Quintessence international最新文献

{"title":"Multidimensional analysis of dental unit waterline biofilms: integration of morphologic observation and microbial diversity assessment.","authors":"Senye Lin, Peiqi Ren, Yihuai Pan","doi":"10.3290/j.qi.b6444204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3290/j.qi.b6444204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To comprehensively characterize dental unit waterline (DUWL) biofilms through integrated analysis combining scanning electron microscopy and high-throughput sequencing, examining structural features and microbial community composition across different tubing sections.</p><p><strong>Method and materials: </strong>For each of the eight dental units with high-speed handpiece waterlines in continuous clinical service for ≥6 months at a university dental hospital, three 2-cm segments were collected from proximal, middle, and distal sections (total n=24). Scanning electron microscopy evaluated biofilm coverage percentage and morphology across 10 fields per specimen using a 9-grid quantification method. Microbial communities were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region sequencing with subsequent bioinformatic processing through QIIME2. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and PERMANOVA to assess sectional differences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Scanning electron microscopy revealed a gradient of biofilm coverage increasing from proximal (31%) to middle (87%) and distal sections (nearly 100%). Structural features included partially detached biofilm fragments and distinctive bulging bacterial aggregates. Molecular analysis identified Proteobacteria as the predominant phylum, followed by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, with significant variations in community composition between sections. The distal section showed the highest microbial diversity, with significant differences observed in Chao1 richness (P =.025), observed species (P =.025), and ODS coverage (P =.024) between study groups. Principal coordinate analysis confirmed distinct clustering patterns among biofilm communities from different tubing sections.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This multidimensional analysis achieved its aim of comprehensively characterizing DUWL biofilms, establishing that heterogeneous distribution patterns warrant section-specific monitoring approaches for effective contamination control.</p>","PeriodicalId":20831,"journal":{"name":"Quintessence international","volume":"0 0","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144795205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of edentulous span length on complete-arch intraoral scanner accuracy: a comparative in vitro study.","authors":"Yaniv Mayer, Yarden Berg, Or Kfir, Alessio Triestino, Zvi Gutmacher, Luigi Canullo","doi":"10.3290/j.qi.b6394659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3290/j.qi.b6394659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Statement of problem: </strong>While intraoral scanners (IOS) demonstrate high accuracy in single-tooth and partial-arch applications, their reliability in full-arch scans with varying edentulous spans remains uncertain. Increasing span length may compromise scanning accuracy and prosthetic outcomes.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess the influence of edentulous span length on the accuracy of two IOS devices Primescan (Dentsply Sirona) and Trios 3 (3Shape) in complete-arch scenarios. The hypothesis was that accuracy would decline with increasing span length, with performance differences between scanners.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>An in vitro study was conducted using a maxillary complete-arch model with a central incisor implant. Twelve span-length scenarios (FA1-FA12) were created by sequentially removing adjacent teeth. Each condition was scanned 10 times using both IOS devices (n = 240). A laboratory scanner (Identica blue, MEDIT) provided reference scans. Trueness (vs. reference) and precision (intra-group) were evaluated using root mean square (RMS) error. Scans were aligned via automatic and local best-fit in Medit Design. Statistical analysis included two-way mixed ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, and linear regression with Bonferroni correction (α = 0.004).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Trios 3 demonstrated lower overall RMS values (0.296 ± 0.043 mm) than Primescan (0.338 ± 0.049 mm), with significant differences in 9 of 12 scenarios (p < 0.001). Correlation with span length was stronger for Primescan (R² = 0.892) than Trios 3 (R² = 0.674). Both devices showed high reliability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Increasing edentulous span length negatively impacts scanner accuracy. Devices demonstrating consistent performance are preferable for reliable full-arch digital workflows.</p>","PeriodicalId":20831,"journal":{"name":"Quintessence international","volume":"0 0","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144732900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges in primary biopsies of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a comparative study of factors affecting biopsy success in Finnish patients.","authors":"Lauri Liukkonen, Tuula Salo, Johanna Snäll","doi":"10.3290/j.qi.b6394647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3290/j.qi.b6394647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the success of biopsy quality in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of the oral cavity.</p><p><strong>Method and materials: </strong>This retrospective study included patient records of primary OSCC patients, diagnostic pathology reports of the primary biopsies, and corresponding resection tumor sections. The outcome variable was unsuccessful biopsy, defined as an inconclusive biopsy specimen for proper OSCC diagnosis. The primary predictor variable was the biopsy method used, grouped as punch or scalpel biopsy. Secondary predictor variables were sample area, depth, site, and number of samples. Patient- and tumor-related variables, background of the healthcare professional, and the healthcare unit were analyzed as additional predictor variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data from 312 OSCC patients were included in the study. Primary biopsy was inconclusive in 7.7% of the cases. Area with punch biopsies yielded smaller (P<.001) but diagnostically as accurate samples as scalpel biopsies. Biopsies from the floor of the mouth and gingiva had higher failure rates, while tongue and palate biopsies had higher success rates (P=.037). Punch and scalpel biopsies had similar diagnostic reliability. There were deficiencies in the documentation of prognostic features of the OSCC. Inflammation was the most consistently reported (33.3% in biopsies, 43.9% in resection samples), while tumor budding was documented in only one-third of biopsy samples (6.4%) compared to final resection samples (18.6%). Depth of invasion was reported in 55.1% of biopsies, with 6.1% indicating a minimum invasion depth.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>General dentists must be both alert and properly trained to perform biopsies. However, considering the internationally varying role of general dentists in biopsy procedures, this requirement must be understood within the context of each country's healthcare system. OSCC biopsies generally yield high diagnostic success; however, small biopsy size especially impairs diagnostic accuracy. Ensuring larger or several biopsy samples in general and ensuring representative biopsies from particularly challenging areas, such as gingiva and floor of the mouth, improves the likelihood of conclusive diagnosis in primary OSCC diagnostics. Additionally, clinicians should pay more attention not only to the area but also to biopsy depth. Taken together, there may be a need for more precise biopsy guidelines and protocols for lesions suspicious for OSCC to optimize patient treatment planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":20831,"journal":{"name":"Quintessence international","volume":"0 0","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144732899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical evaluation of photobiomodulation therapy and local 1.2% atorvastatin gel as an adjunct to subgingival instrumentation in patients with stage II periodontitis: a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Dinesh Babu Ashokan, Magesh Kumar Shekar, Kalaiselvan Dharani, Ebenezer Mani, Priyanka Pampani, Balaji Ravichandran","doi":"10.3290/j.qi.b6218534","DOIUrl":"10.3290/j.qi.b6218534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy versus local 1.2% atorvastatin gel as an adjunct to subgingival instrumentation in the treatment of stage II or III periodontitis.</p><p><strong>Method and materials: </strong>In this randomized study, a total of 60 individuals with pocket depths of 4 to 7 mm bilaterally in both sexes (men and women) who were 25 years old or older, diagnosed with stage II or III periodontitis were selected. In total, 60 patients with at least four teeth demonstrating pocket depth of ≥ 4 to 7 mm were selected. Exclusion criteria included patients with systemic conditions, smokers, pregnant or lactating women, and those who had received periodontal therapy or antibiotics within the previous 6 months. Baseline clinical parameters including full-mouth plaque scores, full-mouth bleeding scores, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment level were recorded. All the eligible patients underwent supra- and subgingival instrumentation. The patients were then randomly divided into two groups. Group A: 30 patients (120 pocket sites) received photobiomodulation therapy with 680 nm for 60 sec (6 J/cm2) with 0.1 W power. Group B: 30 patients (120 pocket sites) received 1.2% atorvastatin gel as local drug delivery. After application of the local drug, the treated periodontal pockets were secured with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. Patients were recalled at baseline and after 1 month and 3 months, and clinical periodontal parameters were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On intergroup comparison, there were notable improvements in all clinical parameters at the 3-month interval after subgingival instrumentation in combination with photobiomodulation or local drug delivery. In the intragroup comparison, at the 3-month interval, the reduction in probing depth and clinical attachment gain were more significantly evident in group B (1.2% atorvastatin gel) compared to Group A (photobiomodulation). These findings are consistent with the available literature, which recognizes subgingival instrumentation as an effective nonsurgical therapy for periodontitis. Adjunctive treatment modalities are widely investigated to determine whether they can further enhance the clinical outcomes achieved by subgingival instrumentation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The principal results of this study showed improved periodontal status and significant improvements in clinical parameters in patients in Group B (1.2% atorvastatin gel). Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that both photobiomodulation and 1.2% atorvastatin gel can be effectively used as adjuncts to subgingival instrumentation in the treatment of periodontitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":20831,"journal":{"name":"Quintessence international","volume":"0 0","pages":"514-527"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fractal analysis evaluation of regenerated bone in grafted and graftless maxillary sinus elevation procedures.","authors":"Ayşe Gül Öner Talmaç, Alaettin Koç, Ahmet Cemil Talmaç, Levent Ciğerim, Metin Çalışır, Emre Gürkan Eroğlu","doi":"10.3290/j.qi.b6309977","DOIUrl":"10.3290/j.qi.b6309977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to quantitatively calculate and compare the changes in regenerated bone around the implant in graftless and grafted sinus elevation procedures using fractal dimension analysis, and to provide an additional criterion for clinical preference.</p><p><strong>Method and materials: </strong>The study included 65 patients (29 graftless and 36 grafted) at the Faculty of Dentistry in Van Yüzüncü Yıl University. Graftless and grafted sinus elevation techniques were compared in terms of fractal dimension and bone density on panoramic radiographs. The Student t test was used to compare the mean values of fractal dimension and bone density in patients with graftless and grafted sinus elevation. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation of fractal dimension and bone density data with age. Statistical significance was accepted at P .05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The fractal dimension and bone density were not statistically significant between the two groups (P > .05). The fractal dimension and bone density parameters were higher in men for both sinus elevation techniques.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results showed that the graftless and grafted sinus elevation techniques had similar fractal dimension and bone density outcomes. Therefore, it was concluded that the graftless technique is preferable for maxillary sinus elevation because of its relatively simple technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":20831,"journal":{"name":"Quintessence international","volume":"0 0","pages":"574-580"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zinc pretreatment reduces silver diamine fluoride-induced discoloration in primary teeth: an in vitro study.","authors":"Abdullah Almulhim, Astrid C Valdivia-Tapia, Xinyue Mao, Basma Alsahan, Anderson T Hara, Tong Tong Wu, Jin Xiao, Yihong Li","doi":"10.3290/j.qi.b6335908","DOIUrl":"10.3290/j.qi.b6335908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is increasingly recognized as a minimally invasive and effective treatment for early childhood caries. However, the dark discoloration from its application significantly limits its acceptability among parents, especially for anterior teeth. Zinc, with known antimicrobial and biofilm-modulating properties, has recently been proposed as a potential adjunct to reduce SDF-induced staining. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of zinc pretreatment in reducing SDF-induced discoloration on primary tooth caries lesions that involved dentin. This study also aimed to examine surface morphology and elemental composition changes associated with zinc adjunct SDF treatments.</p><p><strong>Method and materials: </strong>Extracted human primary teeth were allocated into three groups: untreated control, positive control (38% SDF alone), and experimental group (20 mol/L zinc pretreatment followed by 38% SDF). Tooth color changes were assessed using grayscale intensity analysis via standardized photography at baseline, immediately posttreatment, and up to 14 days. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy were employed to investigate morphologic and compositional changes in both sound and naturally carious dentin areas. Statistical analyses included two-sample t tests, linear regression, and likelihood ratio tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Teeth pretreated with zinc demonstrated less discoloration compared to the SDF-only group. Although this difference was not statistically significant (P = .125), it may have potential clinical relevance. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed modified silver deposition patterns characterized by dispersed and less densely packed silver aggregates in zinc-pretreated groups. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of zinc, suggesting its interaction with silver deposition processes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Zinc pretreatment effectively reduces SDF-induced discoloration in primary dentition, potentially improving esthetic outcomes and parental acceptance. This approach represents a promising advancement in minimally invasive pediatric dental care and warrants further clinical exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":20831,"journal":{"name":"Quintessence international","volume":"0 0","pages":"556-564"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144529392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of a single-visit additively manufactured flexible removable partial denture as an immediate temporary prosthetic solution.","authors":"Medhat Sameh Abdelaziz, Reham B Osman, Hossam I Nassar, Amal Ali Swelem","doi":"10.3290/j.qi.b6354176","DOIUrl":"10.3290/j.qi.b6354176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A technique for designing and manufacturing a single-visit temporary removable partial denture is described. This immediate provisional prosthesis is made of a newly introduced esthetic 3D-printed thermoplastic material. The arch to be restored, the antagonist, and the maxillomandibular relationship were optically scanned using an intraoral scanner (Medit i700, Medit). The removable partial denture was designed using the Exocad software program (Dental CAD). The denture base was 3D printed in flexible gingiva-colored resin, while the teeth were 3D printed in permanent tooth-colored resin. This digitally fabricated prosthesis will provide partially edentulous patients with a time- and cost-effective esthetic temporization with adequate retention and high patient acceptance. This technique demonstrates free-form designing of the flexible clasps and their geometry. It also highlights the need to develop specialized dental software programs to include ready-made flexible clasps to cope with the continuous development of flexible 3D-printed resinous materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":20831,"journal":{"name":"Quintessence international","volume":"0 0","pages":"530-536"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144584670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobilization of impacted teeth in the digital age: a technical note.","authors":"Carolien A J Bauer, Frederic Bouffleur, Lutz D Hodecker, Christopher J Lux, Marie-Therese Heberer, Juliana M K Mielke","doi":"10.3290/j.qi.b6309966","DOIUrl":"10.3290/j.qi.b6309966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Tooth mobilization is a challenging orthodontic treatment. Inadequate interdisciplinary communication between surgery and orthodontics, as well as limited knowledge of the topography of the surgical field, can lead to unfavorable positioning of the appliance. This can result in dangerous force vectors for tooth movement. Comprehensive digital planning and customized tools could reduce these sources of error. Two cases of impacted canines were treated using cutting guides and customized attachments.</p><p><strong>Method and materials: </strong>A CBCT and intraoral scan were taken for planning. A CAD process was used to design a cutting guide and a customized attachment according to the required force vectors (OnyxCeph3, Image Instruments). Using various CAM processes, the cutting guide (BioMed Clear Resin, Formlabs) and a customized attachment dummy (Permanent Crown Resin, Formlabs) were fabricated in a 3D printer (Form 3B, Formlabs). The customized attachment was fabricated from titanium using the selective laser melting process (OrthoLIZE). The teeth were surgically exposed using the cutting guide and customized attachment dummies. The customized attachment was conventionally cemented using Transbond XT (3M Unitek).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All teeth were successfully exposed with the cutting guides. The customized attachments could only be placed in the predetermined position according to the digital planning.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The 3D planned cutting guide can help to shorten the surgical procedure and keep the surgical field as small as possible. The 3D planned customized attachment allows precise positioning. The digitally planned force vectors should prevent side effects on adjacent teeth and allow targeted mobilization. However, studies are needed for further validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20831,"journal":{"name":"Quintessence international","volume":"0 0","pages":"566-573"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the gap in rural oral health care.","authors":"Holly Barone, Tony Mendicino, Eli Eliav, Sean McLaren","doi":"10.3290/j.qi.b6386946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3290/j.qi.b6386946","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20831,"journal":{"name":"Quintessence international","volume":"56 7","pages":"512-513"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144675531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salivary cytokines in Sjögren disease patients and its association with caries experience, sialometry, and systemic comorbidities: a pioneering study.","authors":"Nitzan Aizenbud, Doron J Aframian, Tal Burstyn-Cohen, Rawi Saad, Aiham Hanut, Galit Almoznino","doi":"10.3290/j.qi.b6335983","DOIUrl":"10.3290/j.qi.b6335983","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Various salivary cytokines are overexpressed in the saliva of Sjögren disease patients. In addition, the levels of salivary cytokines can differ according to local and systemic conditions, besides Sjögren disease itself. This study aimed to analyze the associations and correlations of caries experience, sialometry, and systemic comorbidities with levels of the following salivary cytokines: interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-17A among Sjögren disease patients.</p><p><strong>Method and materials: </strong>Upon ethical approval and signed informed consent, 20 women with Sjögren disease were recruited. Clinical examinations included decayed, missing, or filled teeth (DMFT) Index measurements, sialometry, and saliva sampling. Levels of salivary cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-17A were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using the independent-samples Mann-Whitney U test for the associations between the categorical parameters, and Spearman correlation test to analyze the correlations between continuous variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Salivary cytokines were inter-correlated in a statistically significant manner (P .05). Age correlated with IL-17A levels (P .05), and decayed teeth correlated with IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 (P .05). The liquid fraction in the unstimulated salivary flow rate significantly correlated with all salivary cytokines that were measured. Cardiac disease correlated with IL-10 levels, and rheumatoid arthritis correlated with IL-1β levels (P .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results suggest that local factors such as caries experience and salivary flow rates as well as systemic factors such as comorbidities should be taken into consideration when testing the levels of salivary cytokines in Sjögren disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":20831,"journal":{"name":"Quintessence international","volume":"0 0","pages":"582-595"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144529390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}