Psychiatry Investigation最新文献

{"title":"The Impact of Death Anxiety and Spirituality Level on Psychological Well-Being of Geriatric Home Care Patients: Machine Learning Approach.","authors":"Mehmet Uçar, Metin Yildiz","doi":"10.30773/pi.2026.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2026.0010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the effects of death anxiety and spirituality on the psychological well-being of geriatric home care patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional design was conducted between January and June 2024 with 280 individuals aged ≥65 years living in a provincial center in eastern Türkiye. Data were collected using the personal information form, Spiritual Orientation Scale, Psychological Well-being Scale, and Death Anxiety Scale. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, and machine learning based Shapley value analysis were applied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Psychological well-being was significantly associated with death anxiety and spirituality. Lower death anxiety (t=-4.253, p<0.001) and higher spirituality (t=4.728, p<0.001) were linked to better psychological well-being. Shapley value analysis identified spirituality as the strongest predictor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Reducing death anxiety and enhancing spirituality may improve psychological well-being in geriatric home care patients. Integrating spirituality-based psychosocial interventions into geriatric care may strengthen emotional resilience and quality of life. Future longitudinal studies are recommended to better understand the causal relationships between death anxiety, spirituality, and psychological well-being in geriatric home care populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147779707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personality and Psychotic-Like Features in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder With Severe Depression: An Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Schizophrenia Scale Analysis.","authors":"Young Kyung Moon, Kayoung Song, Sora Lee, Hayun Choi","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0403","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2025.0403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aimed to identify factors influencing the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) Schizophrenia scale (T_Sc) among patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who underwent both Clinician Administered PTSD Scales (CAPS) and MMPI-2.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively reviewed 119 patients who underwent CAPS and MMPI-2 from May 2013 to November 2022 at Veteran Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. Based on the Korean-Beck Depression Inventory-II (K-BDI-II), the PTSD patients (n=64) were classified into severe depression group (K-BDI-II ≥29; n=43) and less-severe depression group (K-BDI-II <29; n=21). Correlations among K-BDI-II, CAPS, and MMPI-2 scales were examined, and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of T_Sc after adjusting for potential confounders (e.g., age, sex, CAPS scores, MMPI-2 scales).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The severe depression group had significantly higher T_Sc scores (p<0.001). T_Sc was strongly correlated with K-BDI-II scores (r=0.70, p<0.001). In regression analysis, PTSD patients with severe depression (K-BDI-II ≥29) showed higher T_Sc than those without severe depression after adjustment for age, sex, and CAPS; however, this association was attenuated after further adjustment for additional covariates. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that MMPI-2 restructured clinical (RC) scales, -particularly Demoralization was associated with T_Sc score.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PTSD patients frequently exhibit elevated T_Sc scores, particularly when severe depression coexists. However, the independent contribution of depression diminishes when underlying personality and psychopathological traits including demoralization are considered. These findings highlight the necessity of individualized MMPI-2 interpretation and tailored clinical strategies for this subgroup.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":"23 4","pages":"520-529"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13084272/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147691910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental Health Admissions in Child and Adolescents Over Pandemic Period: A Health Records Study.","authors":"Remzi Oğulcan Çıray, Mutlu Muhammed Özbek","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0338","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2025.0338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to numerous changes worldwide. Due to restrictive measures, hospital admission patterns changed in child and adolescent psychiatry, as in all other medical specialties. Although there are studies investigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, research examining the reasons for hospital admissions and changing trends among children and adolescents remains limited.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used data from the hospital information system of a university hospital and included patients aged 0-18 years. Data were analyzed across three periods: one year before the pandemic, one year during the pandemic, and one year after the complete lifting of all COVID-19-related restrictions. All 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases \"F\" diagnostic codes were included in the analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 7,500 unique admissions were included. Diagnostic distributions differed significantly across periods (p<0.001). The leading causes of admission were attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (23.5%, n=1,766), psychiatric evaluation (16.3%, n=1,223), and childhood- and adolescent-onset disorders (13.6%, n=1,022). The diagnosis of other childhood- and adolescent-onset behavioral and emotional disorders (F98) showed significant changes in the pre-pandemic period and as a secondary diagnosis post-pandemic.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Changes in hospital admissions during the pandemic, especially for neurodevelopmental and severe mental disorders (e.g., autism), suggest stable overall admission rates but a possible increase in externalizing problems. It was suggested that the pandemic did not directly increase psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents but was associated with an increase in externalizing problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"539-547"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13084280/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147434843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Trends in Counseling for Stress and Depression Among Adults, 2009-2024, Considering the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Nationwide Representative Study in South Korea.","authors":"Seungjae Byun, Kyeongeun Kim, Hyesu Jo, Christa J Nehs, Damiano Pizzol, Dong Keon Yon, Jiseung Kang","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0463","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2025.0463","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Despite the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global mental health, few studies have examined changes in the demand for mental health counseling over time. This study investigated 16-year national trends in counseling for stress and depression in South Korea, with a focus on the pandemic's impact and evolving population-level risk factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study analyzed trends in stress and depression counseling using data from 3,195,912 Korean adults in the Korea Community Health Survey (2009-2024). Counseling was defined by self-reported responses. The period was categorized as pre-pandemic (2009-2019), intra-pandemic (2020-2022), and post-pandemic (2023-2024). Weighted logistic regression was used to assess prevalence trends, high-risk groups, and changes in risk patterns over time.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of counseling for stress steadily increased from 1.54% (2009-2010) to 2.16% (2017-2019), peaked at 3.06% in 2022 during the pandemic, and remained elevated at 2.97% in 2023-2024. Depression counseling showed a similar pattern. Higher rates were consistently observed among young adults, women, those with poor self-rated health, and individuals with sleep <6 or ≥8 hours. Notably, while low education was a key pre-pandemic risk factor, counseling increased more among highly educated individuals during the pandemic.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic affected mental health counseling in South Korea and led to the emergence of new at-risk groups. Sustained high counseling rates among young adults and the highly educated highlight the need for targeted, population-specific interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":"23 4","pages":"556-575"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13084277/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147691851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technostress in the Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence: Mental Health Implications in Medical Education.","authors":"Yoo Jin Um","doi":"10.30773/pi.2026.0068","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2026.0068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has rapidly expanded across education. While its educational benefits are widely recognized, concerns are emerging regarding its potential psychological impact. This narrative review aimed to synthesize current evidence on GenAI-related technostress and associated mental health risks among medical trainees and educators.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A narrative review was conducted based on a systematic search of PubMed, supplemented by reference list tracking. Publications from January 2010 to January 2026 were considered, with emphasis on studies published after the release of ChatGPT in 2022.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Emerging evidence suggests that GenAI use introduces increased demands, including cognitive monitoring burden, ambiguity regarding appropriate use, and performance-related pressures. These factors may contribute to technostress, digital fatigue, and emotional strain. Medical trainees appear particularly vulnerable due to high-stakes evaluation, academic integrity concerns, and ongoing professional identity formation, whereas educators more commonly experience role overload, techno-uncertainty, and concerns about professional displacement. Conceptual integration with stress-vulnerability and problematic technology use models suggests potential pathways linking GenAI exposure to anxiety, burnout, sleep disturbance, and dependency-like use patterns.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GenAI is emerging not only as a powerful educational tool but also as a potential source of technology-related psychological strain. Informing by psychiatric perspectives strategies and clear institutional guidance may be essential to maximize the benefits of GenAI while mitigating its unintended mental health risks in medical education settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"437-441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13084270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147475157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of COVID-19-Related Influencing Variables and Post-Traumatic Growth Differences Depending on the Type of Depressive Symptoms Using Latent Profile Analysis.","authors":"Jinhee Hyun, Seok-Joo Kim, Heeguk Kim, Sunju Sohn, Yun-Kyeung Choi, Jong-Sun Lee, Jong-Woo Paik, So Hee Lee, Yu-Ri Lee","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0390","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2025.0390","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Most existing empirical studies conducted on the public regarding the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have categorized depressive symptoms based on average scores. However, few studies have investigated the actual patterns of depressive symptoms for the public in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. To address this limitation, this study conducted latent profile analysis and analyzed the predictors and outcomes according to the types of depressive symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study participants were 2,110 adults aged 19 to 71 years who completed the questionnaire for the 5th COVID-19 National Mental Health Survey conducted in March 2021.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The three latent profiles were as follows: \"overall low-level group\" (59.9%), \"lethargy and physical symptoms group\" (29.8%), and \"overall high-level group\" (10.3%). Among predictors, younger age, experience of physical and mental health problems of the individual, experience of the indifference of the society/community to the loss and damage, experience of conflict with family members, experience of conflict and distrust with neighbors, experience of fear of personal information disclosure, low level of stress from the trend of media coverage, experience of rows over liability or legal disputes were associated with the likelihood of being classified into the overall high-level group. Analyzing the difference in post-traumatic growth according to the type of depressive symptoms, the overall highlevel group showed the lowest level of post-traumatic growth.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Considering the identified predictors, effective strategies need to be established to prevent the aggravation of depressive symptoms and to provide adequate interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":"23 4","pages":"498-509"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13084279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147691917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Longer Always Better? Clinical Validation of the Korean Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale With a Comparison of 5-Item Versus 11-Item Versions.","authors":"Bin-Na Kim, Yongmin Shin, Jungkyu Park, Ji Hyun Baek","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0241","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2025.0241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale (ASRM) has been recommended as a brief and psychometrically promising tool for the self-reporting of (hypo)manic symptoms. However, there is a shortage of validation in clinical samples, and none for the newly developed 11-item version. Thus, this study aimed to test the reliability and validity of the ASRM-11 in comparison with the ASRM-5.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Through a retrospective chart review, self-reported data on the Korean ASRM (K-ASRM) were collected from 122 patients diagnosed with either bipolar or depressive disorder via a (semi)structured diagnostic interview. They were interviewed individually using the Korean Young Mania Rating Scale (K-YMRS). The reliability, construct, convergent, and diagnostic validity were also examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The reliability of both versions of the K-ASRM ranged from good to excellent. Factor analyses revealed a unifactorial solution for K-ASRM-5, while a dual-factor structure emerged for K-ASRM-11, corresponding to the bright and dark sides of (hypo)mania. Moreover, both versions demonstrated a significant positive correlation with the total K-YMRS score. In the receiver operating curve analysis, the discriminating ability of both versions was fair when distinguishing manic from non-manic patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both the K-ASRM-5 and K-ASRM-11 demonstrated comparable levels of sound psychometric properties, which supports their continued usage in research and clinical practice. It is necessary to test potential utility of the K-ASRM-11 for symptom monitoring and treatment response because of its additional coverage of dark-side (hypo)manic symptoms, including irritability and impulsivity, which are considered important for the quality of life of patients with bipolar disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"460-467"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13084271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147434083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of Neuropsychiatric Disorders After Pediatric Delirium in Children Under 12: A Cohort Study.","authors":"Ching-Fang Sun, Chih-Sung Liang, Yingxing Wu, Kiran Khalid, Rebecca E Mardis, Anita S Kablinger","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0034","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2025.0034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Delirium is known to be related to neuropsychiatric comorbidities as long-term consequences in adult patients. However, the risk of major neuropsychiatric disorders after pediatric delirium remains largely unexplored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed de-identified electronic health records (2013 to 2023) from the TriNetX Research network, a network with more than 111 million patients. Patients under age 12 years with delirium and a control group without delirium were identified and matched by age, sex, race, ethnicity, and physical comorbidities at a one-to-four ratio. We applied Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis to assess the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 618 pediatric patients with delirium were included, demonstrating a 2.15-fold higher risk of neuropsychiatric disorders than controls without delirium (hazard ratio [HR] with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.15, 1.82-2.56). The 5-year freedom from these disorders was 68.5% (95% CI, 65.5-71.8) in the study cohort, whereas it was 49.8% (95% CI, 44.1-56.2) in the control cohort. Subgroup analysis showed that children aged 6 years or younger were more likely to be diagnosed with externalizing disorder, including substance use disorder (HR=4.34; 95% CI, 2.00-9.44; p<0.001), intellectual disability (HR=1.71; 95% CI, 1.27-2.30; p<0.001), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (HR=2.25; 95% CI, 1.16-4.34; p=0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pediatric patients with delirium are at increased risk of major neuropsychiatric disorders compared to their control counterparts without delirium. Clinicians need to be aware of early symptoms and signs suggesting major neuropsychiatric disorders during the long-term follow-up period.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":"23 4","pages":"442-450"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13084275/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147691874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Earthquake Survivors of the February 6 Turkey Earthquakes: The Mediating Role of Hopelessness in the Relationship Between Psychological Resilience and Posttraumatic Embitterment Symptoms.","authors":"Mustafa Akan, Suheyla Unal, Feyza Inceoglu","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0383","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2025.0383","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Following the February 6 earthquakes, survivors faced intense psychological distress, including feelings of disappointment, perceived injustice, and anger-leading to adverse effects on their well-being. Although earthquakes are not human-induced, the abundance of human errors further exacerbated the situation. These outcomes may have triggered symptoms of Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder (PTED) among survivors. The present study examined the mediating role of hopelessness in the relationship between this resilience and PTED symptoms among individuals who experienced the February 6 earthquakes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional online study was conducted in Malatya, one of the severely affected regions, between July 20, 2023 and January 20, 2024. Participants completed the PTED Scale, the Psychological Resilience Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and a sociodemographic form through an online survey. The data obtained were analyzed, and structural equation modeling was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The final sample included 801 participants (mean age=37.82±11.03 years), of whom 48.6% (n=389) exhibited PTED symptoms. Hopelessness was found to mediate the relationship between psychological resilience and embitterment. Together, psychological resilience and hopelessness accounted for 43.7% of the variance in embitterment (R²=0.437).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PTED should be considered among the psychological outcomes of earthquakes. The findings highlight the therapeutic potential of hope-based interventions for PTED and underscore the importance of preventive measures targeting vulnerable populations in disaster-affected regions. Our findings can guide health authorities in structuring post-disaster mental health services and assist in developing health policies in this regard.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":"23 4","pages":"548-555"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13084269/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147691858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric Properties of the Korean Version of the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale in the General Population and Among Individuals Reporting Insomnia.","authors":"Seockhoon Chung, Jana Sleiman, Mohd Ashik Shahrier","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0277","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2025.0277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to explore the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale (GSES) using item response theory among both the general population and individuals who report insomnia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We aimed to collect 300 individuals from the general population for Study I and 600 from the general population complaining of insomnia for Study II. Psychometric properties of the GSES were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and item response theory. Convergent validity was examined with the Insomnia Severity Index, Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep-6, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, sleep indices, and the discrepancy between desired time in bed and desired total sleep time index.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 208 participants from Study I and 477 from Study II were ultimately analyzed. CFA for the single-factor model of the GSES showed a good fit in both Study I (comparative fit index [CFI]=0.986, Tucker-Lewis index [TLI]=0.980, root-mean-square error of approximation [RMSEA]=0.066, standardized root-mean-square residual [SRMR]=0.043) and Study II (CFI=0.990, TLI=0.986, RMSEA=0.081, SRMR=0.057). The GSES demonstrated strong psychometric properties under both the Rasch and graded response models, with good item fit, high reliability, and effective discrimination across a range of ability levels. Some items provided limited information, indicating that future validation should explore underutilized response categories and include more diverse samples. The GSES was significantly correlated with other rating scales in both Studies I and II.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Korean version of the GSES is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing individuals' anticipatory concerns regarding sleep.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":"23 4","pages":"479-487"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13084268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147691867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}