Phytochemical Analysis最新文献

{"title":"DOSY-Assisted Multicomponent Characterization Enables Classification of Precious Chinese Materia Medica and Identification of Adulteration: A Case Study of Calculus Bovis.","authors":"Shanghong Li, Cuifen Fang, Sinan Wang, Hsiuting Chang, Cheng Zheng, Yi Wang, Yu Tang","doi":"10.1002/pca.3522","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3522","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Despite significant advances in analytical methods, the quality evaluation and adulteration detection of chemically complex traditional Chinese medicines continues to be a major challenge.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We developed a custom diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) approach for the qualitative analysis of precious Calculus Bovis (CB) and detection of its adulterants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using Artificial Calculus Bovis as an example, we focused on the effects of NMR spectrometers, solvent viscosity, matrices, matrix concentration, and temperature on separation efficiency of DOSY. The optimal conditions also successfully applied for the identification of Natural Calculus Bovis, Calculus Bovis Sativus, and adulterated samples. The accuracy of DOSY was verified by ¹³C NMR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Via inspection of NMR spectrometers, solvents, matrices, matrix concentration, and temperature, the optimal conditions for DOSY experiments of CB were found to be using methanol-d₄ as the solvent, adding 4 mg of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as the matrix, and a temperature of 298 K. Under these conditions, five types of compounds, cholic acid (CA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), taurine-conjugated bile acids (tBAs), and glycine-conjugated bile acids (gBAs), were unequivocally identified in three types of CB. ¹³C NMR validated the accuracy of the DOSY results. As for the sugar-adulterated CB, the signals of sugar could be clearly identified on the DOSY spectrum.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study verified the feasibility of DOSY for the quality evaluation of CB and provided a reference point for future qualitative and quantitative analysis of other complex traditional Chinese medicines, as well as the characterization of adulterated samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1480-1489"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143543129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fates of Diterpene Lactones in Storage Andrographis paniculata Extracts.","authors":"Thiwa Rattanaya, Chusanajit Chuangrattanawan, Krongkarn Chootip, Dumrongsak Pekthong, Anuchit Plubrukarn","doi":"10.1002/pca.3514","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Diterpene lactones in Andrographis paniculata are essential bioactive compounds that contribute to the herb's medicinal properties. The main diterpene lactones in A. paniculata are andrographolide and its derivatives. Spontaneous degradation of the diterpene leads to a short-term stability and casts a significant problem in storage and distribution of A. paniculata raw materials and products.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the stability of diterpene lactones in A. paniculata extracts and their transformation dynamics.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A ¹H NMR-based metabolomics workflow and HPLC-based quantitative determination were used to map the stability profiles in A. paniculata extract stored in the standard storage conditions over a 6-month period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Qualitatively, NMR-based PCA detected both descending and ascending dynamics in transformation of diterpene lactones in A. paniculata extracts over a 6-month storage period. The contents of five lactone markers, compounds 1-5, in storage A. paniculata extracts were monitored to show that compounds 1 and 5 degraded with decelatory rates and presumably transformed via dehydration into compound 3, which otherwise increased also in a coherently decelatory manner. Lacking of the labile allylic hydroxyl group, compounds 2 and 4 were more stable and remained unchanged throughout the storage period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The short-term stability of A. paniculata extracts and related products was primarily attributed to the dehydration of 1 and it allylic hydroxy analogs, for example, 5, into a diene as in 3. Compound 3 is hence recommended as a plausible candidate as the stability and age marker of A. paniculata raw materials and products.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1367-1376"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143399631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality Control of Shenqi Tongmai Oral Liquid Based on Quantitative Analysis of Multicomponents by Single Marker, Molecular Docking, and Multivariate Statistics.","authors":"Qian Li, Li Wang, Liuping Tan, Xiaojing Tao, Bei Zhang, Jingnan Pei, Qiuping Li","doi":"10.1002/pca.3520","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Shenqi Tongmai oral liquid (SQTM) is famous for its remarkable effect in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, the SQTM quality evaluation system has not been established.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study is to establish a method for the determination of nine components of SQTM and to screen quality control indicators to comprehensively evaluate the quality of SQTM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The fingerprints of SQTM were established, and the contents of nine components in 17 batches of SQTM were determined based on quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker (QAMS). The antioxidant activity of samples was determined by the DPPH method and hydroxyl method, and the correlation between the content of nine components and antioxidant activity was analyzed by gray relational analysis (GRA), bivariate correlation analysis (BCA), and partial least squares regression (PLSR). The antioxidant activity of the monomers was confirmed through molecular docking techniques and in vitro experiments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no significant difference in the content between the QAMS method and the external standard method (p > 0.05). The findings from multivariate statistics, molecular docking, and in vitro validation indicated that rosmarinic acid, luteolin, and protocatechualdehyde exhibited significant antioxidant activities, which were important pharmacodynamic components that exerted antioxidant effects and could serve as quality markers (Q-Markers).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study elucidated the Q-Markers of SQTM and provided a relatively comprehensive approach for the assay of SQTM, which is a promising advance in the quality control of SQTM.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1450-1463"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12212019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143459178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Diterpenoids With Anti-Inflammatory Activity From Callicarpa rubella Collected in Vietnam.","authors":"Muhammad Ali, Shu-Rong Chen, Tsong-Long Hwang, Tsai-Hui Duh, Limbadri Salendra, Shah Iram Niaz, Pei-Wen Cheng, Yuan-Bin Cheng","doi":"10.1002/pca.3534","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Callicarpa rubella is a notable folk medicinal plant of the genus Callicarpa. It is extensively ethnobotanically used for its traditional uses to cure rheumatism, inflammation, and pain in traditional Chinese medicinal systems.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to isolate unreported diterpenoids with anti-inflammatory activities.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The planar structures of unreported compounds were characterized by interpreting 1D and 2D NMR spectra and HREIMS data. The absolute configurations were determined by comparing the experimental ECD spectra with calculated ECD ones. The potential anti-inflammatory activities of all isolated compounds were assessed by testing their in vitro inhibitory effects against superoxide anion generation and elastase release by human neutrophils in response to fMLP/CB.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Investigation of chemical constituents from the leaves and twigs of C. rubella leads to the isolation of four unreported diterpenoids (1-4) along with 17 known diterpenoids (5-21). The results showed compounds 1, 3, 5-7, 9, 12, 16, 18, and 20 have potent inhibition against FMLP/CB-induced superoxide anion generation with IC₅₀ values range from 1.37 ± 0.09 μM to 6.29 ± 1.14 μM, while compounds 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 16, 18, and 20 showed potent inhibition of elastase release with IC₅₀ ranging from 1.47 ± 0.15 μM to 5.79 ± 1.16 μM.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results obtained from the current study will enhance our understanding of diterpenoids from the Callicarpa genus and support the identification of unreported diterpenoids with potential anti-inflammatory agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1605-1613"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12212022/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced Methodologies for the Quality Control of Herbal Supplements and Regulatory Considerations.","authors":"Michael P Lindenmaier, Matthew W Bernart, Josef A Brinckmann","doi":"10.1002/pca.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Herbal supplements and OTC herbal drugs enjoy wide popularity with consumers but their quality has been questioned by genomic methods of testing. Due to complex regulatory environments in Europe and North America, the quality assurance of herbal preparations depends on protocols, which can significantly differ between the respective national and supranational drug control agencies. Modern methods of analysis combine genetic testing (DNA barcoding) with advanced chromatographic techniques as well as traditional microscopic and macroscopic tests to detect adulterants and undesirable constituents of herbs, including alkylphenols, aristolochic acids, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This review will give an account of current trends in herbal drug analysis and explain the shortcomings of existing methodologies. The article will also discuss regulatory protocols, compendial methods and differentiate between dietary supplement testing regimens and the requirements for approved herbal drugs. The purpose of this review is to document current trends in genetic testing and reveal future developments in drug analysis to reduce the possibility of adulterations and assure the authenticity of herbal products.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Chemometric methods and orthogonal approaches aid in the deconvolution of chromatographic and spectral data while expanding databases for nucleotide sequences and mineable spectra support method development in herbal analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Genetic testing of herbal products has further increased the capabilities to detect minute adulterations, but such assays are only meaningful in combination with chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis. Despite the advancement of genomic testing, chemometrics, UHPLC and mass spectrometry, cost-effective quality control techniques such as HPTLC in conjunction with microscopic and macroscopic examination remain important particularly in regulated environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144485548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the Impact of Extraction Processes on the Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine Granules.","authors":"Cong Zhang, Chungang Zhang, Meng Liu, Ti Wang","doi":"10.1002/pca.3484","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3484","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This review aims to summarize and elucidate the extraction processes of traditional Chinese medicine granules, examining their connection to quality control, with the aim of establishing a foundation for superior extraction methodologies.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This article systematically collects and analyzes relevant literature from the past two decades through databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and CNKI, focusing on the extraction processes of traditional Chinese medicine granules and the factors affecting extraction efficiency.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This article provides a comprehensive account of the extraction and granulation processes of traditional Chinese medicine granules. Beginning with the physicochemical properties and chemical components of herbal slices, it explores ways to improve extraction efficiency while also examining the relationship between component structure and biological activity. Rooted in the fundamental theories of traditional Chinese medicine and harmonized with contemporary extraction technologies, it follows the principle that \"quality originates from design,\" ensuring stringent control over the extraction process.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This article analyzes extraction technologies, factors influencing extraction efficiency, and quality control measures, establishing a theoretical basis for achieving high-quality and high-yield extraction processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"903-911"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142771305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coumarins in the Flavedo of Citrus limon Varieties-Ethanol and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Extractions With HPLC-DAD Quantification.","authors":"Fabian Alperth, Bettina Pogrilz, Astrid Schrammel, Franz Bucar","doi":"10.1002/pca.3499","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Peels are an abundant but still underutilized waste product in the Citrus fruit industry. They contain coumarins with antiadipogenic potential that could be promising targets in new valorization strategies for Citrus peels.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In this study, these coumarins, that is, citropten, bergamottin, and 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin (5G7MC), were investigated in Citrus limon peels of different commercial varieties by HPLC-DAD after extraction with ethanol and choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as alternative extraction agents in green natural product extraction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Target coumarins were almost exclusively found in the flavedo (exocarp) peel layer and in whole peel samples, but not in the albedo (mesocarp) layer. Flavedo samples from varieties \"Verdelli\" (ES) and \"Lisbon\" (ZA) showed particularly high concentrations in ethanolic extracts. When applying NADES extraction, best results for citropten were achieved with malonic acid, 1,2-propanediol, and citric acid as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs), with higher yields than the reference solvent ethanol. For bergamottin and 5G7MC, promising results were obtained for 1,2-propanediol as HBD, though lower yields than with ethanol. The possible chlorination of coumarin epoxides byakangelicol and oxypeucedanin was recognized for acidic NADES in LC-MS analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, C. limon peels proved to be a relevant starting material for valorization through coumarin extraction with ethanol and NADES.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1141-1152"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12129719/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143047500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the Major Bioactive Component of Silybum marianum in Nutricosmetics by a HPLC Method With Amperometric Detection and UAE Pretreatment.","authors":"Lucía Abad-Gil, M Jesús Gismera, M Teresa Sevilla, Jesús R Procopio","doi":"10.1002/pca.3478","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3478","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Nutricosmetics derived from Silybum marianum, known for their anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties, necessitate accurate quantification of silybin, a key bioactive component.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to develop a novel high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with amperometric detection (HPLC-ECD) for the precise determination of silybin. An ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) procedure is also established for solid sample preparation prior to chromatographic analysis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Chromatographic separation of silybin was performed on a C18 column and using methanol-0.035 M potassium phosphate (pH 4.0) at 1.0 mL min^-1 flow rate as mobile phase in gradient mode. The electrochemical detection (ECD) of silybin was carried out on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) at +1.10 V versus Ag/AgCl. The UAE procedure for silybin extraction from solid samples was performed by 15 min sonication in an ultrasonic bath (80 kHz and 100% power) at room temperature.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Under the optimal chromatographic conditions, silybin diastereoisomers (silybin A and silybin B) can be separated from other S. marianum flavonolignans in less than 20 min, with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.060 mg L^-1 and a reproducibility (RSD) of 5%. This method was successfully applied to analyze silymarin-containing products with recoveries close to 100%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This work presents the first HPLC method for silybin determination using an amperometric detector with a GCE. The LOD is competitive in comparison with previously published HPLC-DAD methods. This HPLC-ECD method allows silybin diastereoisomers identification without interferences of other flavonolignans present in silymarin extracts.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"934-942"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12129713/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HPLC Fingerprint Combined With Chemometrics and Multicomponent Content Determination for Quality Evaluation and Control of Huangma Tincture.","authors":"Jing Qiu, Jie Li, Si-Yang Shang, Peng Zhou, Jing Leng","doi":"10.1002/pca.3487","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3487","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Huangma Tincture (HMT) is a Chinese patent medicine with a history of clinical use for more than 60 years, widely used for treating dermal chronic ulcer such as diabetic foot ulcer. However, the overall quality evaluation and control method of HMT has not yet been researched.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study is to establish a comprehensive quality evaluation and control method for HMT based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint, chemometrics, and multicomponent content determination.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Establishing chemical fingerprint of HMT and carrying out similarity analysis comprehensively reflect the consistency of the formulation in terms of chemical composition. Chemometrics analyses, including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), were performed to identify components crucial to quality differences. The content of five potential bioactive ingredients (brucine, strychnine, jatrorrhizine, coptisine, and berberine hydrochloride) was determined as a supplementary quality control measure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HPLC fingerprint of HMT with similarity index > 0.990 was established, in which five common compounds (brucine, strychnine, jatrorrhizine, coptisine, and berberine hydrochloride) were identified. HCA, PCA, and OPLS-DA results, validated through 200 permutation tests, were basically consistent. The contents of brucine, strychnine, jatrorrhizine, coptisine, and berberine hydrochloride in 20 batches of HMT samples were 0.2088-0.5556, 0.2599-0.9868, 0.1358-0.2092, 0.2634-0.6843, and 1.8301-2.7826 mg/mL, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HPLC fingerprint combined with chemometrics and multicomponent content determination considering both effect and toxicity provides a robust method for the comprehensive quality evaluation and control of HMT.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1002-1016"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality Markers of Fufang Shenqi Oral Liquid Based on Integrated Fingerprint Analysis, Chemical Pattern Recognition, and Quantification.","authors":"Yingqi Zhang, Yangling Li, Yanwei Cheng, Huiling Nan, Yuqiang Wu, Hongtao Chen, Xuejian Li, Yudong Luo, Anqiang Tan, Qing Chen","doi":"10.1002/pca.3489","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.3489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Fufang Shenqi Oral Liquid (FFSQOL) is an important Chinese medicine compound preparation with a wide range of clinical applications, which is mainly used to regulate immune function, improve cardiovascular function, and have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. At present, it is of great importance to establish the quality evaluation method of FFSQOL and to investigate its quality markers (Q-markers).</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study is to establish a quality evaluation method for FFSQOL and screen its Q-markers to provide a scientific basis for its quality control.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourteen batches of FFSQOL were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint and similarity analysis. The components of FFSQOL were identified, and their content was determined. This was combined with cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the Q-markers of FFSQOL.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, an HPLC fingerprint was established for 14 batches of FFSQOL, identifying 12 common peaks and six major components. Four components were identified as stable and reproducible: gallic acid (504.94 ~ 1219.04 μg/mL), caffeic acid (452.15 ~ 783.01 μg/mL), 7-O-glucoside (1097.72 ~ 2440.41 μg/mL), and formononetin (176.2 ~ 177.51 μg/mL). Quality evaluation of the 14 batches was conducted using chemical pattern recognition analysis. CA results indicated two distinct groups, and PCA revealed that principal components 1 and 2 were the main factors influencing batch differences. A combination of HPLC fingerprint, content determination results, and chemical pattern recognition analysis was employed to identify Q-markers for FFSQOL. The markers identified were gallic acid, caffeic acid, calycosin 7-O-glucoside, and formononetin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, a quality evaluation method for FFSQOL was established through the implementation of fingerprint, content determination, and chemical pattern recognition analysis, resulting in the identification of four Q-Markers of FFSQOL, which laid the foundation for the formulation of FFSQOL quality standards.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1031-1040"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142847364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}