Haein Oh, Na Yeong Kong, Sung-Won Jung, Hee-Cheol Kim, Shin Kim, Junho Kang, Hojun Lee
{"title":"Cytokine-Related Genes and Inflammatory Profiles as Potential Biomarkers in Major Depressive Disorder.","authors":"Haein Oh, Na Yeong Kong, Sung-Won Jung, Hee-Cheol Kim, Shin Kim, Junho Kang, Hojun Lee","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0013","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2025.0013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Based on the neuroimmunological hypothesis of major depressive disorder (MDD), we analyzed the existing research to identify cytokine-related genes associated with MDD. Furthermore, we examined the cytokine alterations in patients with MDD as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to MDD were identified using the GEO2R tool on public datasets, followed by functional enrichment analyses with Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using Cytoscape to identify hub genes. Finally, blood samples from 20 patients with MDD and 10 healthy controls were analyzed using the Olink® Target 96 Inflammation panel with proximity extension assay (PEA) technology to identify potential protein biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two GEO datasets related to MDD were analyzed to identify 66 common DEGs. Following the PPI analysis, 46 genes were identified. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were closely related to immune-related pathways. Subsequent blood sample analysis of patients with MDD and healthy controls confirmed that 18 cytokines related to 46 DEGs were significantly upregulated. Among the identified cytokines, oncostatin M (OSM) showed the highest receiver operating characteristic (ROC) performance (area under the curve [AUC]=0.96), followed by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) (AUC=0.95), cluster of differentiation 6 (CD6) (AUC=0.90), and tumor necrosis factor superfamily 14 (TNFSF14) (AUC=0.90).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study confirms that neuroinflammation is an important pathophysiological aspect of MDD and that several related cytokines, such as OSM, HGF, CD6, and TNFSF14, may be potential biomarkers of MDD.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"858-869"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12370437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144754137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
So-Jung Kim, Jae-Hon Lee, Hwi-Young Cho, Inkyoung Park
{"title":"Effects of the Mindful Somatic Psychoeducation Program on the Mental Health of Unmarried Mothers: A Randomized Control Trial.","authors":"So-Jung Kim, Jae-Hon Lee, Hwi-Young Cho, Inkyoung Park","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0056","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2025.0056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the effects of the mindful somatic psychoeducation program (MSPP) on the mental health of unmarried mothers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixteen unmarried mothers with children aged 0-5 years were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG, n=8) or control group (CG, n=8). The IG participated in an 8-week MSPP, while the CG maintained their usual routines. Pre- and post-assessments included the Resilience Quotient (RQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Physical Self-Description Questionnaire. Quantitative data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney U tests. Qualitative interviews were analyzed using Giorgi's phenomenological method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The IG showed significant improvements in self-regulation, positivity, and overall resilience (p<0.05). Anxiety and depression levels significantly decreased (p<0.05), and self-esteem improved (p<0.05), while no significant changes were found in the CG. Qualitative findings revealed: 1) changes in the soma (e.g., improved posture, pain relief), 2) enhanced mind-body integration (e.g., emotional regulation through breath and movement), and 3) increased mindfulness and self-regulation (e.g., reduced self-blame, improved parenting responses).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study confirmed that MSPP helps unmarried mothers experience positive changes in physical, psychological, and social variables. These results serve as empirical foundational data for expanding the application areas of the MSPP and for research aimed at promoting the health of unmarried mothers.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"897-905"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12370429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144754138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sangha Kim, Chaeyeon Yang, Suh-Yeon Dong, Seung-Hwan Lee
{"title":"Enhancing Electroencephalogram-Based Prediction of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Treatment Response Using Data Augmentation.","authors":"Sangha Kim, Chaeyeon Yang, Suh-Yeon Dong, Seung-Hwan Lee","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0133","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2025.0133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to improve the prediction of treatment response in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by applying a variational autoencoder (VAE)-based data augmentation (DA) approach to electroencephalogram (EEG) data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>EEG spectrograms were collected from patients diagnosed with PTSD. A VAE model was pretrained on the original spectrograms and used to generate augmented data samples. These augmented spectrograms were then utilized to train a deep neural network (DNN) classifier. The performance of the model was evaluated by comparing the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) between models trained with and without DA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The DNN trained with VAE-augmented EEG data achieved an AUC of 0.85 in predicting treatment response, which was 0.11 higher than the model trained without augmentation. This reflects a significant improvement in classification performance and model generalization.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>VAE-based DA effectively addresses the challenge of limited EEG data in clinical settings and enhances the performance of DNN models for treatment response prediction in PTSD. This approach presents a promising direction for future EEG-based neuropsychiatric research involving small datasets.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"914-920"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12370427/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144776126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nur Nihal Türkel, Muhammed Hakan Aksu, İrem Ekmekçi Ertek, Behçet Coşar
{"title":"The Effect Emotion Regulation Difficulties on Interoceptive Awareness and Alexithymia: An Example of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry.","authors":"Nur Nihal Türkel, Muhammed Hakan Aksu, İrem Ekmekçi Ertek, Behçet Coşar","doi":"10.30773/pi.2024.0368","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2024.0368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated the relationships among interoceptive awareness, difficulties in emotion regulation, and alexithymia in a group of outpatients undergoing consultation liaison psychiatry (CLP).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three hundred forty outpatients who applied to the Consultation Liaison Psychiatry Department were included in the study. Thirty-four patients who did not complete the questionnaires for various reasons were excluded from the study. Multidimensional Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA-2), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-16), and Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) were applied to the participants. Statistics were performed with SPSS 21.0. Mediation analysis examined the relationship between interoceptive awareness, difficulties in emotion regulation, and alexithymia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was found that 32% of outpatients who applied to CLP exhibited high alexithymic features. According to the study's results, interoceptive awareness had a significant negative relationship with difficulty in emotion regulation (r=-0.487, p<0.001). According to mediation analysis, difficulty in emotion regulation mediated the relationship between interoceptive awareness and alexithymia (β=-0.313; 95% confidence interval, -0.405 to -0.227; p<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrated the mediating effect of emotion regulation difficulties on the relationship between interoceptive awareness and alexithymia in outpatients applying to CLP. The use of interoception-based practices by mental health professionals working with CLP may reduce emotion control and alexithymia symptoms in this patient group.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"906-913"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12370430/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144776138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arsalan Haider, Kadir Uludag, Huixia Zhou, Li Hong, Zhang Wei
{"title":"Investigating the Quality of Family Relationships and Goal Attainment: Analyzing the Mediating Role of Psychological Distress.","authors":"Arsalan Haider, Kadir Uludag, Huixia Zhou, Li Hong, Zhang Wei","doi":"10.30773/pi.2024.0273","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2024.0273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Late adolescence and young adulthood are crucial periods when individuals rely on family support to navigate challenges like identity formation and career decisions. Supportive families aid in coping during this transition. This study examines the links between family quality of life (FQoL), goal attainment, and psychological distress in the Pakistani cultural context.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Of the 300 students in this cross-sectional study, 52.0% were men, and 48.0% were women. The study employed the Beach Centre Family Quality of Life Scale to assess students' well-being within a familial context, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 to measure psychological distress, and the Goal Achievement Questionnaire (goal achievement mastery [GA-M] and goal achievement performance [GA-P]) to evaluate goal orientation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GA-M was negatively associated with depression, stress, family interaction, and parenting but positively linked to anxiety. Conversely, GA-P was positively associated with psychological distress. Women students scored higher on GA-P (t(298)=-3.41, p<0.001). In contrast, men scored higher on Physical/Material Well-being (t(298)=2.35, p<0.01). Additionally, FQoL positively predicted GA-P via depression and stress but negatively predicted GA-M via depression and stress.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FQoL is closely linked to students' GA-M and GA-P, with depression and stress as indirect mediators. These findings underscore the critical role of familial support in shaping goal achievement.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":"22 7","pages":"775-785"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12301684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144708593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cognitive Function as a Predictor of Short-Term Pharmacological Treatment Response in Major Depressive Disorder: Mediating Effect of Mentalization.","authors":"Seon Hee Hwang, Myung Sun Kim, Byung Joo Ham","doi":"10.30773/pi.2024.0203e","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2024.0203e","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"833"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12306940/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144601371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Combination of Two Primary Screening Instruments (K-SCQ and K-SRS-2) and Setting of New Cutoff Values to Improve Diagnostic Accuracy of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Young Children.","authors":"Yoojeong Lee, Guiyoung Bong, Da-Yea Song, Heejeong Yoo","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0015","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2025.0015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to explore the diagnostic validity of primary screening instruments (Korean version of the Social Communication Questionnaire [K-SCQ] and Korean version of Social Responsiveness Scale second edition [K-SRS-2]) in Korean children aged 10-60 months and to examine patterns of validity across age. Additionally, we aimed to propose new cutoff values specific to age subgroups.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 1,326 children (autism spectrum disorder [ASD], n=822, M=41.79, SD=10.28; non-ASD, n=504, M=32.48, SD=10.88) divided by age (10-17, 18-29, 30-41, 42-53, and 54-60 months) who completed the instruments and underwent clinical best-estimate diagnostic evaluation. An optimal screening strategy was sought by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) based on instrument combinations. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to determine the optimal novel cutoff values for the instruments in each age subgroup.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The validity of individual instruments varied significantly across age subgroups. However, there was some improvement in validity when applying \"either K-SCQ or K-SRS-2,\" especially in children aged 30 months and older (sensitivity, 83.3%-94.9%; specificity, 58.1%-90.9%; PPV, 21.7%-98.5%; NPV, 65.3%-96.2%). Estimated cutoff for K-SCQ were 13.5, 9.5, 10.5, 7.5, and 9.5 for ages 10-17, 18-29, 30-41, 42-53, and 54-60 months respectively (sensitivity, 82.4%-92.2%; specificity, 74.8%-90.9%). Estimated cutoffs for K-SRS-2 were 58.5, 54.5, 55.5, 55.5, and 52.5 for ages 10-17, 18-29, 30-41, 42-53, and 54-60 months, respectively (sensitivity, 50.0%-94.1%; specificity, 80.3%-97.7%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In children aged 30 to 60 months, the combination of either K-SCQ or K-SRS-2 allowed for accurate screening of ASD. To further improve accuracy, adjusted cutoff values can be applied based on age subgroups.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"757-765"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12304546/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144310335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Mok Oh, Jeongmi Yoon, Euihyun Kwak, Kyungae Kim, Minyoung Sim
{"title":"Effectiveness of the Maeum Program in a Stabilization-Focused Psychological Intervention for Trauma Survivors.","authors":"In Mok Oh, Jeongmi Yoon, Euihyun Kwak, Kyungae Kim, Minyoung Sim","doi":"10.30773/pi.2024.0324","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2024.0324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Although stabilization-centered interventions alleviating posttraumatic symptoms are well known, scant scientific evidence exists examining interventions on individuals who have experienced various traumatic events in South Korea. This study examined the effectiveness of a Maeum Program, developed by the National Center for Disaster and Trauma, based on the principles of stabilization and psychoeducation for trauma survivors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Maeum Program for trauma survivors consists of psychoeducation and stabilization and imagery techniques conducted in a modular manner. From April 2018 to August 2023, 45 trauma survivors participated in the program. Trained mental health professionals conducted the program over 4-10 sessions. The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Patient Health Questionnaire-15, Insomnia Severity Index, and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory were used at pre- and post-intervention. Paired t-tests were performed to test the effectiveness of the Maeum Program. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to identify differences in psychiatric symptoms before and after the Maeum Program, after controlling for demographic factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After the Maeum Program, psychiatric symptoms showed significant reductions in the post-intervention test, while post-traumatic growth increased. Compared with personal trauma, participants who experienced natural and man-made disasters showed a sharp decrease in somatic symptoms after the program.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study examined the effectiveness of a stabilization-centered intervention program for individuals who had experienced both disasters and personal trauma, for the first time in South Korea. We suggest that this evidence-based program should be delivered across the country and contribute to reducing mental suffering from trauma.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":"22 7","pages":"741-747"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12301679/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144708592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mi Ran Choi, Younghoon Chon, Joongbum Cho, Changwoo Han, Yeung-Bae Jin, Sang-Rae Lee, Dai-Jin Kim
{"title":"Increase of α-Synuclein in the Peripheral Blood of Subjects with Methamphetamine Use Disorder.","authors":"Mi Ran Choi, Younghoon Chon, Joongbum Cho, Changwoo Han, Yeung-Bae Jin, Sang-Rae Lee, Dai-Jin Kim","doi":"10.30773/pi.2023.0389","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2023.0389","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Methamphetamine (MA) use has created significant public health problems worldwide. Its chronic abuse causes neurotoxicity resulting in disruption of neural plasticity and early onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, there is need for a biomarker to evaluate the neurotoxicity caused by MA. This study investigates the expression levels of α-synuclein (α-Syn), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in the blood of patients with MA use disorder to identify potential biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected blood samples from 60 subjects (30 normal healthy controls and 30 patients with MA use disorder [MA group]). We used multiplex assay kits to analyze the expression levels of α-Syn, BDNF, and NSE in the blood of these subjects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory scale scores were significantly different between the control and MA groups. The expression level of α-Syn in the MA group was significantly increased compared to that in the control group (z value=-1.986, p=0.0473). In contrast, BDNF in the MA group tended to increase as the duration of MA use increased (r=0.323, p=0.082).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We identified an increase of α-Syn in the blood of the MA group. This finding suggests that the α-Syn level increases in the brain after exposure to MA by passing through the blood brain barrier. This result provides useful information for potential biomarkers in diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases caused by MA abuse.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"786-795"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12301680/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144601373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ha-Yeon Kim, Ju-Wan Kim, Hee-Ju Kang, Ju-Yeon Lee, Sung-Wan Kim, Il-Seon Shin, Byung Jo Chun, Min-Gon Kim, Jae-Min Kim
{"title":"Prospective Associations of Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Employment on Suicidal Behaviors Over 1 Year in Depressive Patients Receiving Psychopharmacotherapy.","authors":"Ha-Yeon Kim, Ju-Wan Kim, Hee-Ju Kang, Ju-Yeon Lee, Sung-Wan Kim, Il-Seon Shin, Byung Jo Chun, Min-Gon Kim, Jae-Min Kim","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0044","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2025.0044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study explored both the individual and combined effects of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (sTNF-α) levels and employment status on suicidal behavior (SB) in patients with depressive disorders undergoing pharmacologic treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Baseline measurements of sTNF-α levels were taken, and employment status was determined. Over a 1-year period of stepwise pharmacotherapy, SB was monitored and categorized into increased suicidal severity and fatal/non-fatal suicide attempts. Logistic regression models adjusted for relevant covariates were used to analyze the individual and interactive associations between sTNF-α levels, employment status, and these two forms of SB.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Unemployment was significantly associated with both forms of SB, whereas sTNF-α levels alone did not show a significant correlation. However, lower sTNF-α levels combined with employment were associated with the lowest incidence rates of both SB categories, demonstrating significant interactive effects after adjustment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study demonstrates that the prospective associations of sTNF-α levels for SB is enhanced when combined with employment status in patients receiving pharmacological treatment for depressive disorders. These findings suggest that integrating biological markers with socio-economic factors can improve the assessment and management of suicide risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"748-756"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12301683/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144601375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}