Conjugated polymer-reinforced cellulosic frameworks: a promising approach for flexible electronics

Abstract

Flexible electronics are seamlessly integrated into our lives, from foldable displays to smart wearables, redefining our interaction with technology. The use of metals and semiconductors in these flexible devices is limited due to their poor bendability and stretchability. Consequently, integrating conjugated polymers (CPs) into a cellulosic framework has emerged as a promising approach for advancing flexible electronics. Cellulose, as an abundant and sustainable biopolymer, offers a compelling solution to the escalating global e-waste crisis by providing a cost-effective and biodegradable substrate. This synergy has the potential to address environmental concerns and unlock new avenues of flexible, eco-friendly and sustainable electronic devices. Herein the unique properties and synthesis routes of CPs are briefly introduced including their opportunities and challenges. The review discusses a facile and efficient approach to circumvent the challenges of CPs using cellulose as a substrate. The review explores fabrication approaches of CP–cellulose composites aimed at enhancing mechanical, electrical and optical properties. Through a critical examination of recent studies and advancements, it highlights how CPs reinforce the cellulose framework and investigates their structure–property relationships, which are crucial for tailoring the properties for desired applications. Finally, the review presents an outlook on potential challenges and prospects for advancing CP-based cellulose composites in flexible electronics. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.