Phytochemical Analysis最新文献

{"title":"Screening of Anti-Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Active Components With ESR2 Targeting Affinity in Dioscoreae Rhizoma Based on Affinity Ultrafiltration-UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS.","authors":"Wanjie Liu, Kunping Yang, Yishan Li, Yawen Li, Shuo Wang, Bing Yang, Wei Feng, Jingwei Lv, Jiaming Sun","doi":"10.1002/pca.70034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dioscoreae Rhizoma (DR) is a plant recognized for its dual medicinal and edible applications, exhibiting notable therapeutic efficacy, particularly in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) associated with estrogen deficiency.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study sought to systematically identify bioactive compounds present in DR that interact with estrogen receptor β (ESR2) and employ affinity ultrafiltration in conjunction with UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS to find possible therapy options for PMOP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, a C18 column was employed to fractionate the DR extract into distinct fractions, and the optimal active site in DR was identified based on its osteoprotegerin (OPG) content in MC3T3-E1 cells. To identify the DR components exhibiting high binding affinity for ESR2, affinity ultrafiltration coupled with UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS was utilized. These findings were further corroborated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. To further validate the osteogenic effects of the identified compounds, CCK-8 proliferation assays, along with OPG and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assays, were employed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 30% DR fraction demonstrated significant anti-PMOP activity. Acacetin, Adenosine, and Procyanidin B2 are recognized as the principal active constituents responsible for the anti-PMOP effects of DR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study introduces a comprehensive approach combining affinity ultrafiltration with UPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS and molecular docking to efficiently identify ESR2-targeted therapeutic compounds for PMOP in DR. The findings offer both theoretical and empirical foundations for the advancement of novel therapeutic strategies for PMOP.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperspectral Imaging for Detection and Classification of Plant Primary and Secondary Metabolites: A Review.","authors":"Muskan Raghav, Akhilesh Dubey, Jyotsna Singh","doi":"10.1002/pca.70029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a nondestructive technique that simultaneously captures spectral and spatial information across multiple wavelengths. It has gained importance in plant science for detecting primary metabolites, vital for growth, and secondary metabolites, essential for plant defense and human health. Conventional methods such as chromatography and mass spectrometry, though accurate, are destructive, time-consuming, and require laborious sample preparation.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This review examines the potential of HSI as a rapid and noninvasive tool for metabolite detection and classification, emphasizing its role in precision agriculture, plant phenotyping, and medicinal plant research.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review summarizes principles of HSI, hardware components, image acquisition strategies, and processing techniques. Special focus is given to the integration of machine learning for extracting and classifying biochemical information from high-dimensional spectral data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Studies show that HSI enables accurate, real-time assessment of plant metabolic profiles. Machine learning approaches enhance predictive performance, while advances in imaging sensors, illumination systems, and computational tools are improving applicability. HSI is increasingly adopted for monitoring plant quality, stress responses, and bioactive compound content.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review highlights HSI as a transformative tool in plant metabolomics, providing scalable, rapid, and sustainable alternatives to traditional methods, with strong potential to advance agricultural productivity and medicinal plant applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145233118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study Between Raw and Different Processed Stellera chamaejasme L. Based on Electronic Eye, Electronic Nose, HPLC, and Chemometrics.","authors":"Wenqi Hu, Xiaoran Zhao, Liying Liu, Gege Li, Rui Huang, Yanan Liu, Xiaoliang Ren","doi":"10.1002/pca.70005","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Langdu (SSC) is the dried root of Stellera chamaejasme L. Due to its toxicity, the milk-processed (NSC), Terminalia chebula decoction-processed (HSC), wine-processed (JSC), and vinegar-processed (CSC) products are predominantly employed in clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To illuminate the difference in color, volatile, and non-volatile compounds among the processed products of SC.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>SC was processed into five products. Color characteristics, volatile, and non-volatile compounds were systematically analyzed using electronic eye, electronic nose, and HPLC analyses. Multivariate statistical analyses comprising principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), discriminant factor analysis (DFA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and correlation analysis were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following processing, significant differences in color, volatile, and non-volatile components were observed. The established chemometric models demonstrated rapid discriminative capability to the five products, with seven volatile components and 16 non-volatile components identified as potential chemical markers. Quantitative analysis revealed increased levels of daphnetin and scopoletin and decreased levels of bergenin and chamaechromone after processing. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between the lightness (L*) value in the CIELAB color space and scopoletin (p < 0.001) or 7-hydroxycoumarin (p < 0.001), while the b* (yellow-blue) axis showed significant positive correlations with daphnetin (p < 0.001) and isopimpinellin (p < 0.05) contents. Additionally, a* (red-green) axis showed significant negative correlations with daphnetin, 7-hydroxycoumarin, and daphnoretin levels (p < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The established models efficiently, accurately, and reliably discriminated the different processed products of SC through multidimensional characterization. These potential chemical markers and correlation patterns provide the scientific foundation for toxicity reduction assessment and processing standardization.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1974-1989"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144529277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Material Basis and Mechanisms of Toxicity Reduction in Processing and Compatibility of Euodiae Fructus Based on UPLC-MS/MS Quantitative Analysis and UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS Metabolomics.","authors":"Keshu Wang, Meijing Li, Zhimin Song, Zekuan Zhang, Qi Wang, Jingjing Xu, Yuan Gao, Jiabo Wang, Jing Li, Muxin Gong","doi":"10.1002/pca.70006","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.70006","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Determining the hepatotoxic potential of Euodiae Fructus (EF) and exploring the methods and mechanisms of detoxification after processing and compatibility are critical for its rational use. The changes in components and endogenous metabolites after administration might provide a pathway to resolve the above issues.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;This study aims to investigate whether boiling water washing (BWW), drying after BWW, or compatibility in Wuzhuyu decoction (WZYD) can mitigate the hepatotoxicity of EF, and to explore the underlying mechanisms through chemical composition and metabolomics analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The hepatotoxicity of EF, processed EF, and WZYD were evaluated in normal mice, then the hepatotoxicity of WZYD was evaluated in migraine model mice. General physical signs (e.g., weight loss, reduced activity, and dull fur), biochemical markers (e.g., ALT, AST, TBIL, and ALP levels), and histopathological examination were observed. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to quantify the change of 14 specific ingredients in EF after processing and compatibility, including alkaloids (e.g., evodiamine, rutaecarpine), phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid), and flavonoids. Metabolomics based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was employed to identify key pathways, and protein expression in these pathways was assessed to confirm detoxification mechanisms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The decocted extract of raw EF (SEF) induced liver injury in normal mice at a human equivalent dose, while the decocted extracts of boiling water-washed EF (TEF) and dried boiling water-washed EF (GEF) reduced this injury. WZYD did not induce liver injury in normal and migraine model mice, further supporting its safety profile. Significant differences in chemical composition were observed among SEF, TEF, GEF, and WZYD, including a reduction in phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid) and an increase in alkaloids (e.g., evodiamine and rutaecarpine). Metabolomics analysis revealed that both boiling water washing (BWW) processing and WZYD compatibility influenced linoleic acid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Specifically, CYP2E1 expression was significantly reduced in the TEF and WZYD groups, accompanied by decreased oxidative markers (MDA) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;In summary, BWW processing and WZYD compatibility reduce EF-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating linoleic acid metabolism, CYP2E1 activity, oxidative stress, and inflammation. These processes are interconnected and play a central role in the detoxification of EF. By altering the chemical composition of EF, these processes reduce the levels of potential hepatotoxic components such as phenolic acids, while increasing the concent","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1990-2010"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144584478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in Extraction of Polyphenols by Advanced Extraction Methods.","authors":"Suvarna Yenduri, K G Venkatesh, K Naga Prashant","doi":"10.1002/pca.70012","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polyphenols are the plant-derived chemicals that have antioxidant properties and provide a wide range of health applications. Traditional polyphenol extraction techniques are limited in scalability, efficiency, and environmental effect. To address these constraints, various advanced approaches came into existence, like ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. These sophisticated approaches come with several benefits over traditional extraction approaches. These advanced extraction methods are more efficient, use very low amounts of solvents, and have minimal environmental effect. These techniques can retain the integrity of bioactive chemicals and are suitable for large-scale extraction, too. Polyphenol-rich extracts have a wide range of uses. They can be utilized as ingredients or additives in foods, cosmetics, and coatings and packing materials. The advancement of these new techniques will be critical for the future polyphenol extraction with an emphasis on sustainability-related factors. These approaches have the potential to address the growing demand for polyphenols while also helping to create more efficient and sustainable extraction procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"1875-1892"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated LC-MS and Network Pharmacology Reveal Metabolic Profile and Quantitative Analysis of Active Components in Coptidis Rhizoma-Aucklandiae Radix Herb Pair Between Healthy and Diarrheal Mice.","authors":"Lujia Yang, Muyao Li, Xianglan Deng, Fang Deng, Chuanyang Zhang","doi":"10.1002/pca.70019","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common side effect after the use of antibiotics, characterized by symptoms like diarrhea and abdominal pain. However, the active components and in vivo metabolism of the Coptidis Rhizoma-Aucklandiae Radix herb pair (CR-AR) in the treatment of AAD remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to (1) investigate the prototype components, metabolites, and potential metabolic pathways of CR-AR in AAD mice and (2) compare the concentration of six active components between healthy and AAD mice.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>AAD model mice received oral administration of the CR-AR extract. UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-HRMS was used to analyze the prototype components and metabolites in serum, feces, and intestines of AAD mice. A prototype components-targets-pathways-AAD network was developed using network pharmacology to identify active components and effective targets of CR-AR in treating AAD, based on prototypes detected in serum, fecal, and intestinal samples. Additionally, a comparative analysis of the concentration of six active components was conducted between healthy and AAD mice using UPLC-QqQ-MS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 45 components were identified in the extract of CR-AR. Among them, 16 prototype compounds and 47 metabolites were identified, and potential metabolic pathways (including hydroxylation, demethylation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydrogenation, and glucuronidation) were proposed. Based on the 16 prototype components, six potentially active components (berberine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, columbamine, epiberberine, and dehydrocostus lactone) were screened from the prototype components-targets-pathways-AAD disease network. Targeted quantitative analysis showed that alkaloid-based active components were significantly more concentrated in the intestines of AAD mice than in healthy mice after 6 h (p < 0.05).</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"2129-2147"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144744151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LC-MS-Based Serum Pharmacochemistry Combined With Network Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics to Evaluate the Role of Macromolecular Components in TCMs' Decoction: A Case Study on Qi-Huo-Yi-Fei Decoction for COPD Therapy.","authors":"Peng Yang, Hu-Dong Lv, Jie Wu, Fang Long, Jing Zhou, Cheng-Ying Wu, Jin-Di Xu, Shan-Shan Zhou, Qing-Ling Xiao, Song-Lin Li, Hong Shen","doi":"10.1002/pca.70021","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The role of macromolecular components in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) decoction remains poorly understood, primarily because of their structural complexity and limited systemic bioavailability. In the modernization of TCMs' decoctions, macromolecular components are often removed as \"poor bioavailable impurities\" by ethanol precipitation that might attenuate the efficacy thereof.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>A novel strategy integrating LC-MS-based serum pharmacochemistry, network pharmacology, and pharmacodynamics was developed to reveal the role of macromolecular components in TCMs' decoction, using Qi-Huo-Yi-Fei decoction (QH) treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a case study.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>QH was separated into macromolecular components (QH-M) and small molecular components (QH-S) by ethanol precipitation. The absorbed components of QH and QH-S in serum were qualitatively and semiquantitatively analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. The differences in targets and pathways of the absorbed components were predicted by network pharmacology analysis. The therapeutic effects on pulmonary function, histopathology, and inflammation of QH, QH-S, and QH-M were comparatively investigated on a COPD rat model.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>A total of 103 components were identified in QH and QH-S, whereas 86 and 72 were detectable in QH- or QH-S-treated serum, respectively. The highest levels of absorbed components appeared from 15 to 60 min for QH-S and at 15 min for QH. The concentrations of most absorbed components of QH were twofold higher than those of QH-S. Their protein-protein interaction (PPI), herb-component-target networks, and GO/KEGG enrichment pathways were quite different, mainly in inflammatory, immunity, and cell apoptosis processes. QH-M improved pulmonary function, histopathology, and inflammatory infiltration, mainly on FVC (p < 0.05), thickness/external diameter (p < 0.01), Wac/Pbm (p < 0.01), TNF-α (p < 0.01), and IL-17 (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, QH was more effective than QH-S, mainly on FEV0.3/FVC, MAN, GC/CC, TNF-α, and IL-17.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>QH-M was not only effective independently on COPD but also showed integrative effects with the coexisting QH-S in improving their absorption, thus strengthening the component-target interactions, and consequently contributing to the COPD therapeutic effects of QH. Therefore, it was confirmed that QH-M was essential for QH's COPD therapy and should not be removed during the modern preparation development.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"2148-2181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolomics-Based Comprehensive Exploration of the Bioactive Compound in Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. in Response to Exogenous Nitrogen.","authors":"Hui Zhi, Sen Shi, Yun Guo, Zhonghua Tang","doi":"10.1002/pca.70015","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. (S. divaricata), a traditional Chinese medicine, is renowned for its dried roots rich in phenolic compounds, which exhibit significant medicinal values in anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and other therapeutic fields. Cultivating medicinal plants has been validated as an effective strategy to enhance the supply of phenolic-rich raw materials. However, the efficient fertilization strategy of nitrogen-a key nutrient-and its regulatory mechanisms on plant growth and phenolic metabolism in S. divaricata remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Purpose and study design: </strong>This study aimed to explore nitrogen's effects on S. divaricata growth and phenolic accumulation. Field experiments used four nitrogen treatments: no nitrogen fertilization (CK), low nitrogen fertilization (9 g/m^²), medium nitrogen fertilization (18 g/m^²), and high nitrogen fertilization (27 g/m^²). Growth indices and phenolic metabolites were analyzed via UPLC-MS and multivariate statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the medium nitrogen treatment (18 g/m^²) significantly promoted the growth of S. divaricata, with plant height and single-plant biomass reaching 26 ± 0.3 cm and 19.04 ± 0.96 g, respectively, and optimal root development (root length 14.7 ± 0.2 cm). Additionally, nitrogen application significantly promoted the synthesis of phenolic compounds and enhanced the tolerance of S. divaricata to nitrogen stress, which is conducive to safeguarding and elevating its medicinal value. For specific bioactive substances, the contents of prim-o-glucosyl-cimifugin, 4'-o-β-glucosyl-5-o-methylvisamminol, cimifugin, and sec-o-glucosylhamaudol in S. divaricata under medium nitrogen concentration were notably higher than those in the no-nitrogen fertilization group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study confirms that medium nitrogen levels can synergistically enhance the growth and accumulation of medicinal active components in S. divaricata, providing a theoretical basis for the precise application of nitrogen fertilizers and quality regulation in medicinal plant cultivation.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"2080-2090"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality Analysis of Raw Material and Products of Goat Bezoar (Houzao), a Mysterious Traditional Medicine.","authors":"Sing-Wan Pun, Hau-Yee Fung, Peili Zhu, Zhu Zhang, Hanting Hu, Yinan Feng, Zhongzhen Zhao, Lifeng Li, Quanbin Han","doi":"10.1002/pca.70022","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Goat bezoar (Houzao in Chinese, also called \"monkey\" bezoar or Caprae Calculus) is a valued traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used in the treatment of pediatric cough for centuries. However, its undefined chemical composition hinders quality control and mechanistic understanding, limiting its modernization and further development.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to comprehensively characterize the chemical composition of goat bezoar and develop a robust quality control method.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>UPLC-qTOF-MS was first utilized to analyze the methanol extract of goat bezoar reference material. Markers specific to the medicinal portion were identified by comparing the chemical profiles with the non-medicinal portion and 50 co-formulated TCMs. Amino acid composition and ash content were also determined. Validated quantitative methods for these markers were subsequently developed using both UPLC-qTOF-MS and UPLC-DAD and applied to assess the quality of 13 batches of raw goat bezoar material and 38 batches of commercial products.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight characteristic markers, including ellagic acid and seven of its gut microbial metabolites (urolithins), were identified exclusively within the medicinal portion. Ellagic acid (72.72%-89.41%) and total urolithins (2.14%-5.13%) were major components. These, along with amino acids (1.19%-5.91%) and total ash (2.09%), account for over 90% of the medicinal portion's composition. The analysis of commercial materials and products using this method revealed that goat bezoar may be absent in 20 commercial products while all the goat bezoar powder samples were authentic.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides the first comprehensive chemical characterization of goat bezoar, revealing its unique composition and establishing it as the only known TCM with urolithins. Validated quantitative methods for ellagic acid and urolithins provide a crucial quality control tool, paving the way for further research, development, and modernization of this valuable TCM.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"2182-2196"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12511827/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-Friendly Capillary Electrophoresis for Enhanced Detection of Hydrophobic Flavonoids in Tangerine Peel Tea via Borate Complexation and Micellar Stacking.","authors":"Rong Xue, Yaxin Qin, Wei Gao, Yaping Zang, Yangbin Lv, Yaxin Cheng, Wenli Sun, Chu Chu","doi":"10.1002/pca.70007","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pca.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Tangerine peel tea, a bioactive-rich plant beverage containing hydrophobic flavonoids (hesperidin, naringin, and neohesperidin), faces analytical challenges in quality control due to poor aqueous solubility.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In order to determine the hydrophobic flavonoids components in tangerine peel tea and evaluate its quality, this experiment was carried out.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>An eco-friendly offline-online capillary electrophoresis stacking strategy integrating polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based aqueous biphasic extraction with borate complexation-assisted micelle-to-cyclodextrin stacking was developed. Critical parameters influencing separation, enrichment, and extraction efficiency were systematically optimized. The method was subsequently validated for accuracy, precision and green evaluation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following single-factor optimization, the online stacking parameters were defined as 90 mmol/L sodium tetraborate and 35% (v/v) methanol in the background solution, with injection times fixed at 40 s (SDS), 20 s (cyclodextrin), and 200 s (sample). Offline pretreatment employed a salt PEG sample aqueous biphasic system (ABS) for extraction. Under optimized conditions, the method demonstrated excellent linearity (r ≥ 0.998) and low detection limits (40-50 ng/mL), achieving a 723-fold sensitivity enhancement over conventional detection. Greenness assessment confirmed superior sustainability, and the method successfully quantified three hydrophobic targets (hesperidin, naringenin, and neohesperidin) in tangerine peel tea and spiked rat urine with high accuracy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The proposed strategy establishes a robust analytical platform for nutraceutical quality control, resolving critical challenges in quantifying poorly soluble bioactive compounds through optimized online stacking and aqueous biphasic extraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":20095,"journal":{"name":"Phytochemical Analysis","volume":" ","pages":"2011-2021"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144560788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}