Polymer International最新文献

{"title":"Study of β-phase, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of graphene oxide-reinforced poly[(vinylidene fluoride)-co-trifluoroethylene]-based three-phase composite films for energy storage applications","authors":"Biswaranjan Swain,&nbsp;Loree Lipsa,&nbsp;Sabyasachi Parida,&nbsp;Saubhagyalaxmi Behera,&nbsp;Atal Bihari Panda,&nbsp;Sushil Kumar Verma","doi":"10.1002/pi.6757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6757","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Electrical storage continues to be a vital domain which contributes to more efficient, reliable and sustainable energy systems to meet the ever-growing demand for useable electrical energy. In recent years, the benefits of excellent mechanical and dielectric performance have led to a significant increase in interest in polymer-based composites for capacitive energy storage applications. Here, poly[(vinylidene fluoride)-<i>co</i>-trifluoroethylene]/0.5(BaZr_0.2Ti_0.8O)₃–0.5(Ba_0.7Ca_0.3TiO)₃/graphene oxide (PVDF-TrFE/BZT-BCT/GO) three-phase composite films were prepared via solvent casting followed by a hot-pressing method. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopies were performed for structural confirmation of the composites. Dielectric study showed a maximum relative permittivity of 19.35 at 1 kHz, which is around 65% of that of pure PVDF-TrFE film. Static hysteresis loops were traced for all the samples, showing a maximum efficiency of 89.33% for a composite film. Positive up negative down measurements were also done to confirm the data obtained from static hysteresis analysis. Furthermore, the electromechanical coupling coefficient was analyzed using the resonance–antiresonance method, which gives an insight into the electromechanical properties in the synthesized films. The synthesized three-phase composites can therefore find application for piezoelectric purposes along with capacitive energy storage. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":20404,"journal":{"name":"Polymer International","volume":"74 8","pages":"667-675"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144624496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of a cyclotriphosphazene derivative containing DOPO for simultaneous improvement in flame retardancy, toughness and strength of epoxy thermosets","authors":"Qiunan Xie,&nbsp;Ming Huang,&nbsp;Zhenzhen Li,&nbsp;Wei Hu,&nbsp;Jingcheng Liu,&nbsp;Xiaojie Li,&nbsp;Wei Wei","doi":"10.1002/pi.6755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6755","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Improving the flame retardancy of epoxy thermosets without sacrificing mechanical properties, thermal decomposition stability and glass transition temperature (<i>T</i>_g) remains a challenge. In this study, a novel halogen-free flame retardant containing phosphorus/nitrogen (N₃P₃-DI) was synthesized from cyclotriphosphazene, <i>p</i>-hydroxybenzaldehyde, itaconic anhydride and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). Subsequently, N₃P₃-DI was used for flame-retardant modification of epoxy resin (EP). After the introduction of 10 wt% N₃P₃-DI, the EP thermoset achieved a limiting oxygen index of 29.6% and UL-94 V-0 rating. The peak heat release rate and total smoke production of the N₃P₃-DI-modified EP thermosets decreased by 48.4% and 27.5%, respectively, compared to those of the pure EP thermoset. Furthermore, the flame retardancy effect of N₃P₃-DI was confirmed by analysis of pyrolysis volatiles and the residual char of the thermoset. Compared with the pure EP thermoset, the N₃P₃-DI-modified EP thermoset also exhibited an increase of both the impact strength and flexural strength by 46.3% and 31.2%, respectively, demonstrating the effect of simultaneous toughening and strengthening. This is mainly due to the introduction of N₃P₃-DI reducing the crosslinking density of the thermoset network and increasing the free volume, while also improving the rigidity of the network chain. In addition, the modified EP thermosets still maintained high levels of <i>T</i>_g and thermal decomposition temperature. Therefore, this study provides an attractive strategy to simultaneously improve the flame retardancy, toughness and strength of epoxy thermosets, showing great prospects for future advanced applications in composites. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":20404,"journal":{"name":"Polymer International","volume":"74 7","pages":"611-627"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144197408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalyst-free synthesis, characterization and photoluminescence of main-chain luminescent polybenzoxazines","authors":"Kamal I Aly,&nbsp;Aya Khamies,&nbsp;Osama Younis","doi":"10.1002/pi.6753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6753","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Two novel luminescent main-chain polybenzoxazine polymers, (Poly1)_main and (Poly2)^x_main, were synthesized and characterized to explore their structural, thermal, morphological and photophysical properties. Polymer (Poly1)_main was obtained via a Mannich condensation reaction without a catalyst, followed by thermal polymerization to produce the crosslinked polymer (Poly2)^x_main. Structural analyses using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed the successful formation of the polymers, with (Poly2)^x_main exhibiting a higher degree of crosslinking and partial ordering in an otherwise amorphous structure. Scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed that thermal polymerization significantly altered the morphology, transforming the porous structure of (Poly1)_main into a denser, layered morphology in (Poly2)^x_main. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry highlighted the improved thermal stability of (Poly2)^x_main due to extensive crosslinking. Photophysical studies showed that (Poly1)_main in solution exhibited yellow-green luminescence with a broad emission maximum at 522 nm and CIE coordinates (0.39, 0.48). In contrast, the powders of both polymers displayed sharp red luminescence with an emission peak at 658 nm and CIE coordinates (0.72, 0.27), attributed to molecular packing effects and exciton coupling in the solid state. These results underscore the interplay among structural, morphological and photophysical properties, highlighting the potential of these polymers in optoelectronics, sensing and luminescent materials. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":20404,"journal":{"name":"Polymer International","volume":"74 7","pages":"602-610"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144197078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crosslinking effects on high-oleic soybean oil-based anionic polyurethane dispersions","authors":"Jasna Djonlagić,&nbsp;Zoran Petrović,&nbsp;Jian Hong,&nbsp;Milica Lovrić Vuković","doi":"10.1002/pi.6752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6752","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Waterborne polyurethane dispersions are known as non-toxic, non-flammable, environmentally friendly products widely used in the coatings industry. We prepared a series of anionic dispersions based on the polyol from high-oleic soybean oil, isophorone diisocyanate and dimethylol propionic acid. Stable anionic dispersions were achieved when the acid content in formulations ranged from 7.7 to 10.8 wt%. All dispersions in this series had average particle sizes of 163–211 nm with unimodal size distribution. Utilization of the high-oleic oil, with three double bonds on average, and the resulting trifunctional polyol, renders crosslinked products with improved hydrophobicity and excellent chemical and physical properties. Also, it is beneficial in the control of the synthesis process since it reduces the chance of gelation during the dispersion preparation, compared to natural oils with higher unsaturation. The network formation in the systems used was analyzed by applying gelation theory to adjust optimal time for the dispersion in water. It was found that the isocyanate reaction with water always produces imperfect networks but the degree of imperfection can be controlled by the reaction time before dispersion in water. The polyurethane formulations with hard segment content of 39–46 wt% resulted in cured elastomeric films, with single glass transitions around room temperature and low phase separation, but good mechanical properties. The films exhibited enhanced hydrophobicity, low water absorption and water contact angle close to 90°, with promising applications in leather, wood, paper and plastic coatings. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":20404,"journal":{"name":"Polymer International","volume":"74 7","pages":"593-601"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144197245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of tough colorless poly(amide-imide)s containing cyclohexanedicarbonyl chloride with different trans:cis ratios","authors":"Jinglei Xing,&nbsp;Lei Yang,&nbsp;Tianci Ma,&nbsp;Guofei Chen","doi":"10.1002/pi.6750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6750","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the rapid development of flexible optoelectronic devices, colorless polyimide films with excellent comprehensive performance have received widespread attention. In this work, a series of poly(amide-imide)s (PAIs) were synthesized by copolymerization of 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarbonyl chloride (CHDC) and 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine. The thermal dimensional stability and mechanical properties of the PAI films were improved due to the introduction of rigid rod-like amide bonds in the polymer chain. In addition, the PAIs with more <i>trans</i>-CHDC content showed higher glass transition temperature (<i>T</i>_g) and lower coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). At the same time, the cooperative conformational transitions of cyclohexane rings in <i>trans</i>-CHDC promoted molecular chain slip and improved the film toughness. Moreover, with the introduction of the cyclohexane moiety, these PAIs had excellent optical transparency and solubility. In particular, PAI-6 exhibited high <i>T</i>_g of 364 °C, low CTE of 29.8 ppm K⁻¹, high transmittance of 87% at 400 nm, tensile modulus of 3.6 GPa and elongation at break of 9.7%. Therefore, the incorporation of cyclohexane structures and amide bonds into the main chain through copolymerization with CHDC provided a simple method for the synthesis of tough colorless PAIs with excellent comprehensive properties. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":20404,"journal":{"name":"Polymer International","volume":"74 7","pages":"583-592"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144197200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conjugated polymer-reinforced cellulosic frameworks: a promising approach for flexible electronics","authors":"Yub Narayan Thapa,&nbsp;Bimal Rajchal,&nbsp;Deepshikha Karki,&nbsp;Sonam Tamang,&nbsp;Ulrike Staudinger,&nbsp;Bhim Prasad Kafle,&nbsp;Rameshwar Adhikari","doi":"10.1002/pi.6749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6749","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Flexible electronics are seamlessly integrated into our lives, from foldable displays to smart wearables, redefining our interaction with technology. The use of metals and semiconductors in these flexible devices is limited due to their poor bendability and stretchability. Consequently, integrating conjugated polymers (CPs) into a cellulosic framework has emerged as a promising approach for advancing flexible electronics. Cellulose, as an abundant and sustainable biopolymer, offers a compelling solution to the escalating global e-waste crisis by providing a cost-effective and biodegradable substrate. This synergy has the potential to address environmental concerns and unlock new avenues of flexible, eco-friendly and sustainable electronic devices. Herein the unique properties and synthesis routes of CPs are briefly introduced including their opportunities and challenges. The review discusses a facile and efficient approach to circumvent the challenges of CPs using cellulose as a substrate. The review explores fabrication approaches of CP–cellulose composites aimed at enhancing mechanical, electrical and optical properties. Through a critical examination of recent studies and advancements, it highlights how CPs reinforce the cellulose framework and investigates their structure–property relationships, which are crucial for tailoring the properties for desired applications. Finally, the review presents an outlook on potential challenges and prospects for advancing CP-based cellulose composites in flexible electronics. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":20404,"journal":{"name":"Polymer International","volume":"74 7","pages":"560-574"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144197342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined use of additives for improving heat resistance and processability of stereocomplex crystallization polylactic acid","authors":"SiJing Tao,&nbsp;Zhe Qiang,&nbsp;Jie Ren","doi":"10.1002/pi.6751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6751","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The limited heat resistance and high brittleness of polylactic acid (PLA) materials pose significant challenges to enabling their broad application. Compared to traditional PLA, stereocomplex polylactide (sc-PLA) offers superior thermal stability and a higher melting point, attributed to the dense packing and strong physical interactions between polymer chains. Specifically, while PLA has a melting temperature of approximately 160–180 °C, sc-PLA can reach a melting temperature of 230 °C. The enhanced thermal stability and improved mechanical properties make sc-PLA a valuable alternative for applications requiring durability. Here, we report a method to enhance the crystallinity and toughness of sc-PLA by mixing poly(<span>l</span>-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(<span>d</span>-lactic acid) (PDLA) in addition to using a nucleating agent and toughening agent. Specifically, a PLA and polyethylene glycol block copolymer and PLA microspheres are prepared, with ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate used as a toughener. The optimal composition is found to be PLLA/PDLA blends with a 70/30 mass ratio, 1% microsphere nucleating agent and 10% toughener addition. The Vicat softening temperature of this blend is 72.2 °C, approximately 10% higher than the control sample, with toughness increased by about 2.3 times. This blend also presents an enhanced processability by the combined effect of additives. This work provides a promising strategy for producing sc-PLA with enhanced heat resistance and processability, improving the performance for various applications. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":20404,"journal":{"name":"Polymer International","volume":"74 5","pages":"465-476"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing degradability with polyanhydrides: synthesis and impact on morphology, molecular interactions, hydrophilicity and hydrolytic degradation of PLLA/PCL/CAB blend films","authors":"Arisa Kongprayoon,&nbsp;Gareth Ross,&nbsp;Sararat Mahasaranon,&nbsp;James A Wilson,&nbsp;Paul D Topham,&nbsp;Brian J Tighe,&nbsp;Sukunya Ross","doi":"10.1002/pi.6748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6748","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The degradation of polymer-based materials is crucial for their end-of-life management, particularly in biomedical applications where controlled degradation rates are essential. Addressing this need, this study explores the incorporation of newly designed polyanhydrides (PAs) into multicomponent blends to enhance hydrolytic biodegradation. Two distinct PAs – poly[(propionic anhydride)-<i>co</i>-(succinic anhydride)] (PASA) and poly[(propionic anhydride)-<i>co</i>-(sebacic anhydride)] (PASEA) – were synthesized through melt-condensation polymerization. These PAs were then incorporated into solution blend films composed of poly(<span>l</span>-lactide) (PLLA), poly(<i>ε</i>-caprolactone) (PCL) and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), aiming to serve as an accelerator for the hydrolytic degradation of films. The incorporation of PASA and PASEA into the PLLA/PCL/CAB blend films resulted in the formation of phase-separated domains and a notable shift of the carbonyl frequency band in the Fourier transform infrared spectra, indicating phase separation and intermolecular packing between homopolymers in the blend system. Significant changes in the molecular weight and surface morphology of the blend films with PAs were observed after 0, 3 and 6 months of storage. These observations confirmed the role of PASA and PASEA in accelerating through surface erosion, as evidenced by the presence of craze lines at both macrophase- and microphase-separated domains. This study highlights the potential of newly designed PA additives to enhance the degradation and stability of PLLA/PCL/CAB polymer-based film. Such enhancements are valuable for designing materials with controlled degradation rates, which is particularly important in biomedical applications where precise timing of degradation within the body is essential. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":20404,"journal":{"name":"Polymer International","volume":"74 5","pages":"452-464"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermally stable, low-combustion and high-strength natural oil-blended epoxy resin","authors":"Umang Dubey,&nbsp;Kavan Panneerselvam","doi":"10.1002/pi.6746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6746","url":null,"abstract":"<p>When contemplating the manufacturing of subsequent iterations of polymer composites, companies may choose to maximize the exploitation of naturally existing resources for synthesis. The rationale for this decision becomes apparent when considering both environmental and economic factors. Inside the cashew nutshell's honeycomb structure is a viscous, dark-brown liquid called cashew nutshell oil (CNSL). This CNSL is among the few economically viable sources of naturally occurring phenols. Considering that CNSL is easily obtainable, cost-efficient and derived from agricultural waste, this contribution showcases its financially and environmentally viable characteristics. This study made a natural oil-blended epoxy resin using CNSL at 15, 20, 25 and 30 vol.% in synthetic epoxy. Thermal and mechanical properties, morphology analysis, water absorption, flammability and limiting oxygen index (LOI) were used for characterization. In addition, the examination of the link between the structure and properties was conducted using X-ray diffraction analysis. With 20 vol.% CNSL, the epoxy had 12.66%, 18.34%, 10.18%, 13.72% and 3.78% higher flexural strength, compression strength, tensile strength, impact energy and Shore-D hardness, respectively. The water absorption test indicated a mass decrease similar to that of pure epoxy. With 24.71% residual mass at 550 °C compared to 2.66% for pure epoxy, the bio-blended epoxy showed thermal stability. The cured bio-blended epoxy lowered the combustion rate by 9.62% compared to the cured epoxy resin, while no UL94 rating was detected. The LOI range indicates that the cured bio-blended epoxy belongs to the category of materials that burn slowly. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":20404,"journal":{"name":"Polymer International","volume":"74 5","pages":"444-451"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of polylactide composites with silver nanoparticles by sputtering deposition and their antimicrobial and antiviral applications","authors":"Valeriy Demchenko,&nbsp;Yevgen Mamunya,&nbsp;Illia Sytnyk,&nbsp;Maksym Iurzhenko,&nbsp;Igor Krivtsun,&nbsp;Nataliya Rybalchenko,&nbsp;Krystyna Naumenko,&nbsp;Liubov Artiukh,&nbsp;Marek Kowalczuk,&nbsp;Olena Demchenko,&nbsp;Andrii Marynin","doi":"10.1002/pi.6707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6707","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Silver-containing composites formed by sputtering deposition on the surface of polylactide (PLA) films have been developed; they contain a layer of silver nanoparticles of different thicknesses depending on the deposition time, namely 1, 3 and 5 min. It was found that with a deposition time of 5 min a layer with a thickness of <i>ca</i> 100 nm is formed. The average size of the Ag nanoparticles is 5.9 nm, and the average specific surface area <i>S</i>_sp is 97 m² g⁻¹. The samples obtained were characterized by wide-angle X-ray scattering, TEM, TGA and DSC and their antimicrobial, antiviral and cytotoxic properties were studied as well. It was found that the thinnest layer of silver (deposited for 1 min) has the greatest effect on the PLA's heat resistance and glass transition temperature. PLA-Ag composites formed by silver sputtering deposition show antimicrobial activity against the studied test cultures of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and the activity of the samples increases with increasing duration of silver deposition. PLA-Ag composites formed by silver deposition for 5 min had a weak virucidal effect against herpes simplex virus type 1 and influenza virus type A. Irrespective of the sputtering time of silver the composites obtained were not cytotoxic; at a dilution of 1:10 and more they did not significantly inhibit the viability of MDCK, BHK and Hep-2 cells. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":20404,"journal":{"name":"Polymer International","volume":"74 3","pages":"207-216"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143397205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}