Perceptual and Motor Skills最新文献

{"title":"Relationships and Influencing Factors for Each Item of the Lumbar Motor Control Test.","authors":"Ryo Miyachi, Takaaki Nishimura, Masahiro Noguchi, Akio Goda, Hiromichi Takeda, Eisuke Takeshima, Yuji Kanazawa, Tadashi Imai, Wataru Tanaka","doi":"10.1177/00315125251394961","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251394961","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The lumbar motor control (LMC) test battery is widely used to assess LMC. Although studies have reported its reliability and discriminative validity, the inter-item relationships and item-specific determinants have been insufficiently characterized, with evidence remaining limited. Clarifying these aspects may enhance the interpretation of test results and support more precise clinical decision-making. Therefore, we aimed to examine the relationships among the items of the LMC test battery and identify the factors associated with each item. In total, 194 participants from a community health event were included in this study. Factors such as age, sex, low back pain, muscle mass, and autonomic balance were measured along with the LMC test battery. Muscle mass was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis, and autonomic balance was assessed via heart rate variability. The relationships between LMC test battery items were analyzed using chi-square tests, and the factors influencing each item were identified using logistic regression analysis. Although most LMC test battery items showed positive correlations, the pelvic tilt test showed negative correlations with several other items. Age, sex, autonomic balance, and lower limb muscle mass were identified as significant contributors to specific tests; however, no factor was common to all items. Our results indicate that the total score, specific relationships between test items, and influencing factors of each item should be considered when interpreting the results of the LMC test battery.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"1264-1282"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145422327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Showing Eye Movement Modelling Examples in Virtual Reality Increases Quiet Eye Duration and Improves Real World Motor Skill Performance.","authors":"Jayke B Bennett, David L Neumann, Matthew J Stainer","doi":"10.1177/00315125251392995","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251392995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Virtual Reality (VR) can be used to train elite athletes using innovative ways such as through point-of-view (POV) observation and visual augmentation. <b>Purpose:</b> The purpose of this study was to examine how, independent of physical practice, VR may be used to train visuomotor skills, especially the Quiet Eye (QE). <b>Research Design:</b> In a pre-post design, 42 golf novices either watched a training video in a VR headset that was based on Eye-Movement-Modelling-Examples (EMME) or did not receive gaze training (Control). One EMME variation showed the eye-gaze cursor of an expert while putting using a circle (i.e., cursor-only, termed Cursor), and a second variation showed the same gaze cursor but with peripheral information blurred (i.e., hereafter Blurred). Participants were not given any instructions about Quiet Eye. Subsequent putting performance and eye-movement behaviour were evaluated. <b>Results:</b> The results indicated that the Cursor visualisation significantly increased holed putts, reduced putting radial error, and improved putt line and length pre-to-post. There was also a significant reduction in radial error pre-to-post for the Blurred condition, but not for the Control condition. QE duration increased for all conditions pre-to-post, but improvement was largest for the Cursor condition, followed by Blurred, then Control. <b>Conclusions:</b> The findings indicate an enhanced learning effect of Cursor video training on longer QE duration and improved putting performance, including holed putts. Observing expert eye movement videos using VR augmentation may facilitate motor skill learning through visuomotor skill development, independent of physical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"1339-1365"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13569907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145377510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Dynamic Gait Index in Dyslexic Children.","authors":"Esin Topal-Seber, Evrim Karadag-Saygi, Ayca Evkaya-Acar, Duygu Karali-Bingul, Esra Giray","doi":"10.1177/00315125251406682","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251406682","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) in dyslexic children. Sixty children aged 8-14 years were included. The original English DGI was translated into Turkish and cross-culturally adapted following standard guidelines. To evaluate its measurement properties, two independent raters assessed all children in a single session, and one of them repeated the evaluation after 7 days. Internal consistency was determined via Cronbach's alpha, while intra- and inter-rater reliability were assessed using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC). We found the internal consistency of the DGI to be moderate, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.624, and it demonstrated good intra-rater (ICC = 0.85) and inter-rater (ICC = 0.83) reliability. Concurrent validity was examined by correlating DGI scores with the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) and the Functional Reach Test (FRT) results using Spearman's correlation analysis. However, no significant correlations were found between DGI scores and TUG or FRT performance (<i>p</i> > 0.05). This pattern may be related to ceiling effects and the limited sensitivity of these tests to subtle gait and dynamic balance impairments in dyslexic children. Notably, dyslexic children scored significantly lower on the DGI and performed worse on the TUG compared with their non-dyslexic peers (DGI: <i>p</i> < 0.001; TUG: <i>p</i> = 0.035), whereas no significant difference was observed for FRT scores (<i>p</i> = 0.43). These findings indicate that the Turkish DGI shows good intra- and inter-rater reliability in dyslexic children, but that evidence for its concurrent validity with clinical balance tests (TUG and FRT) is limited. Further research is needed to identify complementary assessment tools that can provide a more comprehensive evaluation of balance in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"1473-1488"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145757259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complexity Amplifies Expertise: Visual Search and Anticipatory Skill Adaptations in Skilled Basketball Players.","authors":"Hao Yu, Yongliang Zhu, Bin Gai","doi":"10.1177/00315125251394789","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251394789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visual search is essential for effective anticipation in dynamic sports environments, yet the impact of task complexity on visual processing across expertise levels remains unclear. This study investigated visual search behavior and anticipatory performance in 25 skilled basketball players and 25 untrained male students using eye-tracking technology during simple (five or fewer visible players) and complex (more than five visible players) basketball video-based tasks. Under simple task conditions, no significant differences were found in reaction time or accuracy between groups. However, in complex tasks, skilled athletes responded significantly faster (M = 1623 ms vs. 2077 ms, <i>p</i> < 0.01), with fewer fixations (M = 5.47 vs. 9.63, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and lower fixation frequency (<i>p</i> < 0.001), indicating more efficient visual strategies. Machine learning analysis using a Random Forest classifier highlighted average fixation duration and fixation frequency as the most important features for group classification. These findings suggest that cognitive and perceptual expertise in athletes becomes more pronounced under high task demands, and that training programs could benefit from emphasizing gaze efficiency, particularly by reducing unnecessary fixations and optimizing fixation timing on key areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"1548-1566"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145401472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Severity of Autism on Auditory Behaviour and Receptive Vocabulary in Autism Spectrum Disorder.","authors":"Milena Paštar, Ivana Milanović, Slavica Maksimović, Sanja Đoković, Ermin Fetahović, Slađana Veselinović, Miško Subotić","doi":"10.1177/00315125251401272","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251401272","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Auditory processing deficits are common in children and adults who are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). An intuitive yet underexplored hypothesis is that deficits in auditory processing may manifest in auditory sensory behaviours. As a result of irregularities in the domain of auditory processing, deficits in speech and language processing may occur, and studies show that receptive vocabulary deficits are also often present. This study aimed to examine the differences in auditory behaviour and receptive vocabulary between children with lower and higher degrees of severity of autism. The sample included 30 children aged from three years and five months to six years and 11 months. The GARS-3 was used to determine the severity of autism, the Auditory Processing subscale (APS) from the Sensory Profile and the Questionnaire on Auditory Behavior for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (QAB-ASD) (constructed for this study) were used to assess auditory behaviour, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) was used to assess receptive vocabulary. The obtained results indicate that children with a higher degree of severity of autism are more prone to exhibiting atypical auditory behaviour. At the same time, no differences in receptive vocabulary development were found between groups. The correlation between receptive vocabulary and auditory behaviour measured by the APS was not found, but it was with the score on the QAB-ASD. The results suggest the impact of the severity of autism on the manifestation of auditory behaviour but not on the receptive vocabulary development in children with ASD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"1434-1456"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145597128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Balance Training on Accuracy, Quiet Eye, and Power Spectrum in Dart-Throwing Task.","authors":"Seok-Hyun Song, Dong-Wook Han","doi":"10.1177/00315125251395552","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251395552","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Postural control and attentional focus are closely interrelated in the regulation of visuomotor performance. The Quiet Eye (QE) period, reflecting optimal attentional control, is known to be influenced by postural stability, yet the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. <b>Purpose:</b> This study examined the effects of balance training on dart-throwing performance, QE duration, and cortical activation to clarify the causal relationship between postural control and attentional regulation. <b>Research Design:</b> A randomized controlled design was implemented, consisting of pre-test, acquisition, retention, and transfer phases. <b>Study Sample:</b> Thirty college students (age: balance training group = 21.2 ± 0.86 years; control group = 21.0 ± 0.96 years) with minimal dart-throwing experience were randomly assigned to either the balance training or control group. <b>Analysis:</b> Performance scores, QE duration (via eye tracking), and EEG alpha power in frontal and temporal regions were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. <b>Results:</b> No group differences were observed at pre-test or during acquisition; however, significant improvements in dart accuracy were found in the balance training group during the retention and transfer tests (<i>p</i> = .001). QE duration significantly increased in the balance training group from pre-test to both retention and transfer (<i>p</i> < .001), while no such change occurred in the control group. EEG results revealed significant group × phase interactions, particularly in the temporal regions (T3, T4, T6), indicating differential modulation of alpha power between groups across learning phases. <b>Conclusions:</b> Balance training enhanced motor performance and attentional control by increasing QE duration and altering cortical activity associated with visuomotor regulation. These findings support a causal pathway in which improved postural stability facilitates attentional efficiency, leading to enhanced motor learning. Integrating balance-based postural training with QE-focused interventions may promote more effective skill acquisition strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"1591-1612"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145489985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive and Technical-Tactical Adaptations to Rapid Weight Loss in Elite Judoka.","authors":"Danilo França Conceição-Santos, Juan Bonitch-Góngora, Filipa Almeida, Cristina Benavente, Markus Gerber, Sebastian Ludyga, Emerson Franchini","doi":"10.1177/00315125251388334","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251388334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>PurposeThis study investigated the effects of moderate (≤5%) and high (>5%) weight loss (WL) on physiological recovery, cognitive performance, self-control, and technical-tactical performance in elite judo athletes during international competitions.MethodsTwenty elite athletes (age: 20.6 ± 2.2 years; body mass: 72.3 ± 14.4 kg; height: 1.73 ± 0.09 m) were assessed during a 10-day period leading up to competition. Body mass, heart rate variability (HRV) at rest, cognitive performance, and technical-tactical performance were examined. Athletes were categorized into moderate (MWLG, n = 9) and high (HWLG, n = 11) weight-loss groups. Statistical analyses included repeated measures ANOVA and correlation tests.ResultsBoth groups showed significant body mass reduction (MWLG: mean: 3.0 ± 2.0%; HWLG: mean: 6.8 ± 1.5%), with moderate to strong correlations between body mass reduction and increased response times on Flanker task (r = 0.52-0.61, <i>p</i> < 0.05). HRV indices remained stable, reflecting athletes' physiological resilience across the pre-competition period. Importantly, no significant differences were observed between groups in technical-tactical performance, self-control and inhibitory control.ConclusionWL was moderately associated with delayed response times on an inhibitory control task, indicating a change in cognitive strategy. These findings emphasize the need for integrated strategies combining weight management, recovery protocols, and cognitive training, as the observed associations between WL and cognitive response times may influence decision-making processes without directly impairing technical-tactical performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"1489-1509"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145401470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Contributing to the Success of Counterattacks Examined Through Reaction Time.","authors":"Saiya Kawabe, Hiroki Murakami, Norimasa Yamada","doi":"10.1177/00315125251398680","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251398680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) are key indicators of cognitive-motor processing. However, in interpersonal sports such as kendo, responders sometimes win against leaders who initiate movement first, suggesting complex temporal dynamics underlying reactive performance. <b>Purpose:</b> This study aimed to experimentally demonstrate the phenomenon of a responder winning against a leader who moves first and to investigate the reasons for such victories through MT and RT. <b>Research Design:</b> Two experiments were conducted. In the first, we recreated a situation in which counterattacks typically occur in kendo matches, confirming that responders won in approximately half the trials. Although responders had significantly shorter MTs than leaders, this alone could not explain their victories. The second experiment involved participants reacting to the sudden illumination of a light-emitting diode (LED) to perform a kendo men strike, thus measuring their simple RT. <b>Study Sample:</b> The experiments involved skilled university kendo athletes with over 12 years of experience who trained regularly. <b>Data Collection and/or Analysis:</b> The winner was identified based on high-speed camera recordings, while MT was calculated using both ground reaction force data and video analysis. RT was determined from the ground reaction force data. <b>Results:</b> Responders could shorten their RTs by detecting subtle changes in their opponents' movements early and reacting quickly. <b>Conclusions:</b> In interpersonal contexts, responding to gradual changes in an opponent's actions rather than to sudden stimuli may lead to shorter RTs, potentially contributing to a responder's win.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"1613-1635"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145513491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying Individual Differences in the Relationship Between Intended and Actual Force Across Repeated Trials With External Feedback.","authors":"Ryosuke Sugaya, Yoichi Hayashi","doi":"10.1177/00315125251401827","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00315125251401827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Accurate force control is essential for daily and sports performance, yet individuals differ in their ability to match intended and actual force. Little is known about how external feedback influences this ability or how individual differences can be quantified. <b>Purpose:</b> This study examined individual differences in matching intended grip force with actual force and clarified how repeated feedback affects accuracy across force levels. <b>Research Design:</b> A repeated-measures design was used in which participants performed multiple trials of a perceptually guided grip force task with external feedback. <b>Study Sample:</b> Forty-nine healthy young men completed 11 trials at three target forces (25%, 50%, and 75% of maximum voluntary contraction). <b>Data Collection and Analysis:</b> Accuracy was evaluated using the absolute value of the grip error (AE). A mixed-effects model assessed fixed effects of force level and trial number and random effects reflecting individual differences in accuracy and learning rate. <b>Results:</b> AE decreased across trials at all force levels, indicating improved accuracy with external feedback. Improvement varied by force level: AE was initially largest and decreased most at 75%, whereas 50% showed the slowest reduction. Random-effects analysis indicated differences in the force level at which participants were most accurate, suggesting preferred control levels. In contrast, individual differences in learning rates were small. <b>Conclusions:</b> Individuals vary in the force levels at which they perform most accurately, yet improvement through repeated external feedback is robust. These findings advance understanding of force control and individual differences in perceptually guided motor tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":" ","pages":"1305-1325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145637467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological and Psychological Responses in Elite Archers: Heart Rate Variability, Salivary Biomarkers, and Performance Outcomes.","authors":"Shu-Chi Yuan, Chen-Kang Chang","doi":"10.1177/00315125251387910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125251387910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated physiological responses during professional competitions by measuring heart rate variability (HRV) and salivary α-amylase and cortisol in elite archers. Based on the vagal tank theory, we examined psychophysiological dynamics and assessed differences in HRV and salivary biomarkers between high- and low-scoring matches to evaluate their association with performance. Eight elite archers (four male, four female) participated, with data collected across 184 matches of the Chinese Enterprise Archery League. HRV was recorded pre- and during matches, and salivary α-amylase and cortisol were measured pre- and post-match. Heart rate significantly increased from 97.0 ± 11.5 bpm pre-match to 110.7 ± 15.3 bpm during matches, while RMSSD, an index of cardiac vagal control, remained stable. Heart rate, RMSSD, and high-frequency power were similar between high- and low-scoring matches. Post-match α-amylase concentrations were lower in high-scoring matches (51.37 ± 49.44 U/ml) than in low-scoring matches (71.00 ± 88.13 U/ml; <i>p</i> = 0.037), after controlling for pre-match values, whereas cortisol levels remained unchanged. These findings suggest that elite archers engage sympathetic arousal to mobilize cognitive and physiological resources while maintaining vagal regulation to preserve precision and composure. The observed autonomic profile aligns with the vagal tank theory, indicating that self-regulation capacity was maintained during competition. Lower post-match AA levels, an indicator of sympathetic-adrenal-medullary pathway activity, were associated with better performance, suggesting that effective anxiety management may enhance accuracy. Psychological skills training to manage competition-related stress may therefore improve performance in elite archery.</p>","PeriodicalId":19869,"journal":{"name":"Perceptual and Motor Skills","volume":"133 5","pages":"1510-1521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149025763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}