Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the Activity of Bacteriocins Against Bacterial Biofilms Using a Simple and Inexpensive Assay.","authors":"Matilde Fernández, María Isabel Torices, Claudia Teso, Carlos Moreno, Mercedes Maqueda, Eva Valdivia, Manuel Montalbán-López","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10770-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10770-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is an urgent need for novel antimicrobials that can combat antibiotic resistant bacteria. Biofilms constitute a particular niche where bacteria display an intrinsic higher resistance to antibiotics and that favors resistance appearance and spread among species. However, the susceptibility tests for sessile bacteria are not well standardized. This work provides a high-throughput, affordable and simple methodology to grow biofilms on a three-dimensional surface represented by glass beads placed in 96-well microtiter plates. Two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacterial species were tested. Biofilms showed the highest cell number after 48-h or 72-h incubation, depending on the bacterial species, using brain heart infusion, and typical biofilms were observed by electron microscopy. It has been benchmarked with the commonly used Calgary Biofilm device proving similar adhesion properties and susceptibility to ampicillin, erythromycin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, and gentamicin. Bacteriocins are potent antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria with promising properties for clinical use but poorly studied against biofilms. Thus, upon biofilm formation optimization, the bacteriocins nisin and the enterocin AS-48 have been purified and used against Gram-positive species biofilms showing a mild increase, below tenfold, in the bactericidal concentration compared to planktonic cells. Remarkably, due to the ability of pore formation in the cell membrane, these bacteriocins were able to provide an eradication concentration of 500 mg/L of nisin and 25 mg/L of AS-48 for Enterococcus faecalis and 83.3 mg/L of nisin and 18.5 mg/L of AS-48 for Staphylococcus aureus. These data highlight the value of bacteriocins as novel antimicrobial agents for further therapeutic development.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Purification and Identification of Antimicrobial Peptides Produced by Thermophilic Bacteria Isolated from Hot Springs.","authors":"Latifat Abdulsalam, Saheed Adewale Ganiyu, Amjad Bajes Khalil","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10772-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10772-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Every year, bacterial infections lead to over 7.7 million deaths, with 4.95 million of these caused by drug-resistant organisms. This growing resistance emphasizes the urgent need for a different approach to combat bacterial infections. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer a promising solution due to their unique mechanisms of action. However, their clinical application is often limited by their instability under extreme physiological conditions like high temperatures. To address this limitation, this study focuses on extracting and characterizing AMPs from thermophilic bacteria, specifically Bacillus licheniformis, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Brevibacillus borstelensis AK1, and Anoxybacillus flavithermus AK1. These strains exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were purified using C18 reverse-phase column chromatography and characterized through multiple spectrometric techniques. UPLC revealed strong absorption peaks between 210 and 298 nm, while FTIR spectra showed characteristic peptide bands, including Amide A and B (3100-3500 cm^-1), Amide I (1600-1700 cm^-1), Amide II (1480-1600 cm^-1), and Amide III-VI (500-1300 cm^-1), confirming their proteinaceous nature. Complementary NMR analysis further supported these findings, with ¹H signals for alkyl amines (3-4 ppm), aliphatic groups (1-2 ppm), and amide protons (7-10 ppm), as well as ¹³C resonances characteristic of amide compounds. Bioactive fractions displayed molecular masses ranging from 500 to 2000 Da. In silico genome mining of Brevibacillus borstelensis AK1 and Anoxybacillus flavithermus AK1 revealed gene clusters encoding ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), nonribosomal peptides (NRPs), and a terpene. Despite some thermal sensitivity, the compounds retained substantial activity at elevated temperatures; notably, AMPs from B. borstelensis AK1 preserved over 84% inhibition even after exposure to 70 °C. These results highlight thermophilic bacteria from Saudi Arabian hot springs as a promising source of AMPs with potential applications in medicine, food preservation, and agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Lactobacillus Strains Alleviate E. coli-induced Inflammation in a Urinary Tract Infection Rat Model.","authors":"Sini Kang, Zhihua Peng, Ru Wei, Jiaxin Liu, Hee-Jun Kim, Yongjun Lee, Moonjin Ra, Eun Ji Kim, Heo Keon, Jong Ik Jeon, Min Ji Jang, Myeong Soo Park, Seockmo Ku","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10774-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10774-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections that are predominantly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Chronic recurrence of UTIs, particularly in women, seriously affects the quality of life of infected individuals. Antibiotics are still the first-line treatment for UTIs; however, side effects and increasing antibiotic resistance emphasize the need for alternative therapies. In this study, we explored the in vitro and in vivo anti-E. coli effects of heat-inactivated Lactobacillus helveticus GUT10, L. salivarius HHuMin-U, and their combination. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human urinary bladder cancer T24 cells, all probiotic treatments suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by inhibiting the upregulation of NF-κB signaling and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In an E. coli-induced UTI rat model, a significant alleviation of damage to the bladder and urethral mucosa by the two Lactobacillus strains in protective and treatment studies was accompanied by a decrease in the E. coli load in the bladder and urine and an increase in lactobacilli in the bladder. Thus, the probiotic mixture has potent protective and therapeutic effects and shows promise as a nonantibiotic approach for UTI treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Characterized Probiotics from Dairy Sources-Weissella confusa (ProY 5.1), Enterococcus lactis (ProY 5.3), and Leuconostoc lactis (RM 2.1)-Exhibit Potential for Antidiarrheal Effects.","authors":"Jannatul Ferdous, Md Saddam Hossain, Palash Kumar Sarker, Md Shimul Bhuia, Md Sakib Al Hasan, Raihan Chowdhury, Md Sarafat Ali, Md Robiul Auwal, Keshob Chandra Das, Muhammad Torequl Islam, Abu Hashem, Md Salimullah","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10775-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10775-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Probiotics are beneficial live microorganisms that may provide secure management of several diseases, such as diarrhea. The current research aims to assess the antidiarrheal activity of potential probiotics by utilizing in vitro and in vivo approaches. Bacterial strains were isolated from dairy products and screened for probiotic characterization, with four strains, viz., Weissella confusa (ProY 5.1), Enterococcus lactis (ProY 5.3), Leuconostoc lactis (RM 2.1), and Bacillus subtilis (ProY 11.3), selected based on in vitro approaches. These strains demonstrated non-hemolytic properties, acidic resistance, tolerance to bile salt and phenol, strong adherence rate, probiotic activity, and antimicrobial activity against six enteric pathogens. Potential strains were identified by applying molecular techniques: MALDI-TOF and whole genome sequencing. In vivo experiments on castor oil-induced diarrheal Swiss albino mice showed a positive impact when compared to loperamide and bismuth subsalicylate as positive controls, whereas the PBS + MRS broth was used as a negative control. Screened ProY 5.1, ProY 5.3, and RM 2.1 significantly lengthened latency periods and reduced diarrheal symptoms (p < 0.005). Comparatively low antidiarrheal activity was found in the ProY 11.3 isolate. The combination of candidate probiotics exhibited stronger activity compared to the individual ones. In conclusion, the three strains might be potential probiotic candidates for managing diarrhea.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145131941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probiotic-Derived Strain-Specific Metabolites Ameliorate Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease through Modulation of the Gut-Liver Axis.","authors":"Sang Jun Yoon, Jieun Choi, Sung-Min Won, Jeong Seok Yu, Hee Young Kim, Hyun Chae Joung, In Gyu Park, Jung A Eom, Sang Hak Han, Do Yup Lee, Ki Tae Suk","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10761-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10761-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a prevalent chronic liver condition lacking approved treatments, where the gut-liver axis is a key therapeutic target. This study aimed to identify novel probiotic strains and elucidate their strain-specific mechanisms by profiling their functional metabolites. We first investigated gut microbiota alterations in a human cohort (n = 151) and then evaluated six selected lactic acid bacteria strains in a Western diet-induced murine model of MASLD. Untargeted gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF MS) was employed to identify strain-specific metabolic signatures. The human study revealed significant gut dysbiosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) patients. In the animal model, probiotic administration significantly ameliorated hepatic steatosis and inflammation, and improved key serum markers. Crucially, metabolomic analysis demonstrated that each strain possesses a distinct metabolic phenotype; notably, Bifidobacterium breve CKDB002 showed a strong correlation with the antioxidant precursor cysteine, while Pediococcus pentosaceus KID7 was rich in various amino acids. Our findings demonstrate that specific probiotics can alleviate MASLD, and this therapeutic effect is strongly associated with their unique, strain-specific functional metabolites, providing a foundation for developing targeted, evidence-based therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145113961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic Analysis, Safety Evaluation, and Incorporation of Probiotic Candidate Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Jb21-11 into an Ice Cream Formulation.","authors":"Mohamed Amine Gomri, Nadia Bachtarzi, Cerine Yasmine Boulahlib, Giulia Bisson, Clara Comuzzi, Marilena Marino, Amel Benmoussa, Karima Kharroub","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10765-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10765-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents a comprehensive in vitro and in silico evaluation of safety of strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Jb21-11 and the genomic confirmation of its probiotic potential, together with its application in a functional frozen-dairy matrix. Genomic analysis identified multiple exopolysaccharide (EPS) biosynthesis gene clusters, antimicrobial-related genes, and an expanded set of stress-response elements, which distinguish Jb21-11 and suggest potential resilience in gastrointestinal and processing environments. In silico screening did not detect known virulence factors or clearly transferable antibiotic-resistance determinants, supporting the strain's in vitro safety test results. Phenotypically, Jb21-11 was able to produce EPS in the ice-cream mix (up to 2082.78 ± 37.03 µg/L; approximate molecular weight ~ 1.05 × 10⁵ Da) composed primarily of glucose, galactose and mannose (ratio ≈ 2:1.5:1). Three formulations were compared: a control (F1), a non-fermented probiotic formulation (F2) and a fermented probiotic formulation (F3). Incorporation of Jb21-11 was associated with changes in physicochemical properties (acidity, viscosity, and melting resistance) and maintained microbial viability (> 9 log CFU/g after 90 days at -20 °C). The high-molecular-weight EPS was associated with structural stabilization and improved rheological behaviour in the low-fat matrix, acting as a natural biothickener. These results position Lp. plantarum Jb21-11 as a promising probiotic candidate with dual technological functionality; moreover, the strain and its EPS represent promising clean-label ingredients for further development. Importantly, this study did not assess in vivo or clinical health outcomes, and claims of health benefit therefore remain provisional pending targeted biological and clinical validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145113958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anticancer Bioactive Peptides from Plants: Sources, Action Mechanisms, and Potential Superiority to Conventional Chemotherapy.","authors":"Mao-Cheng Sun, Shi-Qi Yu, Changhui Zhao, Chi-Ching Lee, Itthanan Suttikhana, Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10781-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10781-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer continues to be a major global health challenge, with existing treatments often causing severe side effects, drug resistance, and high costs. Plant-derived anticancer peptides (PDACPs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to their high specificity, multi-target mechanisms, and safety profile. This review summarizes the sources (e.g., legumes, cereals, and medicinal plants), mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential of PDACPs, highlighting their role in apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, anti-angiogenesis, and metastasis inhibition. Mechanistic investigations reveal that PDACPs exert anticancer effects through multiple pathways, including the induction of apoptosis via mitochondrial membrane disruption and the upregulation of pro-apoptotic factors, the inhibition of cell proliferation by arresting cell-cycle progression, the suppression of angiogenesis through the downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, and the disruption of tumor-associated membrane integrity. Preclinical studies suggest that, compared to conventional chemotherapeutics, PDACPs may offer advantages such as enhanced tumor selectivity, reduced off-target toxicity, and diminished likelihood of resistance development. We also discuss current challenges in peptide stability, delivery, and large-scale production, and propose strategies, such as nanoparticle encapsulation, to enhance clinical viability. This comprehensive synthesis underscores the potential of PDACPs as next-generation anticancer therapeutics and paves the way for translational development.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145092591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Lactobacillus Strain Probiotics in Breast Cancer: Strain-Specific Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential Beyond Probiotics.","authors":"Amirmohammad Abolhassani, Helia Esmaili, Sara Rahati, Sadegh Jafarnejad","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10741-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10741-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As one of the most complex diseases, breast cancer (BC) is a leading cause of death among women globally, and various species of probiotics may offer benefits in managing BC treatment. While previous studies have examined the impact of potent probiotics concerning BC and its associated risk factors, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, it is essential to note that these effects are strain-specific. Research on the specific effects of different Lactobacillus strains in preventing or alleviating BC complications is limited, even though Lactobacillus has been extensively studied, especially in vitro and in vivo. In this regard, oral administration of Lactobacillus strains, including Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), Lacticaseibacillus casei (L. casei), Lacticaseibacillus helveticus (L. helveticus), Ligilactobacillus lactis (L. lactis), and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), significantly promotes immune responses and anti-cancer properties against BC. In addition, oral capsule supplements containing several Lactobacillus strains, such as Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) and L. acidophilus, combined with Bifidobacteria or prebiotics (a synbiotic), have been clinically proven to be effective. Moreover, some anti-carcinogenic mechanisms of Lactobacillus strains may appear more prominent than others, which contribute to alleviating cancer complications. These include interactions with the gut microbiota, modulation of the immune system, induction of apoptosis, anti-inflammatory effects, the impact of probiotic-derived agents, and epigenetic regulation. This paper reviews the pathways related to Lactobacillus strains to understand their unique impacts on BC better and explores the potential mechanisms involved. Given the possible diversity of effects among different Lactobacillus strains, future research should focus on specific strains.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145092583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut commensal Lactobacillus strain induces a balanced trained immunity phenotype to enhance vaccine efficacy through JAK-STAT-SOCS pathway.","authors":"Lingdi Niu, Hai Li, Junjie Guo, Zheng Jia, Qingru Chang, Ning Liu, Shuhe Zhang, Junwei Ge","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10769-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10769-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gut microbiota plays a complex role in immune system maturation and function. The induction of memory in innate immune cells appears to be part of a co-adaptation between the host and microbiome. As important gut commensals, certain Lactobacillus have been shown to induce innate immune memory. However, the universality, phenotypic characteristics, mechanisms of Lactobacillus-induced innate immune memory, and its potential applications in vaccine immunology remain poorly understood. Here, we discovered that specific strains of the gut commensal Lactobacillus can induce innate immune memory, resulting in a more balanced trained immunity phenotype through SOCS activation. Upon secondary stimulation, macrophages exhibited increased expression of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-β, and TGF-β. Peptidoglycan and components in the secretome sensitive to pancreatic enzymes were identified as key elements in inducing trained immunity. Furthermore, mice that underwent training demonstrated rapid resistance to S. aureus infection. Additionally, Lactobacillus-induced trained immunity significantly enhanced the protective efficacy of vaccines against MRSA. Our findings demonstrate that certain Lactobacillus strains can activate non-classical trained immunity, offering potential for enhancing vaccine efficacy. Our study provides new insights into the role of some gut commensals in immune modulation and suggests a novel approach to vaccine enhancement through trained immunity induced by specific gut commensals.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145081431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Potential and Sustainable Bioprocessing of Enterocin CC2: A Probiotic-Derived Antimicrobial Targeting Streptococcus mutans in Oral Health.","authors":"Zhang Jin Ng, Chee-Yuen Gan, Mazni Abu Zarin, Chee Keong Lee, John Chi-Wei Lan, Hui Suan Ng, Joo Shun Tan","doi":"10.1007/s12602-025-10773-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10773-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance in oral pathogens necessitates safe and sustainable alternatives to conventional therapies. Enterocin CC2, a novel bacteriocin from Enterococcus faecium CC2, was purified using an optimized polyethylene glycol (PEG)-citrate aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). The process achieved a purification factor of 4.73 and recovery yield of 73.33%, which improved to 5.13 and 84.61% with the addition of 4% NaCl. SDS-PAGE revealed a molecular size of ~ 5.5-6 kDa, and identity confirmation was obtained via HPLC and LC-MS. Enterocin CC2 displayed potent antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans with MIC and MBC values of 0.50 and 1.00 mg/mL, respectively, and demonstrated faster bactericidal action than 0.2% chlorhexidine. ISO 10993-5 cytotoxicity testing confirmed its safety on 3T3-L1 cells at concentrations ≤ 1 mg/mL. These findings highlight enterocin CC2 as a promising candidate for oral health applications and establish PEG-citrate ATPS as a scalable, eco-friendly platform for bacteriocin purification.</p>","PeriodicalId":20506,"journal":{"name":"Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145081420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}