Journal of Neuropsychology最新文献

{"title":"Globally famous, locally recognized: Cross-cultural validation of the use of Famous Faces Test in Croatia","authors":"Maja Kolanović,&nbsp;Mirta Stantić","doi":"10.1111/jnp.70047","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jnp.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Familiar-face tests are crucial to understanding face processing abilities but are culturally brittle. We investigated whether the Famous Faces Test (FFT) is valid and age-robust in familiar-face recognition in a non-English-speaking context. In two studies, Croatian younger and older adults completed a face recognition battery (FFT, CFMT, PI-20), with potential developmental prosopagnosics reviewed via broader testing (OFMT, GFMT-2). Wide inter-individual variation in FFT did not show group differences in familiarity-controlled accuracy. CFMT scores were comparable across ages, with moderate FFT correlations in both samples. PI-20 showed small negative associations with FFT, indicating limited convergence between self-report and objective performance. In Study/3, potential prosopagnosics performed worse than controls across all measures, with large effect sizes. These findings support culturally adaptable use of FFT for assessing familiar-face recognition. The test is age-appropriate in accuracy, relates meaningfully to unfamiliar-face memory, and, used alongside perception and matching measures, helps identify individuals warranting detailed diagnostic assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuropsychology","volume":"20 2","pages":"468-486"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jnp.70047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147715392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal fluency in people with Parkinson's disease: Item-based performance before and after deep brain stimulation surgery","authors":"Adrià Rofes,&nbsp;Nikki Janssen,&nbsp;Janine Rook,&nbsp;Eva de Ronde,&nbsp;R. Saman Vinke,&nbsp;Rianne A. J. Esselink,&nbsp;Annelien A. Duits","doi":"10.1111/jnp.70026","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jnp.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p>People with Parkinson disease (PD) after surgery for deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) often decline in animal fluency due to impairments in executive functions and/or language. Item-based measures of animal fluency may shed light on the specific nature of this decline, and into the strategies used when performing this task. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms of decline in animal fluency by revealing impairments in language and/or executive functions in people with PD before and after STN-DBS by using item-based characteristics, the total number of correct words, average cluster size, number of switches and scores on tests for language and executive functions. People with PD (<i>N</i> = 61) produced fewer words and switches than healthy controls (<i>N</i> = 40) before and after STN-DBS surgery. After surgery they additionally produced smaller clusters and shorter words than healthy controls. Comparing pre- and post-surgery, people with PD produced fewer words, fewer switches, smaller clusters, more frequent and earlier-acquired words after surgery. Average cluster size predicted total number of words before surgery. No item-based measures predicted total number of words after surgery. Average cluster size before surgery correlated with object naming, not with executive functions. Item-based measures indicated difficulties in executive functions and language processing. New to the literature, the correlation of cluster size with object naming may stress difficulties in lexical retrieval before surgery. Finding no item-based measures predicting the total number of words after surgery may indicate a different type of impairment not accounted for in our analyses. Replication is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuropsychology","volume":"20 2","pages":"305-324"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jnp.70026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145699352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuropsychological findings in a young adult with congenital bilateral perisylvian syndrome: A case report","authors":"Matthew S. Phillips,&nbsp;Alexandra Hernandez-Vallant,&nbsp;Huan Huynh,&nbsp;Jason R. Soble","doi":"10.1111/jnp.70036","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jnp.70036","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Polymicrogyria is a congenital brain malformation characterized by an excessive number of small gyri formed in distinct areas of the cerebral cortex. The perisylvian variant, also known as congenital bilateral perisylvian syndrome (CBPS), is believed to occur in the context of post-migrational trauma during gestational development. Due to the heterogeneity and low prevalence of CBPS, few case studies have characterized its neuropsychological sequelae. We describe an illustrative case study of a 20-year-old young adult male with intellectual and expressive language impairments. Patient's history was notable for significantly delayed developmental milestones such that he was never able to speak beyond single words/syllables. He experienced his first seizure at the age of 6 and, at the time of the evaluation, he was experiencing breakthrough seizures despite being on anti-seizure medication. Given limited expressive language abilities, a bottom-up approach was utilized wherein abilities were assessed iteratively. Data were broadly consistent with moderate-to-severe intellectual disability with deficits in basic and higher-order language globally influencing domains such as spatial attention, working memory and visual learning/recall. He benefited from recognition cues. Motor testing revealed bilaterally impaired strength and fine motor speed/dexterity that were non-lateralized. Collateral report indicated that he required significant support in adaptive functioning and prompting to complete even basic Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). Although fairly brief, this evaluation largely utilized measures that did not require expressive language. This case further highlights the challenges in characterizing cognitive abilities in CBPS patients who fall on the severe end of the spectrum and also have a concomitant history of epilepsy.</p>","PeriodicalId":197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuropsychology","volume":"20 2","pages":"494-501"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146123020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychosocial outcomes in young adults with childhood traumatic brain injury: A 20-year follow-up study","authors":"Edith Botchway-Commey,&nbsp;Nicholas P. Ryan,&nbsp;Louise Crowe,&nbsp;Celia Godfrey,&nbsp;Harry Macleod,&nbsp;Stephen Hearps,&nbsp;Vicki A. Anderson,&nbsp;Cathy Catroppa","doi":"10.1111/jnp.70042","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jnp.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We assessed the proportion of childhood TBI survivors who experienced favourable or less favourable psychosocial outcomes (defined as less favourable when 20% or more of the sample report difficulties or unmet needs) compared to controls and to explore factors associated with these outcomes at 20 years post-TBI. Participants included 54 young adults (age 22–34 years) who sustained mild (<i>n</i> = 14), moderate (<i>n</i> = 27), or severe (<i>n</i> = 13) TBI during childhood, and age and sex-matched 13 typically developing controls. Outcomes assessed: employment, quality of life, relationships, mental health, offending behaviours, and substance use outcomes. Study-designed and validated questionnaires (e.g., World Health Organization Quality of Life Bref) were used. Analyses involved descriptive statistics and generalised linear models. A high proportion of TBI participants reported favourable outcomes for offending behaviours (90.7%–94.3%). However, a substantial proportion (24%–87%) of participants reported less favourable outcomes in education, employment, overall QoL, general health, relationships, anxiety, tobacco use, and alcohol use. The TBI group reported significantly lower Overall QoL compared to controls, and the mild TBI group was at a greater risk of reporting less favourable outcomes. Other significant predictors of outcomes were younger age at injury and lower SES at the time of injury. These findings highlight that some psychosocial domains (e.g., relationships) are more affected than others (e.g., offending behaviours) in young adults with childhood TBI. Further research is needed to identify factors influencing psychosocial outcomes and to develop targeted interventions for young adults with childhood TBI.</p>","PeriodicalId":197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuropsychology","volume":"20 2","pages":"445-467"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jnp.70042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147687503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual characteristics associated with youth symptom reports and persisting symptoms after concussion","authors":"S. D. Hicks,&nbsp;B. A. Harding,&nbsp;R. Olympia,&nbsp;J. Loeffert,&nbsp;C. Onks,&nbsp;R. C. Mannix,&nbsp;D. A. Levine,&nbsp;K. O. Yeates","doi":"10.1111/jnp.70031","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jnp.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dissonant approaches for measuring persisting symptoms after concussion (PSaC) make it difficult to predict who will experience prolonged symptoms. We sought to identify medical and sociodemographic characteristics associated with symptom burden and assess how such factors shape symptom evolution and PSaC classification after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). This analysis involved 1947 Post-Concussion Symptom Scale reports from 1117 youths (11–21 years): 380 with mTBI, 737 without mTBI (194 healthy non-mTBI; 543 non-mTBI with underlying medical conditions). Multivariate regressions were used to assess the relationship of symptom burden with medical and sociodemographic factors among non-mTBI youths, and interrogate how these factors impacted longitudinal symptom burden among mTBI participants. PSaC rates were characterized in the mTBI group 30 days after injury using 5 definitions: symptom burden, symptom severity, simple change in symptom burden and severity, and response to, ‘What percent of normal do you feel?’ In the absence of mTBI (i.e. baseline), symptom burden was associated with female sex, neuropsychiatric history, BMI and orthopaedic injury. In the 30 days following mTBI, age, sex and neuropsychiatric history were associated with symptom burden. Smaller household size, sports participation and parent education were protective. Rates of PSaC were 14.7–18.9%, displaying 84% agreement across the 5 definitions. However, PSaC misclassification was high among non-mTBI youths with underlying medical conditions (37.2–50.6%), especially with the single-item screener. Medical and sociodemographic factors affect concussion symptom reports and influence PSaC rates. A single-item screener for PSaC may be useful but risks over-detection among certain youths.</p>","PeriodicalId":197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuropsychology","volume":"20 2","pages":"343-360"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jnp.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146091735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships between executive functioning and self-concept in children referred for neuropsychological group rehabilitation and typically developing children","authors":"Elina Vierikko,&nbsp;Heini Saarimäki,&nbsp;Kati Rantanen","doi":"10.1111/jnp.70029","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jnp.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examines the relationship between executive functions (EFs) and self-concept (SC) in children referred for neuropsychological group rehabilitation due to EF deficits, compared with typically developing (TD) children. EFs and SC are vital for academic performance and social interactions, yet the link between them in clinical populations remains underexplored. The study involved 42 children aged 7–13 with confirmed EF deficits and 104 TD children. EF was assessed using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF), while SC was measured with the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale for Children (P-H2). Statistical analyses, including Mann–Whitney tests, Spearman correlations and hierarchical regression, were conducted to explore group differences and associations between EF and SC. Results indicated that children referred for EF intervention exhibited significantly lower SC across all domains compared with TD peers. Despite EF difficulties generally correlating with negative SC, significant associations were primarily observed in TD children, particularly in metacognition-related domains. Gender and age influenced SC, with girls showing more positive SC than boys, and older children experiencing more SC challenges. Learning support levels also impacted SC, with intensified support linked to more negative SC. In conclusion, EF deficits are associated with negative SC in school-aged children, with a more pronounced relationship in TD children than those referred for intervention. The study highlights the importance of considering individual variation in SC among children with EF challenges and suggests that future research should explore developmental trajectories and mediators between EF and SC, emphasizing tailored interventions to enhance positive SC in clinical populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuropsychology","volume":"20 2","pages":"375-393"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jnp.70029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145964793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The status and interpretation of neuropsychological evidence: Commentary on ‘No evidence yet for functional independence of verbal short-term memory and long-term verbal knowledge’ by Majerus, Cowan and Oberauer (2026)","authors":"Robert H. Logie","doi":"10.1111/jnp.70035","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jnp.70035","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The debate as to whether short-term and long-term verbal memory and processing are distinct has a very long history, lasting over six decades in various forms, based on empirical research with healthy individuals and with brain damaged individuals who have contrasting, specific cognitive impairments. The target article by Bormann et al. (&lt;span&gt;2026&lt;/span&gt;) focuses on evidence that the ability to retain a short verbal sequence in sequential order can be impaired, with intact functioning of long-term learning and intact access to stored knowledge as well as to other aspects of language processing. However, the short commentary from Majerus et al. (&lt;span&gt;2026&lt;/span&gt;) does not actually challenge that distinction. The title of their commentary argues that there is ‘No evidence yet for functional independence of verbal short-term memory and long-term verbal knowledge’. However, Bormann et al. and other researchers (e.g. Shallice &amp; Papagno, &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;; Vallar, &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;) do not claim that STM patients do not use long-term verbal knowledge, so the commentary does not address or critique the target article. As Majerus et al. point out, and Bormann et al. argue in the introduction and discussion of their article, word knowledge is required to identify that the stimuli are digits, words, letters etc., and individuals with impairments in retaining short verbal sequences in serial order have no difficulty with identifying phonology and articulation associated with the stimuli. All of their participants showed intact ability to repeat single words, even if other aspects of word processing were impaired.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bormann et al. focus specifically on two previous speculative critiques that individuals with impaired immediate verbal serial ordered recall are rare and might have atypical language organisation and that such individuals might have subtle, hitherto undetected impairments of word perception and production. Majerus et al. do not acknowledge that the data presented by Bormann et al. are not consistent with these speculations but appear to focus on claims that Bormann et al. do not make.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The evidence presented by Bormann et al. (&lt;span&gt;2026&lt;/span&gt;) may be described as an impairment in one specific aspect of language processing or as an impairment in temporary memory for a verbal sequence. However, these alternatives could be seen as simply relabelling from different perspectives rather than arguing for fundamentally different theoretical positions (for more extensive discussions see Logie, &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). The task of immediate serial ordered verbal recall can be described as a memory function because it requires the participant to generate a response after the stimulus is no longer present, or it can be described as a language function because it involves linguistic material and processing. Which description is used depends on whether the focus is on understanding memory or on understanding language processi","PeriodicalId":197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuropsychology","volume":"20 2","pages":"512-514"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jnp.70035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146122976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Double dissociation between conduction aphasia and conduction agraphia supports a ventro-dorsal partition of the left arcuate fasciculus","authors":"Valéry Mandonnet,&nbsp;Isabelle Poisson,&nbsp;Francine Chassoux,&nbsp;Bertrand Devaux,&nbsp;Sébastien Froelich,&nbsp;Emmanuel Mandonnet","doi":"10.1111/jnp.70032","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jnp.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We identified in two awake surgery cases a postoperative double dissociation between phonological and graphemic output buffer deficits. Using lesion-symptom mapping from ischaemic mini-strokes and preoperative tractography, we demonstrated that the phonological (resp. graphemic) disorder fitted with ventral (resp. dorsal) damage to the AF. Further studies are needed to confirm our hypothesis of a ventro-dorsal functional organization within the AF for phonological versus graphemic processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuropsychology","volume":"20 2","pages":"502-509"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jnp.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eating behaviour profiles across the frontotemporal dementia spectrum","authors":"Yuki Sato,&nbsp;Hitomi Hayashi,&nbsp;Kazuo Kakinuma,&nbsp;Chifumi Iseki,&nbsp;Shoko Ota,&nbsp;Kazuto Katsuse,&nbsp;Shiho Matsubara,&nbsp;Nobuko Kawakami,&nbsp;Shigenori Kanno,&nbsp;Keisuke Morihara,&nbsp;Yoshiyuki Nishio,&nbsp;Kyoko Suzuki","doi":"10.1111/jnp.70045","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jnp.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Altered eating behaviours are a hallmark of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) but are less well characterised in progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA) and semantic dementia (SD). We investigated the frequency and onset of eating behaviour changes across the three subtypes. We retrospectively reviewed the data of 58 patients (14 bvFTD, 30 PNFA and 14 SD). The presence and onset of eating changes were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory and medical records. Eating behaviours were categorised into overeating, reduced food intake and food preference change. Primary outcomes were prevalence and incidence rates from the initial disease symptoms. A time-to-event analysis was used to compare the cumulative incidence of eating behaviour changes; cumulative incidence curves were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method; and group differences were assessed using the log-rank test. Although the prevalence of eating changes was the highest in bvFTD (85.7%), followed by PNFA (63.3%) and SD (57.1%), the differences were not statistically significant (<i>p</i> = .220). Incidence also did not differ significantly (<i>p</i> = .054). However, overeating was significantly more frequent in the bvFTD group than in the PNFA and SD groups (<i>p</i> = .011). Changes in appetite and eating behaviour are common across the frontotemporal dementia spectrum and are not limited to bvFTD. Although the overall prevalence is similar across subtypes, overeating is specifically observed in bvFTD, whereas reduced food intake and food preference changes occur non-specifically.</p>","PeriodicalId":197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuropsychology","volume":"20 2","pages":"487-493"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jnp.70045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147571373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric validation of the Spanish version of the parent-reported developmental profile 3 (DP-3)","authors":"Pol Jimenez-Arenas,&nbsp;Muriel Ferrer,&nbsp;Gemma Vilagut,&nbsp;Maria Alías-Ferri,&nbsp;Paula Llabrés,&nbsp;Maria Elias,&nbsp;Ester Camprodon-Rosanas,&nbsp;Jordi Julvez,&nbsp;Payam Dadvand,&nbsp;Jordi Sunyer,&nbsp;Víctor Zamora,&nbsp;Mireia Gascón","doi":"10.1111/jnp.70028","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jnp.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Neurodevelopmental assessment in childhood is essential in educational, clinical, and research contexts to establish benchmarks and detect early signs of neurodevelopmental disorders. The Developmental Profile 3 (DP-3) is a parent-reported screening tool for measuring neurodevelopment in the general population, though its Spanish adaptation has not been independently assessed. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Spanish DP-3 in 440 toddlers (47.7% female; 78.4% European ethnicity; mean age 29.8 months) from Barcelona, Spain, based on data collected between March 2022 and March 2024. The DP-3 demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha &gt; .7) and acceptable to moderate internal structure fit (CFI = .924, TLI = .848). High sensitivity to developmental change across all scales was observed in repeated assessments of a subset of participants. Construct validity was supported by associations with child age, number of siblings, maternal logical reasoning and educational level, and breastfeeding, along with moderate correlations with the corresponding subscales of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (<i>r</i> = −.01; .48). These findings support the Spanish version of the DP-3 as a reliable and valid instrument for assessing neurodevelopment in Spanish toddlers.</p>","PeriodicalId":197,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuropsychology","volume":"20 2","pages":"325-342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jnp.70028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145996681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}