Perceptual and Motor Skills最新文献

{"title":"Activation of the Anterior Insular and Prefrontal Cortices During Attention Switching and Task Execution: A Study Using a Cued-Switching Task and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.","authors":"Miyuki Kato, Shigeyuki Kan, Naho Ichikawa, Masahiro Takamura, Go Okada","doi":"10.1177/00315125261439049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125261439049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> It is more difficult to concentrate when switching attention from rest to a task than when performing a task continuously. The anterior insular cortex (AIC) plays a role in the mechanisms underlying attention disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The AIC is activated by cues that demand attentional switching; however, it is unclear whether this activity correlates with performance. Furthermore, it is not clear whether the AIC is important during task execution as well as task preparation. <b>Purpose:</b> This study examined the role of the AIC in attentional switching. <b>Research Design:</b> In this study, we created a shortened version of the cued-switching task, which is a cognitive test that assesses the maintenance of focus during task repetition and refocusing on a task after an unexpected interruption or short rest, and assessed brain activity during the task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. <b>Study Sample:</b> Thirty-two healthy adults participated in the study. Data Collection and/or Analysis: We measured brain activity and analyzed its relation to network activity and reaction time. Results: The results revealed that the AIC was also important during task execution and was active together with the prefrontal cortex. AIC activity promoted activity in the salience network, prefrontal cortex, and motor areas. Furthermore, AIC activity during task execution was negatively correlated with reaction time in the absence of attentional switching. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings suggest that AIC activity is important for switching attention and for completing tasks with or without attentional switching. This study shows the possibility of the AIC becoming an effective target for attention training in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"315125261439049"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147690633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Physical Activity in Post-COVID Schoolchildren's Motor Competence.","authors":"Roseany Silva, Giovanna Araújo, Daniele Licre, Maria Helena Silva, Pedro Ykaro Silva, Carolina Lima-Alvarez, Fábio Flôres","doi":"10.1177/00315125251352661","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251352661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Motor competence (MC) is closely linked to children's physical activity (PA) levels, playing a critical role in their overall health and development. <b>Purpose:</b> This study explores the relationship between MC and PA among elementary school-aged children in northern Brazil. <b>Study Sample:</b> 261 children (52.11% boys and 47.89% girls) aged 5-14 (9.62 ± 2.70 years; 18.25 ± 3.92 Kg/m²). <b>Data Collection:</b> public and private schools in northern Brazil. <b>Research Design:</b> MC was assessed using the Motor Competence Assessment tool, and the PA levels were determined using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in its abbreviated form. <b>Results:</b> Most children (66.7%) were classified as physically active, with 27.2% showing very low levels of MC, and boys also outperformed girls. General results showed a moderate association between age and BMI (r = .402; <i>p</i> < .05), and a weak negative association between MC and BMI (r = - 0.177; <i>p</i> < .05). Also, a significant negative correlation was observed between BMI and MC in girls (r = -.361; <i>p</i> < .05). Multinomial regression analysis indicated that manipulative skills and overall MC significantly predicted higher PA levels. Higher levels of MC and increasing age were associated with greater PA and reduced odds of being irregularly active. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings highlight the importance of early intervention, suggesting that enhancing MC can be a key strategy for promoting children's health and fostering active lifestyles. In particular, the post-pandemic context reinforces MC as a critical factor influencing PA levels in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"381-398"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12929659/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship Between Quiet Eye and Kinematic Characteristics Based on Expertise in Badminton Backhand Serve.","authors":"Seok-Hyun Song","doi":"10.1177/00315125251346882","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251346882","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The badminton backhand serve is a fundamental skill that determines the start of a rally, requiring precise timing and stable movement control. In particular, effective visual attention, known as Quiet Eye (QE), is likely to play a crucial role in movement planning and motor control. However, research on QE during the execution of a badminton backhand serve remains limited. Therefore, this study aims to examine the differences in QE based on expertise while analyzing the interaction between QE and upper limb joint movements to understand the underlying mechanisms of the execution of the serve. By doing so, this study seeks to identify the specific visual information involved in badminton backhand serve performance and provide foundational data for performance enhancement. Expert and novice players were instructed to perform backhand short and long serves in both singles and doubles conditions, and QE, wrist joint MEA (Maximum Extension Angular Velocity), and elbow joint MEA were analyzed for each condition. The results showed that skilled players had a longer QE duration than novices, with a particularly longer QE and lower wrist MEA observed in the doubles short serve condition. Additionally, a significant correlation between QE and MEA was found during the execution of the short serve. These findings align with certain aspects of the posture-kinematics hypothesis, particularly in terms of joint-level control. However, further research incorporating direct measures of postural control is required, and there is a need for a more refined analysis of the relationship between visual attention and motor control in badminton serves.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"443-464"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144187592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of an Eight-Week Psychomotor Processing Speed Program on Physical and Cognitive Abilities in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.","authors":"Luis Galhardas, Hélio Mamoru Yoshida, Armando Raimundo, José Marmeleira","doi":"10.1177/00315125251359748","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251359748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a psychomotor processing speed program on the physical and cognitive functioning of community-dwelling older adults. Twenty-two participants (80.6 ± 1.9 years) were allocated to the exercise group (EG) while twenty-one (mean age: 79.2 ± 1.2 years) were designated to the control group (CG). Participants in the exercise program underwent a psychomotor processing speed intervention twice a week for a duration of 8 weeks. Evaluations were conducted at baseline and post-intervention. Following the 8-week program, statistically significant enhancements (<i>p</i> < .05) were observed in all physical fitness parameters (strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, and balance), as well as in most cognitive parameters (reaction time, visual attention, executive functioning, and processing speed). Small to large effect sizes were established. The findings suggest that a psychomotor processing speed program can have a comprehensive impact on an individual's functional abilities and should be promoted for implementation in community-dwelling older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"419-442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12929662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144609023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Red Attire on Sentencing in Criminal Cases.","authors":"Isabel R DeSanno, Richard P Conti, Joseph H Preckajlo","doi":"10.1177/00315125251357639","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251357639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study attempts to understand if there is a bias towards a specific color of jumpsuit worn by criminal defendants; precisely, if red, when worn by violent criminals, convinces a jury of their guilt before the trial is over. Participants (<i>N</i> = 822) were assigned to one of six conditions in a 3 (color of jumpsuit: red, black, white) × 2 (gender: male and female) factorial design where they read a criminal case and were asked to provide a recommended sentence. Participants also completed the Belief in Just World Scale (BJW) and the Revised Legal Attitudes Questionnaire (RLAQ). Based on previous research, it was hypothesized that jurors would recommend the harshest sentence when a male defendant is wearing a red jumpsuit. Results indicated that female defendants received significantly lower recommended sentences than male defendants in each of the conditions. Female defendants in red prison attire received significantly lower recommended sentences than female defendants in each of the other conditions. As expected, higher BJW and RLAQ scores were associated with longer sentences in each of the conditions. Implications for further research are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"465-478"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144643150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower Blood Lactate Concentration and More Positive Affective Valence in Response to Reduced Exertion High Intensity Training (REHIT) on the Rowing Ergometer Compared to Cycle Ergometry.","authors":"Rasmus D Clausen, Todd A Astorino","doi":"10.1177/00315125251352652","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251352652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Perceptual responses are related to long-term exercise adherence. This within-subjects study compared blood lactate concentration (BLa) and perceptual responses to reduced exertion high intensity interval (REHIT) between rowing and cycle ergometry. Twenty healthy, active adults (age = 27 ± 6 yr) underwent a VO₂max test followed by completion of REHIT on the rower or cycle ergometer. Exercise consisted of three \"all-out\" 20 s sprints separated by active recovery. BLa, affective valence, rating of perceived exertion (RPE 6 - 20), and enjoyment were acquired during exercise. Results showed no difference in peak HR (98 ± 6 vs. 95 ± 4 %HRmax, <i>p</i> = .06) or maximal workload (191 ± 34 vs. 204 ± 29 %Wmax, <i>p</i> = .25) between rowing and cycling REHIT. Rowing REHIT exhibited significantly lower BLa (<i>p</i> < .001) at 2, 30, and 60 min post-exercise (7.0 ± 2.2 vs. 11.6 ± 2.8 mM, <i>p</i> < .001, d = 1.9; 3.1 ± 1.5 vs. 6.2 ± 2.8 mM, <i>p</i> < .001, d = 1.4; and 2.0 ± 0.7 vs. 3.1 ± 1.3 mM, <i>p</i> = .02, d = 1.2) versus cycling. Results also showed significantly greater enjoyment (101 ± 12 vs. 89 ± 17, <i>p</i> < .001, d = 0.84) and lower change in RPE (7.8 ± 2.0 vs. 9.5 ± 2.1, <i>p</i> = .001, d = 0.85) and affective valence (-1.2 ± 1.5 vs. -2.4 ± 2.7, <i>p</i> = .036, d = 0.54) with rowing versus cycling REHIT. Overall, rowing REHIT elicits a more positive perceptual response versus cycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"495-509"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Principal Technique Components for Young Swimmers Evaluation. Enhancing the Free Observation Method.","authors":"Konstantinos Papadimitriou, Mafalda P Pinto, Nikos Papadimitriou, Henrique P Neiva","doi":"10.1177/00315125251353253","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251353253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aims to identify, weight, and highlight the mistakes in the four swimming strokes through a technique evaluation tool for young swimmers that can accurately calculate swimming technique scores, taking into account the significance of each mistake. A total of 86 regional-level young swimmers (48 boys and 38 girls), aged from 8 to 12 years old, and training experience of 5.4 (1.7) years, participated in the study. Participants performed 15 m of each one of the swimming strokes (butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and front crawl), and were evaluated by two swimming coaches with the Technique Papadimitriou (Tec Pa) tool. A principal component analysis for categorical data (CATPCA) was selected to evaluate the weight of the 12 most significant technical points for all strokes. The range of loads, for the 12 technique spots, in the butterfly stroke was from 0.50-0.75, for backstroke from 0.47-0.68, for breaststroke from 0.51-0.80, and for front - crawl 0.31-0.74, with a Cronbach's Alpha value on 0.91, 0.88, 0.92 and 0.87 for each stroke, respectively. Considering the analysis, swimming coaches can easily implement a swimming technique evaluation for their swimmers without any expensive equipment, complicated systems, or computer applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"299-311"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Acute Effects of Short- and Long-Duration CrossFit® Session on Tissue Damage, Autonomic Response, and Fatigue: A Crossover Study.","authors":"Ramon Toledo, Marcelo Ricardo Dias, João Guilherme Vieira, Ronam Toledo, Guilherme de Jesus do Nascimento, Patrícia Panza, Luis Leitão, Jefferson da Silva Novaes, Katie Heinrich, Jeferson Macedo Vianna","doi":"10.1177/00315125251352637","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251352637","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The main characteristics of CrossFit® are that it is constantly varied and of high-intensity. The planning of CrossFit® training sessions can be differentiated by modality, frequency, rest intervals, variation, and duration, which can elicit different responses. <b>Purpose:</b> The aim of the present study was to compare the acute effects of a short-duration (<i>Fran</i>) and long-duration (<i>Cindy</i>) session of CrossFit® on tissue damage (creatine kinase-CK), autonomic responses, and fatigue in experienced CrossFit® practitioners. <b>Methods:</b> Thirteen men (31.2 ± 3.2 years) with 5.72 ± 2 years of experience participated in a crossover study with a counterbalanced design, where they completed both the short-duration and long-duration CrossFit® sessions. Blood samples were collected to check tissue damage via CK, autonomic responses were verified through heart rate variability (HRV), and the fatigue by countermovement jump (CMJ) at the following moments: pre-workout, immediately after (IA), 24- and 48-hour after the training session. <b>Results:</b> A statistically significant increase in CK was observed for <i>Fran</i> at 24 hours versus pre-workout (<i>p</i> = .029), while for <i>Cindy</i> there was a statistically significant increase in CK IA (<i>p</i> = .002) and 24 hours versus at pre-workout (<i>p</i> = .002). HRV showed lower values (<i>p</i> < .05) IA for the time domain in <i>Fran</i> and for the frequency domain in both training sessions. HRV returned to pre-workout values at 24 hours. CMJ did not show significant differences between moments and training sessions. The present study showed that CK significantly increased from baseline just after the long-duration session and was increased 24 hours after both. HRV significantly decreased IA, except in the frequency domain for the shortest training session (<i>Fran</i>). CMJ did not change through 48 hours after training, regardless of the training session. <b>Conclusions:</b> Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of considering both the intensity and duration of CrossFit® workouts when assessing their impact on physiological responses and potential risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"479-494"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-Powered Assessment of Motor Development: Using Platforms Like KineticAI to Analyze Fundamental Movement Skills in Children.","authors":"Jing Xuan Guo, Gao Hua Zhang, You Ming Zhang","doi":"10.1177/00315125251357047","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251357047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study is to examine the precision, dependability, and relevance of AI-based evaluations in contrast to conventional human evaluations. In all, 200 7-8-year-old students from urban and suburban schools participated in the study. Based on movement speed, accuracy, and smoothness, KineticAI's assessment of their motor skills divided them into three categories: proficiency, developing, and emerging. A thorough examination of KineticAI's validity and reliability was ensured by evaluating its psychometric qualities using COSMIN criteria. Furthermore, AI-generated scores and human evaluator ratings were compared using TGMD-3 as a standard. Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC), and Bland-Altman plots were among the statistical techniques used to evaluate the degree of agreement. With an ICC of 0.94, the results show that KineticAI achieves great accuracy and dependability, showing strong consistency with human judgments. With running (3.8), jumping (4.2), hopping (5.1), and balancing (4.9) points, the AI system demonstrated a negligible mean absolute error (MAE) across motor skills, thereby proving its accuracy. Disparities in motor proficiency were also found by gender and school, with suburban girls scoring the lowest and urban boys the highest. These results highlight how crucial it is to provide everyone with fair access to organized physical activity programs to close developmental gaps. The study indicates that KineticAI offers a scalable, objective, and efficient alternative to traditional motor assessments. It is a valuable tool for use in schools, rehabilitation clinics, and sports training programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"276-298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Formative Assessment and Corrective Feedback in Shaping Meaning of Education, Academic Hardiness, and Love of Learning Among English Foreign Language Learners.","authors":"Na Sun, Siros Izadpanah","doi":"10.1177/00315125251350213","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251350213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The primary objective of this study is to examine the effects of formative assessments and corrective feedback and their implications for the meaning of education (ME), academic hardiness (AH), and love of learning (LL) among English foreign language learners (EFLLs). Feedback plays a crucial role in student learning outcomes; however, limited research addresses its impact on key psychological factors in EFL learners. A pre-test/post-test quasi-experimental design was employed, with data analyzed using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) to assess the impact of teachers' written and corrective feedback on students' psychological factors while controlling for covariates. The study involved 312 students in a pre-test/post-test quasi-experimental design, comparing control and experimental groups. Results indicated significant effects of teachers' written and corrective feedback on students' love of learning (LL: F = 583.171, <i>p</i> < .001, explaining 35% of the variance), academic hardiness (AH: F = 738.391, <i>p</i> < .001, explaining 56% of the variance), and meaning of education (ME: F = 571.564, <i>p</i> < .001, explaining 65% of the variance). The findings have important implications for teachers, curriculum designers, and educational policymakers, with the intervention explaining up to 65% of the variance in key psychological factors, underscoring the importance of providing effective feedback to enhance learning outcomes. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to ongoing efforts to improve English foreign language education and foster a nurturing learning environment for language learners.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"312-335"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144317605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}