- and multiaxial cyclic loading is of great economic relevance for industry to increase productivity in metal cold forming. Besides wear resistance, fatigue strength is the most important lifetime-limiting factor for carbide-rich, high-alloy tool steels. When designing tools subjected to fatigue, material properties such as mean stress sensitivity and the ratio of torsional to axial fatigue strength must be considered, alongside further factors influencing the fatigue properties, including the degree of multiaxiality, non-proportionality, notch effects, or microstructural features. These properties have not yet been sufficiently studied, which makes it difficult to estimate tool service life under real operating conditions. In this work, long-life fatigue (LLF, <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>N</mi>\u0000 <mn>G</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>10</mn>\u0000 <mn>7</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$ &amp;#x00026;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;dollar;&amp;#x00026;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;dollar; {N}_{mathrm{G}} = {10}^{7} &amp;#x00026;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;dollar;&amp;#x00026;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;dollar; $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) properties under axial and torsional loading with systematic mean stress variation are presented for AISI M3, D2, and A11 steels. Furthermore, identified crack-initiating defect properties are correlated with LLF strengths, highlighting the crucial influence of steel cleanliness and intrinsic defect sizes related to the steelmaking process. Material-specific mean stress sensitivities and Haigh diagrams are provided, enabling verification of empirical estimations for cyclic material properties and continuous fitting approaches, based on an elaborated statistical fatigue database.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 10","pages":"5186-5220"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202501036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Microscopic Nonmetallic Inclusions in Powder Metallurgical High-Speed Steels","authors":"Manuel Schickbichler,&nbsp;Robert Musi,&nbsp;Martin Hafok,&nbsp;Christoph Turk,&nbsp;Gerald Schneeberger,&nbsp;Susanne Michelic","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500650","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study focuses on the application and comparison of advanced analytical methods for investigating nonmetallic inclusions (NMIs) in powder metallurgical (PM) high-speed steels based on the standards HS6-5-3C and HS10-2-5-8. Automated and manual scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are employed to analyze the size, distribution, and chemical composition of NMIs. Classical statistical approaches are complemented by the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) method, enabling the estimation of the largest inclusion size within a defined volume. Thermodynamic evaluations, based on SEM/EDS data and supported by Factsage databases, are utilized to determine the equilibrium phase composition of inclusions. The study highlights the integration of these methodologies, demonstrating their ability to provide a comprehensive assessment of steel cleanness for different sample conditions. The GPD method proves effective in estimating extreme inclusion sizes, while thermodynamic tools offer insights into phase distributions and chemical variability. This methodological framework establishes a robust foundation for future metallurgical research, particularly in understanding the relationship between NMIs and steel properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 10","pages":"5115-5122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202500650","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Viscous Dissipation on Wear Behavior and Hardness Evolution of Tool Steels in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Processing","authors":"David Zidar,&nbsp;Roman Staudigl,&nbsp;Walter Friesenbichler,&nbsp;Clemens Holzer","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500598","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the influence of viscous dissipation on the wear behavior and near-surface hardness of five tool steels during injection molding of glass-fiber-reinforced PA66. Wear tests are performed at two injection volume rates (IVR: 100 and 300 cm³ s⁻¹), supported by temperature monitoring, hardness profiling, and microscopic surface analysis. At low IVR, all steels show wear values below 0.4 mg with no detectable hardness loss, indicating suitability for long-term use under moderate conditions. Clear differences emerge at high IVR: the conventional steel X153CrMoV12-1 exhibits severe wear, while powder-metallurgical steels (X270CrVMo20-7-1, X190CrVMo20-4-1, HS6-5-3-8) display superior resistance. X270CrVMo20-7-1 shows the highest robustness, whereas X190CrVMo20-4-1 suffers pronounced hardness loss and stronger wear, performing similarly to HS6-5-3-8 but through different mechanisms. X190CrVMo20-4-1 relies on carbides at the expense of matrix stability, whereas HS6-5-3-8 retains wear resistance through its inherently high hardness, unaffected by viscous dissipation. The results demonstrate that wear resistance in polymer processing is governed not solely by carbide stability or matrix hardness, but by their interplay under thermomechanical loading. Viscous dissipation acts as a decisive factor amplifying material differences. These findings offer guidance for steel selection and provide evidence to refine wear models, especially for fiber–surface interactions and temperature-dependent material responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 10","pages":"5090-5102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202500598","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149176926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Situ Alloying of H13 Tool Steel With TiC via PBF-LB/M","authors":"Oliver Bürgi,&nbsp;Anke Kaletsch,&nbsp;Christoph Broeckmann","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500659","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In situ alloying via laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) has gained attention as an alternative to prealloyed powders. In this study, H13 tool steel is in situ alloyed with titanium carbides (TiC) in amounts up to 30 wt.%. This approach offers the advantage that the carbides melt only partially during processing, preventing excessive carbon enrichment of the steel matrix. Using suitable process parameters, samples with up to 15 wt.% TiC were successfully fabricated with relative density above 99.6 vol.%. The resulting microstructure consists of coarse, undissolved and fine, reprecipitated carbides, leading to grain refinement and an isotropic microstructure. By varying the scanning speed, the energy input and thus the degree of carbide dissolution can be controlled. As-built hardness values for powder mixtures with 10 wt.% TiC reach 590 HV30, which is higher than the maximum hardness achieved through subsequent hardening. The secondary hardness peak is reached with direct tempering for 4 h at 500°C with 659 HV30.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 10","pages":"5143-5153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202500659","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Heat Treatment and Scan Rotation on the Microstructure of Hot Work Tool Steel Manufactured using Laser Powder Bed Fusion","authors":"Negar Panahi,&nbsp;Fengxiang Lin,&nbsp;Christos Oikonomou,&nbsp;Mikael Grehk","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500294","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Additive manufacturing provides a unique opportunity to have freedom in design. Often it is necessary to perform post treatment processes on the printed component to adjust the mechanical properties. This is particularly true for martensitic H13 tool steels manufactured with laser-powder bed fusion, where repeated thermal cycles as a result of the addition of the new top layer, can give rise to columnar growth and microstructural inhomogeneities. Considering the unit size and texture of martensitic microstructure as directly influenced by the size of the prior austenite grains (PAGs), the focus of the investigation lies in the PAG size of the as-built (AB) and heat-treated conditions. Furthermore, four types of samples with different scan rotations (0°, 45°, 67°, and 90°) are investigated. The AB material displays a characteristic cell structure with cell boundaries enriched in alloying elements as well as nanosized carbides at triple junctions and intercellular regions. A key finding of this research is that the heat treatment gives rise to PAG size refinement as a result of recrystallization and pinning effect from carbide hindering the grain growth during austenitization.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 10","pages":"5038-5047"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202500294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiparameter Optimization and Dephosphorization Capacity Evaluation of Converter Slag Based on Response Surface Methodology, Industrial, and Laboratory Experiments","authors":"Han Sun,&nbsp;Jian Yang,&nbsp;Tongsheng Zhang,&nbsp;Dawei Cai,&nbsp;Yang Peng,&nbsp;Jianxiong Mo,&nbsp;Du Zhang,&nbsp;Jianhua Wang","doi":"10.1002/srin.202501119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202501119","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Based on a series of converter steelmaking dephosphorization industrial experiments, the present work uses response surface methodology (RSM) to investigate the interactive effects of four key parameters (temperature, slag basicity, P₂O₅ content, and FeO content) on dephosphorization of hot metal. The effectiveness of the optimized slag composition is verified through high-temperature hot metal dephosphorization laboratory experiments. The response surface quadratic model fitted on the basis of temperature, slag basicity, P₂O₅ content, and FeO content can accurately predict the hot metal dephosphorization ratio (<i>η</i>_P) and the phosphorus distribution ratio (<i>L</i>_P) between slag and steel. At the center point of the parameter range, the factors affecting the dephosphorization efficiency of hot metal are ranked in descending order as follows: temperature &gt; P₂O₅ content &gt; slag basicity &gt; FeO content. The response surface shows that the interaction between temperature and slag basicity has the greatest influence on <i>η</i>_P and <i>L</i>_P. Laboratory high-temperature experiments show that the average dephosphorization ratio of hot metal using RSM optimized design slag is 92.85%. The calculation results of FactSage software and the Ion-Molecule Coexistence Theory (IMCT) thermodynamic model show that the slag compositions optimized by RSM have good phosphorus enrichment properties, which proves the feasibility of RSM design for slag compositions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 9","pages":"4506-4524"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148862285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Steel Desulfurization: Thermodynamic, Kinetic, and Machine Learning Perspectives","authors":"Chunjie She,&nbsp;Ying Ren,&nbsp;Lifeng Zhang","doi":"10.1002/srin.202501087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202501087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Studies on desulfurization during the steelmaking process have been summarized. First, the detrimental effect of sulfur in the steel and desulfurization techniques was introduced. Desulfurization mechanisms influenced by desulfurization parameters and interfacial reactions were discussed, including sulfur capacity, sulfur partition ratio, and desulfurization index. Experimental and theoretical analyses were conducted to evaluate the effect of slag properties on desulfurization, specifically CaO/Al₂O₃, CaO/SiO₂, oxidation potential, melting point, and viscosity. Quantitative correlations between slag composition and desulfurization parameters were further established. Subsequently, theoretical modeling for predicting desulfurization processes was systematically summarized, including kinetic models, numerical simulations, and machine learning. Finally, opportunities and challenges in steel desulfurization were proposed, which provided new insights for the development of advanced desulfurization. By clarifying these mechanisms and prediction models, this review highlighted the importance of integrating thermal modeling with machine learning to guide slag design and process optimization, thereby improving the efficiency, robustness, and sustainability of desulfurization in modern steelmaking.</p>","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 9","pages":"4438-4457"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148862410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}