Psychiatry Investigation最新文献

{"title":"Combined Associations of Diabetes and Depressive Symptoms on Cognitive Impairment Risk in the Population Aged 60 or Older: Cross-Cohort Comparisons From NHANES and CHARLS.","authors":"Siheng Ma, Qilong Wang, Dongrong Zhao, Huaning Wang, Min Cai","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0446","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2025.0446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Diabetes mellitus (DM) and cognitive impairment (CoI) are correlated, but the combined impact of depressive symptoms on CoI risk in older adults remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 1,200 U.S. adults aged ≥60 years (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES) and 1,500 Chinese adults (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, CHARLS). DM was defined by laboratory measures or self-report; depressive symptoms were assessed via the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (NHANES) and CES-D-10 (CHARLS); CoI was measured using the CERAD battery (NHANES) and situational memory/mental integrity scores (CHARLS). Multivariate logistic regression estimated associations of DM and depressive symptoms with CoI. Additive interaction was evaluated by the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion (AP), and synergy index (S). Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses examined nonlinear DM-depressive symptoms interactions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both DM and depressive symptoms were independently and significantly associated with CoI. After multivariate adjustment, diabetic patients exhibited significantly increased CoI risk; depressive symptoms similarly elevated CoI risk. Interaction analysis revealed an additive effect when DM co-occurred with depressive symptoms in CHARLS but not in NHANES. Mediation analyses further suggest bidirectional associations: in CHARLS, diabetes and depressive symptoms appear to mediate each other's effects on CoI. Additionally, RCS analysis in NHANES indicated a nonlinear interaction between depressive symptom severity (PHQ-9) and DM on CoI (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The observed associations varied across cohorts, with a significant additive interaction between diabetes and depressive symptoms found only in the CHARLS cohort. Integrating metabolic and mental health screening and interventions may optimize cognitive outcomes in high-risk older adult populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":"23 9","pages":"1183-1195"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13571867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disruptive, Impulse-Control, & Conduct Disorders in South Korean Children & Adolescents.","authors":"JungYun Go, Jung Hyun Lee, MinKyung Jo, Subin Park","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0421","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2025.0421","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Though disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders (DICCD) represent significant public health challenges in Korea, diagnosis-specific epidemiological data remain limited. This study investigated DICCD's prevalence, risk factors, and psychiatric comorbidities as distinct diagnostic entities in a nationally representative sample of Korean children and adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from the National Mental Health Survey of Korea-Child & Adolescent 2022 (6,275 participants aged 6-17 years) were analyzed. Diagnoses were made using the Korean version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Computerized Version, based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Sociodemographic and parental characteristics, lifestyle variables, and psychiatric comorbidities were assessed. Multivariable logistic regression analyses identified risk factors and comorbidity patterns.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prevalence rates were 2.76% for DICCD, 2.52% for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and 0.61% for conduct disorder (CD). ODD and CD shared risk factors-adolescent age (15-17 years), parental anxiety, and child sleep problems-but also exhibited distinct risk factor profiles. ODD was associated with parental depression, maternal employment, and excessive screen use, and CD with male sex and rural residence. Comorbidity patterns also differed. ODD was associated with mood disorders. CD exhibited elevated risks for substance use disorders and suicidal behavior.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This first nationally representative study demonstrated distinct prevalence rates and risk factors for DICCD, ODD, and CD in Korean children and adolescents. Disorder-specific comorbidity patterns require tailored prevention and treatment approaches. The findings underscore the clinical importance of maintaining diagnostic distinctions and implementing comprehensive psychiatric screening protocols for high-risk adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":"23 9","pages":"1196-1207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13571863/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the Symptom Networks of Depression, Anxiety, and Their Comorbidity Among Chinese Individuals Under Community Correction.","authors":"Yichao Lv, Ruyong Li, Zhe Hou, Xinze Liu, Xinyuan Zou, Minmin Cai, Xiangping Liu, Shanshan Chen, Yanqiang Tao","doi":"10.30773/pi.2026.0103","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2026.0103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Individuals under community correction are a high-risk population for anxiety and depression, which frequently co-occur. However, the symptom network structures of anxiety, depression, and their comorbidity in this population remained unexplored. This study addresses this gap using a network analysis approach.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 818 Chinese individuals under community correction (134 females, 684 males; over 95% aged 18-60 years) completed the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Separate symptom networks for anxiety and depression were estimated to identify central symptoms using expected influence (EI), while a comorbidity network was estimated to identify bridge symptoms using bridge EI and bridge betweenness. Directed acyclic graph (DAG) analyses were then conducted to identify potential trigger symptoms and further clarify the roles of central and bridge symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 36.7% and 13.1% of participants reported depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively, with 11.0% exhibiting comorbidity. In the anxiety network, \"panic\" (SAS-03) was the central symptom (highest EI) and the key trigger symptom in the DAG. In the depression network, \"emptiness\" (SDS-18) was the central symptom, while \"fatigue\" (SDS-10) was the key trigger. In the comorbidity network, \"insomnia\" (SAS-19), \"sleep disturbance\" (SDS-04), and \"fatigue\" were identified as bridge symptoms. In the comorbidity DAG, \"fatigue\" acted as a key trigger, facilitating the transmission from depression to anxiety via \"sleep disturbance\" and \"insomnia.\"</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study preliminarily examined the phenomenon and mechanisms of anxiety, depression, and their comorbidity among individuals under community correction, providing new insights for intervention planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":"23 9","pages":"1081-1095"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13571869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Media Addiction in Adolescents and the Effect of Emotional Intelligence on Ghosting.","authors":"Ramazan İnci, Sevgi Köroğlu Gökbel, Hatice Kiliçkiran Doğan, Nursel Gül, Kübra Yesin, Metin Yıldız","doi":"10.30773/pi.2026.0122","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2026.0122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study was conducted to examine the effect of social media addiction and emotional intelligence on ghosting among adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between June and September 2025 using an online survey method. The study was conducted with 425 adolescents aged 10-19 years living in Batman, Türkiye. R programming language 4.1.3, G*Power 3.1, and SPSS-22 programmes were used in the analysis of the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It has been determined that the model is meaningful and usable in hierarchical regression analysis (F(2,422)=30.392, p=0.001). The level of social media addiction and emotional intelligence levels together explain 12.2% of the total variance in ghosting levels (R2=0.122). It was determined that an increase in participants' social media addiction levels (t=4.895, p<0.001) and a decrease in their emotional intelligence levels (t=-4.021, p<0.001) were significantly associated with higher levels of ghosting. SHAP values show the extent to which each variable influences the model's predictions and the magnitude of this influence. According SHAP values, social media addiction is identified as the most important variable in predicting the ghosting variable.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Participants' increased social media addiction and decreased emotional intelligence were found to be associated with higher levels of ghosting. Longitudinal studies on ghosting among adolescents are recommended. Furthermore, the implementation of educational and intervention programs aimed at regulating social media use and enhancing emotional intelligence skills in adolescents is suggested.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":"23 9","pages":"1172-1182"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13571861/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging Genes and Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Contributions of OXTR Gene Variants and Methylation to Brain Connectivity Patterns.","authors":"Narae Yoon, Sohui Kim, Mee Rim Oh, Johanna Inhyang Kim, Jong-Min Lee, Bung-Nyun Kim","doi":"10.30773/pi.2026.0065","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2026.0065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate how genetic variants and epigenetic modification of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) relate to resting-state functional connectivity (FC) alterations and core symptom severity in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recruited 43 children with ASD and 54 typically developing (TD) children. Participants underwent OXTR genotyping and DNA methylation analysis (including CpG site 924), resting-state functional MRI, and standardized clinical assessments of ASD symptom severity. Group differences in within- and between-network FC were evaluated, and diagnosis-by-genotype/methylation interaction analyses were performed. Associations between FC measures and clinical severity scores were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Children with ASD showed decreased FC within and between major brain networks compared with TD children. OXTR genetic variants and hypermethylation further moderated these group differences. Specifically, risk alleles of two OXTR single nucleotide polymorphisms and hypermethylation at CpG 924 were associated with decreased FC in ASD but increased FC in TD children, suggesting a diagnosis-dependent, potentially compensatory pattern in typical development. FC measures were significantly associated with ASD severity scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings link OXTR genetic and epigenetic variation to network-level brain connectivity alterations and clinical symptoms in ASD, supporting an integrated neurobiological model that bridges molecular variation and behavior. Multimodal approaches incorporating epigenetics and neuroimaging may facilitate personalized, mechanism-based strategies for ASD.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"1131-1142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13571870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148819395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Control Buffers the Association Between Aggression and Problematic Internet Gaming in Adolescents.","authors":"Yeon Jung Lee, Jung Ho Kim","doi":"10.30773/pi.2026.0110","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2026.0110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Problematic internet gaming is an increasing mental health concern in adolescence; however, not all individuals exposed to known risk factors develop maladaptive gaming behaviors. Although aggression and self-control have each been linked to gaming-related problems, their interactive effects remain insufficiently understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study examined whether self-control moderates the association between aggression and problematic internet gaming among adolescents. Baseline data from 1,914 first-grade middle school students participating in the internet gaming disorder cohort study (Internet User Cohort for Unbiased Recognition of Gaming Disorder in Early Adolescence) were analyzed. Gaming-related problems were assessed using the Internet Gaming Use-Elicited Symptom Screen. Aggression and self-control were measured with validated self-report scales. Depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms were included as covariates. Group differences were examined using t-tests and chi-square tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Moderation analyses tested whether self-control altered the association between aggression and gaming-related problems. Self-control significantly moderated the association between aggression and gaming-related problems, such that higher self-control attenuated the positive relationship between aggression and problematic gaming. Gaming-related problems were more prevalent among males, adolescents whose parents had a high school education or lower, and those not residing in two-parent households.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Self-control influences the strength of the association between aggression and maladaptive gaming behaviors in adolescence, underscoring its role as a protective factor in problematic internet gaming.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":"23 9","pages":"1123-1130"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13571859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Thought Induction Psychotherapy Technique's Clinical Effectiveness in Treating Adolescent Depression and Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Yaqi Feng, Rong Zhang, Lingyun Fan, Jing Tang, Jingxia Zhang","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0163","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2025.0163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We evaluated the clinical effectiveness of low resistance state thought induction psychotherapy (TIP) in treating adolescent depression and anxiety.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2600119490). One hundred adolescent patients with depression and anxiety admitted to hospital between January 2022 and December 2023 was randomly divided into a control and an experimental group, with 50 cases in each group. The control group received routine pharmacotherapy alone, while the experimental group received TIP technique as an add-on intervention based on the same pharmacotherapy with a treatment course of 3 months. Anxiety scores, electrocardiogram (ECG), liver and kidney function, and hematological parameters were compared between groups at each post-treatment time point. Analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis H, and Mann-Whitney tests were used for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After treatment, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale scores in the experimental group were significantly decreased compared with those in the control group at 2 and 3 months post-treatment (p<0.017). The incidence of abnormal ECG in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (p=0.017). All the indicators of the experimental group were lower than those of the control group. Hemoglobin and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group at 3 months (p<0.017).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TIP as an add-on intervention can significantly reduce the incidence of abnormal ECGs and the damage to liver and kidney function, alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety in adolescent patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":" ","pages":"1163-1171"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13571865/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148819375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delayed Diagnosis of Narcolepsy: Family History and Clinical Features as Predictive Factors.","authors":"Eun Hye Lee, Tae-Won Kim, Young-Chan Kim, Su-Hyung Kim, Yoo Hyun Um, Ho Jun Seo, Jong-Hyun Jeong, Seung Chul Hong","doi":"10.30773/pi.2026.0124","DOIUrl":"10.30773/pi.2026.0124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Narcolepsy often begins in adolescence, yet diagnosis is frequently delayed. This study aimed to identify factors associated with delayed diagnosis of narcolepsy, defined as more than 1 year between symptom onset and diagnosis, focusing on age at onset, clinical symptoms, and family history.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recruited 235 patients with clinically diagnosed narcolepsy from St.Vincent's Hospital in South Korea. Participants completed an online survey assessing age at symptom onset, diagnostic timing, clinical features, and family history of sleep disorders. Patients were classified into a non-delay group (diagnosis within 1 year, n=53) and a delay group (diagnosis after 1 year, n=182). Group differences were analyzed using independent t-tests and chi-square tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean diagnostic delay was 0.49±0.50 years in the non-delay group and 10.96±8.37 years in the delay group. The delay group had a significantly younger age at symptom onset than the non-delay group (15.13±4.88 vs. 17.89±7.91 years, p=0.002). Diagnosis in the delay group typically occurred only after marked functional impairment due to excessive daytime sleepiness. Cataplexy showed a nonsignificant trend toward earlier diagnosis, while other narcolepsy symptoms and family history were not associated with diagnostic timing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Earlier age at onset is the strongest risk factor for delayed diagnosis of narcolepsy. Neither symptom profile nor family history reliably facilitates early recognition. Proactive screening and improved awareness among clinicians and families are needed to reduce diagnostic delay and its psychosocial burden.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":"23 9","pages":"1107-1113"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13571862/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148963715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of Trust and Reliance on Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Settings: A Study on Physicians' Use of Large Language Model in Psychiatric Symptom Assessment.","authors":"Ji-Min Kim, Seong Hoon Jeong","doi":"10.30773/pi.2025.0330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2025.0330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated physicians' use of large language model (LLM)-generated assessments in psychiatric symptom evaluation and factors influencing their acceptance of artificial intelligence (AI) suggestions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve psychiatrists evaluated 50 anonymized psychiatric case vignettes, rating the presence and severity of 73 symptoms using a 4-point Likert scale. After initial assessment, they reviewed GPT-4o's symptom ratings and could revise their evaluations. Accuracy was measured against a gold standard established by expert consensus. We computed initial (I), LLM (L), and revised (R) accuracy scores using percent agreement and weighted kappa. Performance improvement was measured by relative kappa increase. Regression analyses examined the influence of task difficulty and user competence on accuracy improvement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LLM assessments outperformed initial physician ratings in both agreement (90.4% vs. 82.9%, p<0.001) and kappa (0.713 vs. 0.559, p<0.001). After revision, physician performance improved (κ=0.651) but remained below LLM levels. The switch rate-cases where physicians revised in response to LLM disagreement-was modest (25.4%), indicating partial reliance on AI. Performance gains were positively associated with LLM accuracy and negatively associated with users' own baseline competence, suggesting that less confident users rely more on LLM assistance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Physicians demonstrated limited but strategic trust in LLM outputs, adjusting their judgments more when the LLM was accurate or when their own competence was lower. Miscalibrated trust-excessive skepticism or overreliance-led to missed gains. Effective human-AI collaboration in psychiatry requires tools and training for accurate self-assessment and AI trust calibration to avoid the pitfalls of algorithm aversion or overreliance.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":"23 8","pages":"1035-1046"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13485387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148797569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Following Parkinson's Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.","authors":"Youngoh Bae, Seondeok Seo, Daewon Yang, Hohyun Jung, Seung Won Lee","doi":"10.30773/pi.2026.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2026.0038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Psychotic symptoms are common in Parkinson's disease (PD), yet it remains unclear whether these manifestations reflect transient, medication-related phenomena or an increased risk of clinically diagnosed schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). This study aimed to evaluate the long-term risk of incident SSD following PD using a nationwide population-based cohort and to assess whether this risk varies across demographic, lifestyle, and metabolic subgroups.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database from 2012 to 2023. Individuals newly diagnosed with PD were identified using repeated International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes and matched 1:5 with controls using propensity scores. Incident SSD was defined by repeated ICD-10 diagnoses. Incidence rates, incidence rate ratios, Kaplan-Meier curves, and Cox proportional hazards models were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 5,110 patients with PD and 25,550 matched controls, 128 and 177 incident cases of SSD were identified, respectively. The incidence rate of SSD was higher in the PD group than in controls (7.09 vs. 1.75 per 1,000 person-years), yielding an IRR of 4.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.23-5.09). PD was associated with an increased risk of SSD after multivariable adjustment (adjusted hazard ratio 4.90; 95% CI, 3.52-6.81), with particularly elevated risk among individuals younger than 60 years.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PD was associated with a substantially increased long-term risk of SSD. These findings suggest that psychotic manifestations following PD may reflect persistent psychiatric morbidity rather than transient symptoms alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":21164,"journal":{"name":"Psychiatry Investigation","volume":"23 8","pages":"1071-1079"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13485388/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148797598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}