Risk AnalysisPub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1111/risa.14753
Michael R Greenberg, Karen W Lowrie
{"title":"Kenneth Olden: Whatever you do, do it well.","authors":"Michael R Greenberg, Karen W Lowrie","doi":"10.1111/risa.14753","DOIUrl":"10.1111/risa.14753","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21472,"journal":{"name":"Risk Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141493234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Risk AnalysisPub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-03-05DOI: 10.1111/risa.14290
Ruobing Li
{"title":"Is the \"avoidance\" group truly defensive? The interplay between perceived risk, efficacy, and behaviors.","authors":"Ruobing Li","doi":"10.1111/risa.14290","DOIUrl":"10.1111/risa.14290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examines the inconsistent theories surrounding the roles of perceived threat and efficacy in risk communication theories, focusing on behavioral changes during a public health crisis. Utilizing a two-wave panel survey, the research found a nuanced interaction between efficacy beliefs and risk perceptions in dictating individuals' engagement in protective or defensive behaviors. Notably, those with high risk perceptions but lower efficacy beliefs were more likely to engage in future protective behaviors, contradicting previous assumptions about the avoidance group's propensity for defensive reactions. These findings initiate a complex discussion on the dynamics of risk and efficacy perceptions influencing behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":21472,"journal":{"name":"Risk Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140040201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Risk AnalysisPub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-03-14DOI: 10.1111/risa.14287
Brent Vizanko, Leonid Kadinski, Christopher Cummings, Avi Ostfeld, Emily Zechman Berglund
{"title":"Modeling prevention behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic using Bayesian belief networks and protection motivation theory.","authors":"Brent Vizanko, Leonid Kadinski, Christopher Cummings, Avi Ostfeld, Emily Zechman Berglund","doi":"10.1111/risa.14287","DOIUrl":"10.1111/risa.14287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prevention behaviors are important in mitigating the transmission of COVID-19. The protection motivation theory (PMT) links perceptions of risk and coping ability with the act of adopting prevention behaviors. The goal of this research is to test the application of the PMT in predicting adoption of prevention behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Two research objectives are achieved to explore motivating factors for adopting prevention behaviors. (1) The first objective is to identify variables that are strong predictors of prevention behavior adoption. A data-driven approach is used to train Bayesian belief network (BBN) models using results of a survey of <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>7797</mn></mrow> <annotation>$N=7797$</annotation></semantics> </math> participants reporting risk perceptions and prevention behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. A large set of models are generated and analyzed to identify significant variables. (2) The second objective is to develop models based on the PMT to predict prevention behaviors. BBN models that predict prevention behaviors were developed using two approaches. In the first approach, a data-driven methodology trains models using survey data alone. In the second approach, expert knowledge is used to develop the structure of the BBN using PMT constructs. Results demonstrate that trust and experience with COVID-19 were important predictors for prevention measure adoption. Models that were developed using the PMT confirm relationships between coping appraisal, threat appraisal, and protective behaviors. Data-driven and PMT-based models perform similarly well, confirming the use of PMT in this context. Predicting adoption of social distancing behaviors provides insight for developing policies during pandemics.</p>","PeriodicalId":21472,"journal":{"name":"Risk Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140132440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Risk AnalysisPub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1111/risa.17639
Miao Wang, Yangle Song, Xinmin Zhang
{"title":"Climate risk and green total factor productivity in agriculture: The moderating role of climate policy uncertainty.","authors":"Miao Wang, Yangle Song, Xinmin Zhang","doi":"10.1111/risa.17639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.17639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In light of the escalating global warming and the escalating frequency of extreme weather events, the agricultural sector, being a fundamental and pivotal industry worldwide, is encountering substantial challenges due to climate change. Using Chinese provincial panel data for 2000-2021, this paper utilizes a two-way fixed-effect model to investigate the impact of Climate Risk (CR) on green total factor productivity in agriculture (AGTFP), with China's climate policy uncertainty (CPU) being introduced as a moderating variable within the research framework to scrutinize its influence in this context. The findings reveal a noteworthy adverse effect of CR on AGTFP, further exacerbated by CPU. Heterogeneity analysis results show that there is a clear regional variation in the effect of CR on AGTFP across different Chinese regions, with CR significantly inhibiting AGTFP development in the northern regions and provinces in major grain producing regions. Consequently, there is a pressing necessity to bolster the establishment of climate change monitoring infrastructures, devise tailored climate adaptation strategies at a regional level, and enhance the clarity and predictability of climate policies to fortify the resilience and sustainability of agricultural production systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":21472,"journal":{"name":"Risk Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142111564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Risk AnalysisPub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-03-19DOI: 10.1111/risa.14295
Alexander J Edwards, Marco-Felipe King, Catherine J Noakes, Daniel Peckham, Martín López-García
{"title":"The Wells-Riley model revisited: Randomness, heterogeneity, and transient behaviours.","authors":"Alexander J Edwards, Marco-Felipe King, Catherine J Noakes, Daniel Peckham, Martín López-García","doi":"10.1111/risa.14295","DOIUrl":"10.1111/risa.14295","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Wells-Riley model has been widely used to estimate airborne infection risk, typically from a deterministic point of view (i.e., focusing on the average number of infections) or in terms of a per capita probability of infection. Some of its main limitations relate to considering well-mixed air, steady-state concentration of pathogen in the air, a particular amount of time for the indoor interaction, and that all individuals are homogeneous and behave equally. Here, we revisit the Wells-Riley model, providing a mathematical formalism for its stochastic version, where the number of infected individuals follows a Binomial distribution. Then, we extend the Wells-Riley methodology to consider transient behaviours, randomness, and population heterogeneity. In particular, we provide analytical solutions for the number of infections and the per capita probability of infection when: (i) susceptible individuals remain in the room after the infector leaves, (ii) the duration of the indoor interaction is random/unknown, and (iii) infectors have heterogeneous quanta production rates (or the quanta production rate of the infector is random/unknown). We illustrate the applicability of our new formulations through two case studies: infection risk due to an infectious healthcare worker (HCW) visiting a patient, and exposure during lunch for uncertain meal times in different dining settings. Our results highlight that infection risk to a susceptible who remains in the space after the infector leaves can be nonnegligible, and highlight the importance of incorporating uncertainty in the duration of the indoor interaction and the infectivity of the infector when estimating risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":21472,"journal":{"name":"Risk Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140158960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Risk AnalysisPub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-02-27DOI: 10.1111/risa.14285
Howard Kunreuther, Lynn Conell-Price, Bohan Li, Paul Kovacs, Katsuichiro Goda
{"title":"Influence of a private-public risk pool and an opt-out framing on earthquake protection demand for Canadian homeowners in Quebec and British Columbia.","authors":"Howard Kunreuther, Lynn Conell-Price, Bohan Li, Paul Kovacs, Katsuichiro Goda","doi":"10.1111/risa.14285","DOIUrl":"10.1111/risa.14285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article describes the design and analysis of web-based choice experiments that examine how the demand for earthquake protection in Quebec and British Columbia (BC), Canada, is influenced by the default option and the structure of the insurance plan. Homeowners in both provinces were given the opportunity to purchase protection against earthquake losses when presented with one of the following options: the current private insurance plan and proposed public-private Risk Pools with different levels of the public layer. The default frame was changed so the homeowner could either opt-in by purchasing this coverage or opt-out of being given this protection and receiving a premium discount. Assigning participants to the public-private Risk Pools rather than the current private insurance plan increases the likelihood of purchasing earthquake insurance protection by an odds ratio of 2.7 or greater in BC and Quebec. Furthermore, opt-out enrollment design substantially increases take-up of earthquake protection relative to opt-in enrollment. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21472,"journal":{"name":"Risk Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139983715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Risk AnalysisPub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1111/risa.17636
Ianis Chassang, Odile Rohmer, Bruno Chauvin
{"title":"Cultural values, risk characteristics, and risk perceptions of controversial issues: How does cultural theory work?","authors":"Ianis Chassang, Odile Rohmer, Bruno Chauvin","doi":"10.1111/risa.17636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.17636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cultural theory and the psychometric paradigm are two frameworks proposed to explain risk perceptions, mostly used independently of each other. On the one hand, psychometric research identified key characteristics of hazards responsible for their level of perceived riskiness. On the other hand, cultural studies provided evidence that different worldviews lead to divergent perceptions of risk in a way supportive of individuals' cultural values. The purpose of this research was to combine both approaches into mediational models in which cultural values impact risk perceptions of controversial hazards through their influence on the characteristics associated with those hazards. Using data from an online survey completed by 629 French participants, findings indicated specific associations between cultural values and risk characteristics, both of them exhibiting effects on risk perceptions that depend largely on hazardous issues. More specifically, we found that people confer specific characteristics on hazards (common or dreadful, beneficial or costly, affecting few or many people), depending on whether they are hierarchists-individualists, egalitarians, or fatalists; in turn, such characteristics have an impact on the perceived riskiness of hazards such as cannabis, social movement, global warming, genetically modified organisms, nuclear power, public transportation, and coronavirus. Finally, this article discussed the interest of addressing the mechanisms that explain how cultural values shape individuals' perceptions of risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":21472,"journal":{"name":"Risk Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142111565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Risk AnalysisPub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1111/risa.17638
Ignacio Macpherson, Juan J Guardia, Isabel Morales, Belén Zárate, Ignasi Belda, Wendy R Simon
{"title":"Risk management during times of health uncertainty in Spain: A qualitative analysis of ethical challenges.","authors":"Ignacio Macpherson, Juan J Guardia, Isabel Morales, Belén Zárate, Ignasi Belda, Wendy R Simon","doi":"10.1111/risa.17638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.17638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study examines the reflections of various experts in risk management when asked about uncertainty generated by a health threat and the response to such a threat: what criteria should guide action when potential harm is anticipated, but not known with certainty? The objective of the research is to obtain a holistic perspective of ethical conflicts in risk management, based on experts' accounts within the Spanish territory. A qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 27 experts from various fields related to health risk management and its ethical implications, following the grounded theory method. The method includes theory generation through an inductive approach, based on the identified categories. The 27 narratives obtained revealed a variety of fundamental issues grouped into 8 subcategories and subsequently grouped into three main categories. The first category focuses on human vulnerability in health matters. The second category explores the agents and instruments for decision-making that arise from uncertain or traumatic social events. The third category refers to the need for common ethical paradigms for all humanity that implement justice over universal values. A main theory was suggested on the concept of responsibility in a global common good. There is an urgent need to assume this integrative responsibility as an inherent strategy in decision-making. To achieve this, the involved actors must acquire specific humanistic training, conceptualizing fundamental ethical principles, and emphasizing skills more related to humanistic virtues than technical knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":21472,"journal":{"name":"Risk Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142111568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Risk AnalysisPub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1111/risa.17453
Andrea C Hupman, Juan Zhang, Haitao Li
{"title":"Predicting pharmaceutical supply chain disruptions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Andrea C Hupman, Juan Zhang, Haitao Li","doi":"10.1111/risa.17453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.17453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Disruptions to the pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) have negative implications for patients, motivating their prediction to improve risk mitigation. Although data analytics and machine learning methods have been proposed to support the characterization of probabilities to inform decisions and risk mitigation strategies, their application in the PSC has not been previously described. Further, it is unclear how well these models perform in the presence of emergent events representing deep uncertainty such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This article examines the use of data-driven models to predict PSC disruptions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using data on generic drugs from the pharmacy supply chain division of a Fortune 500 pharmacy benefit management firm, we have developed predictive models based on the naïve Bayes algorithm, where the models predict whether a specific supplier or whether a specific product will experience a supply disruption in the next time period. We find statistically significant changes in the relationships of nearly all variables associated with product supply disruptions during the pandemic, despite pre-pandemic stability. We present results showing how the sensitivity, specificity, and false positive rate of predictive models changed with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and show the beneficial effects of regular model updating. The results show that maintaining model sensitivity is more challenging than maintaining specificity and false positive rates. The results provide unique insight into the pandemic's effect on risk prediction within the PSC and provide insight for risk analysts to better understand how surprise events and deep uncertainty affect predictive models.</p>","PeriodicalId":21472,"journal":{"name":"Risk Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142111566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Risk AnalysisPub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1111/risa.17634
Md Ferdousul Haque Shikder, Yili Tang, Eman Almehdawe, Jefferson Cruz Araújo
{"title":"Risk incident analyses in the transportation of anhydrous ammonia as an emerging clean energy resource.","authors":"Md Ferdousul Haque Shikder, Yili Tang, Eman Almehdawe, Jefferson Cruz Araújo","doi":"10.1111/risa.17634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.17634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anhydrous ammonia has seen a rapid increase in demand due to recent developments in clean energy technologies. As it is a potential carrier of hydrogen, the transportation industry is currently facing significant logistic challenges as well as safety risks. Based on the causes and effects, this study categorizes incident patterns based on the historical incidents from 1971 to 2021 in the United States during transportation. Analysis of temporal patterns revealed that government regulations and improvement of safety infrastructures have made the biggest impact on lowering incident rates. Spatial analysis methods are also applied to understand the relationships between these incidents and spatial factors, such as land area, number of ammonia production facilities, total average production capacity, and total length of freight railway and highway in each US state. The spatial and temporal patterns and interpretations provide safety references to manage the growing hazardous transport in clean energy.</p>","PeriodicalId":21472,"journal":{"name":"Risk Analysis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142111567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}