steel research international最新文献

Influence of Tool Steel Coating Thickness on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Copper Alloy Substrates Fabricated by Laser-Directed Energy Deposition 工具钢涂层厚度对激光定向能沉积铜合金基体力学和热性能的影响

IF 2.3 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2026-10-12 Epub Date: 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202500664

Zhao Zhao, Shanxiu Liu, Xue Bai, Matteo Perini, Massimo Pellizzari

{"title":"Influence of Tool Steel Coating Thickness on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Copper Alloy Substrates Fabricated by Laser-Directed Energy Deposition","authors":"Zhao Zhao, Shanxiu Liu, Xue Bai, Matteo Perini, Massimo Pellizzari","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500664","url":null,"abstract":"Depositing tool steel coatings on copper-alloy molds is an effective strategy to extend mold lifespan, owing to the high strength and ductility of tool steels. However, the coating thickness must be carefully optimized to ensure sufficient surface strength without significantly compromising the thermal dissipation efficiency of the mold. In this study, tool steel coatings with three thickness levels (1.2, 2.8, and 4.5 mm) are fabricated via laser-directed energy deposition to examine their influence on microstructure, microhardness, load-bearing capacity, and thermal conductivity. The results reveal that increasing coating thickness does not necessarily enhance load-bearing capacity: an improvement is observed when the thickness increases from 1.2 to 2.8 mm, whereas a further increase to 4.5 mm leads to a decline. Thermal conductivity exhibits a continuous decrease with increasing thickness. It drops from 159 to 115 J m−1 K−1 after depositing a 1.2 mm coating, and further decreases to 90 and 75 J m−1 K−1 for the 2.8 and 4.5 mm coatings, respectively. Overall, a coating thickness of 2.8 mm (five layers) is identified as optimal, achieving the balance between load-bearing capacity and thermal conductivity for mold surface applications.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 10","pages":"5154-5163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Microstructure, Defects, and Fatigue Response of High-Strength Tool Steels 高强度工具钢的显微组织、缺陷和疲劳响应

IF 2.3 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2026-10-12 Epub Date: 2026-04-28 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202500730

Katerina Chantziara, Jens Bergström, Dimitrios Nikas, Mikael Thomas Grehk

{"title":"Microstructure, Defects, and Fatigue Response of High-Strength Tool Steels","authors":"Katerina Chantziara, Jens Bergström, Dimitrios Nikas, Mikael Thomas Grehk","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500730","url":null,"abstract":"The martensitic tool steel family is designed for use in various working environments where they are subjected to repeatedly high mechanical loads. Despite the continuous upgrade of material´s microstructures through compositional development or processing techniques, defects remain a critical factor for the tool performance by leading to fatigue failure. The present study includes the investigation of six advanced high-strength tool steels. The materials include: (i) four cold-work tool steels (high-alloyed materials manufactured via powder metallurgy and further processed by hot isostatic pressing and forging) and (ii) two hot-work tool steels (one conventionally produced by ingot casting and forging and one produced by additive manufacturing). Fatigue tests were carried out at stress ratios of R = −1 and R = 0.1 using a servohydraulic machine in load control at 30 Hz frequency and/or an ultrasound machine in displacement control at 20 kHz frequency. Steel grades are compared based on their martensitic structures, fatigue initiation defect distributions, and fatigue strengths assessed using experimental results and a modified Murakami model. Within the cold-work group, the grade exhibiting a fine martensitic lath size distribution (0.71 μm) and the smallest defect size distribution (11 μm) demonstrated the highest fatigue performance (610 MPa). For the hot-work group, the two grades were of comparable fatigue strengths and defect size distribution (375 MPa and 42 μm for the conventional grade and 320 MPa and 37 μm for the additively manufactured grade), besides the finer martensite of the additively manufactured grade. The findings demonstrate that no single microstructural parameter is sufficient to ensure the highest fatigue resistance. Instead, overall performance is dictated by the combined balance of multiple interacting characteristics.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 10","pages":"5164-5176"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202500730","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Critical Impact of Cooling Rate on Intergranular Carbide Formation and Service Performance in 4Cr5Mo2V Steel 冷却速率对4Cr5Mo2V钢晶间碳化物形成及使用性能的影响

IF 2.3 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2026-10-12 Epub Date: 2025-09-14 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202500318

Boya Wu, Xincheng Gao, Xiaochun Wu

{"title":"Critical Impact of Cooling Rate on Intergranular Carbide Formation and Service Performance in 4Cr5Mo2V Steel","authors":"Boya Wu, Xincheng Gao, Xiaochun Wu","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500318","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates carbide precipitation along grain boundaries in 4Cr5Mo2V die-casting die steel during quenching and its detrimental effects on high-temperature service performance. Different cooling rates (0.05–1 °C s−1) from 1030 to 600 °C are applied to control intergranular carbide formation. Results show that slower cooling rates promote Cr-rich carbide precipitation along prior austenite grain boundaries, forming distinct lamellar structures that significantly degrade steel properties. Specifically, thermal stability tests at 600 °C reveal that samples with extensive intergranular carbides exhibit accelerated hardness loss within the first 4 h. High-temperature impact testing reveals severe degradation in toughness with increasing grain boundary carbide content. Fracture analysis confirms that increasing carbide precipitation induces a transition from quasi-cleavage (RT) and ductile fracture (600 °C) to cleavage (RT) and intergranular fracture (600 °C), directly correlating grain boundary carbides with embrittlement. These findings highlight that intergranular carbide precipitation resulting from inadequate quenching rates in large die-casting dies significantly compromises high-temperature strength and toughness of steel. Avoiding such precipitation is critical for ensuring superior high-temperature performance.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 10","pages":"5058-5068"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Back Cover: Influences of Cleanliness, Carbide Size, Hardness, and Residual Stresses on Long-Life Fatigue Strength and Crack-Initiation Mechanisms in Carbide-Rich Cold-Work Tool Steels Using Normalized S–N Curves and Database-Driven Validation of Murakami's √Area Model (steel research int. 10/2026) 基于归一化S-N曲线和数据库驱动的Murakami面积模型验证的高碳化物冷作工具钢中，清洁度、碳化物尺寸、硬度和残余应力对长寿命疲劳强度和裂纹萌生机制的影响[j]。10/2026)

IF 2.3 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2026-10-12 DOI: 10.1002/srin.70753

Lennart Mirko Scholl, Frederik Tegeder, Dhirendar Chauhan, Bengt Hallstedt, Tobias Hajeck, Alexander Bezold, Christoph Broeckmann

引用次数: 0

Additive Manufacturing of Hot-Work Tool Steel by In Situ Alloying Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion and Directed Energy Deposition—Strategies to Improve Chemical Homogeneity 激光粉末床熔合和定向能沉积原位合金化热作工具钢的增材制造——提高化学均匀性的策略

IF 2.3 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2026-10-12 Epub Date: 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202500356

Felix Großwendt, Sebastian Weber, Jonathan Lentz

{"title":"Additive Manufacturing of Hot-Work Tool Steel by In Situ Alloying Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion and Directed Energy Deposition—Strategies to Improve Chemical Homogeneity","authors":"Felix Großwendt, Sebastian Weber, Jonathan Lentz","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500356","url":null,"abstract":"The production of complexly shaped tools with integrated cooling channels by additive manufacturing represents a promising approach to minimize lead times and the material footprint in tool making. Unfortunately, typical carbon-martensitic steels suffer from cracking during additive manufacturing. To prevent cracking, adjustments in alloy design can be made. Therefore, modification of available powders by in situ alloying is promising. Thereby, an alloy is formed from a mixture of powders. This, however, can promote chemical inhomogeneous parts. This work investigates the possibility of improving the chemical homogenization of a powder mixture. As tracers, high-melting raw materials, ferrotungsten and ferromolybdenum, are included, which have proven challenging to be homogenized using additive manufacturing. Now, the effect of double laser exposure in laser powder bed fusion and of enlarged melt pools in directed energy deposition on the homogenization are analyzed. The chemical homogeneity is assessed statistically based on 2D-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry data. Furthermore, the local hardness is related to the chemical homogeneity. A guideline is given to which extent chemical inhomogeneities resulting from in situ alloying can be tolerated regarding mechanical properties and defect formation. The findings indicate that applying remelting in laser powder bed fusion is promising to produce parts of high geometric accuracy from powder mixtures.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 10","pages":"5069-5078"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202500356","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on AISI H11 and AISI H13 Tool Steels: A Comparative Study 低温处理对AISI H11和AISI H13工具钢影响的比较研究

IF 2.3 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2026-10-12 Epub Date: 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202500657

Tarang Shinde, Narendra B. Dhokey

引用次数: 0

HWTS 50 Tool Steel Tailored for Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Sliding Wear of Bare Surfaces and Nitriding Response in Comparison with 18Ni300 and AISI H13 激光粉末床熔合专用HWTS 50工具钢：与18Ni300和AISI H13的裸表面滑动磨损和氮化响应比较

IF 2.3 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2026-10-12 Epub Date: 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202500637

Jonathan Hann, Giorgia Lupi, Sylvain Dossin, Riccardo Casati, Mandanà Moshiri, Arne Röttger, Faraz Deirmina

{"title":"HWTS 50 Tool Steel Tailored for Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Sliding Wear of Bare Surfaces and Nitriding Response in Comparison with 18Ni300 and AISI H13","authors":"Jonathan Hann, Giorgia Lupi, Sylvain Dossin, Riccardo Casati, Mandanà Moshiri, Arne Röttger, Faraz Deirmina","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500637","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the properties and performance of Osprey HWTS 50, a lean hot work tool steel with 0.22 mass% carbon, manufactured via laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M). Its performance in sliding wear and gas nitriding tests is compared with wrought AISI-H13 and H11 (≈0.4 mass% carbon), as well as to PBF-LB/M-processed maraging steel (18Ni300). HWTS 50 is tested in three conditions: as-built (AB), directly double-tempered (DT, ≈50 HRC), and quenched and tempered (QT, ≈50 HRC). Results suggest that HWTS 50 variants exhibit comparable or slightly improved sliding wear resistance compared to wrought H13, outperforming the carbon-free 18Ni300 (≈54 HRC). Gas nitriding increases surface hardness in HWTS 50 to levels similar to wrought steels, but the nitriding hardness depth (NHD) is significantly greater. The deeper NHD is attributed to HWTS 50's lower chromium (≈3 mass%) and vanadium (≈0.5 mass%) contents, which enhance nitrogen diffusion and the high dislocation density from the PBF-LB/M process. Microscopical investigations show HWTS 50 develops a thicker compound layer (≈8 μm vs. ≈3 μm in wrought H13 and H11) and diffusion depth. XRD analysis confirms comparable nitride phases (i.e., Fe2-3N and Fe4N) form in the NHD across all materials.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 10","pages":"5103-5114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202500637","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Comparative Study of Directed Energy Deposition-Arc and Casting: Enhancing Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Hot-Work Tool Steels 定向能沉积电弧与铸造的对比研究：提高热加工工具钢的力学和热性能

IF 2.3 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2026-10-12 Epub Date: 2025-08-26 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202500424

Ulf Ziesing, Aaron Berger, Hendric Schaefer, Sebastian Weber, Jonathan Lentz

{"title":"A Comparative Study of Directed Energy Deposition-Arc and Casting: Enhancing Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Hot-Work Tool Steels","authors":"Ulf Ziesing, Aaron Berger, Hendric Schaefer, Sebastian Weber, Jonathan Lentz","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500424","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing using directed energy deposition-arc (DED-Arc/M) offers an efficient method for producing complex, medium-sized parts with minimal material waste. This makes it particularly attractive for rapid and cost-effective tool production for hot-working applications such as injection molding, die casting, hot-stamping, and forging. However, the rapid cooling and repeated thermal cycling during DED-Arc/M lead to microstructures that differ significantly from those in conventionally cast materials. While the mechanical properties of additively manufactured tool steels are well-documented, their thermophysical properties remain insufficiently studied. Thus, this work investigates the effects of DED-Arc/M processing on both mechanical and thermophysical properties of the hot-work tool steel AISI H13 (X40CrMoV5-1), in comparison to conventionally cast material. A novel statistical approach applies the Gini coefficient to quantitative EDS data to assess the homogeneity of alloying elements. The mechanical properties at elevated temperatures are evaluated through hardness, tensile, and compression testing, while thermal conductivity is measured between 50 and 500 °C. The results provide a comprehensive understanding of how DED-Arc/M influences microstructure and material performance. Overall, the findings highlight DED-Arc/M as a promising technology for manufacturing efficient, high-performance tools for hot-working applications.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 10","pages":"5079-5089"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202500424","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fatigue Strength in Additive Toolmaking: A Study of Metal Binder Jetting and Electron Beam Melting for Processing Carbide-Rich Cold-Work Tool Steels 增材制造工具的疲劳强度：金属粘结剂喷射和电子束熔化加工富碳化物冷作工具钢的研究

IF 2.3 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2026-10-12 Epub Date: 2026-04-21 DOI: 10.1002/srin.202500658

Frederik Tegeder, Lennart Mirko Scholl, Sandra Wieland, Christian Weck, Marie Franke-Jurisch, Alexander Bezold, Thomas Weißgärber, Christoph Broeckmann

{"title":"Fatigue Strength in Additive Toolmaking: A Study of Metal Binder Jetting and Electron Beam Melting for Processing Carbide-Rich Cold-Work Tool Steels","authors":"Frederik Tegeder, Lennart Mirko Scholl, Sandra Wieland, Christian Weck, Marie Franke-Jurisch, Alexander Bezold, Thomas Weißgärber, Christoph Broeckmann","doi":"10.1002/srin.202500658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500658","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing (AM) offers numerous possibilities for toolmaking, such as the integration of internal cooling structures, easy fabrication of complex tool geometries, or hybrid manufacturing. Another important aspect is the minimization of necessary post-processing steps through near-net-shape manufacturing, which enables needed cost and effort savings, especially for difficult-to-machine, carbide-rich tool steels. Previous studies have investigated laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) as a possible process. However, PBF-LB/M is not applicable to all steels. In this study, AISI A11 was successfully processed using metal binder jetting and electron beam melting both with optional hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The resulting microstructures were characterized depending on the AM process. Mechanical investigations enable appropriate microstructure–property correlations for fatigue performances. For additively manufactured A11, the high cycle fatigue (HCF, NG = 107) strengths are statistically evaluated under rotation bending tests. Those results are compared to conventional A11 PM produced via HIP and subsequent hot working. The results show that AM toolmaking of high vanadium alloyed, carbide-rich tool steels is a promising alternative to conventional steelmaking.","PeriodicalId":21929,"journal":{"name":"steel research international","volume":"97 10","pages":"5130-5142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/srin.202500658","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Contents: steel research int. 10/2026 内容：钢铁研究；10/2026

IF 2.3 3区材料科学

steel research international Pub Date : 2026-10-12 DOI: 10.1002/srin.70754

引用次数: 0