PeerJ最新文献

{"title":"Mitogenomic phylogeny of Tetrigoidea (Insecta, Orthoptera), with a focus on the genus <i>Zhengitettix</i>.","authors":"Xuejuan Li, Wenli Dou, Liliang Lin","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19521","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19521","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has been widely used to infer the phylogeny, origin and evolution of Orthopteran insects. Although several mitogenomic data have been used to study the phylogenetic relationships of Tetrigoidea (Orthoptera), the phylogenetic status of several subfamilies and tribes was still unclear due to the limited sampling of taxon. To further analyze the mitogenomic features and phylogeny of Tetrigoidea, five mitogenomes (<i>Zhengitettix curvispinus</i>, <i>Z. hainanensis</i>, <i>Scelimena melli</i>, <i>Eucriotettix oculatus</i> and <i>Thoradonta yunnana</i>) were sequenced and analyzed in this study, with <i>Z. hainanensis</i> being the newly published mitogenome and <i>Z. curvispinus</i> and <i>S. melli</i> being the complete mitogenomes. Nucleotide composition showed that more A and T bases than C and G bases were found in the sampled mitogenomes, with A- and C-skew. A large intergenic region containing tandem repeats was identified between trnS(ucn) and nad1 in the <i>Z. curvispinus</i> mitogenome. The protein-coding genes (PCGs) used ATG and TAA as the most common initiation and termination codons, respectively. The tRNAs showed a typical clover secondary structure in the <i>Z. curvispinus</i>. The A+T-rich region contained tandem repeats in <i>Z. curvispinus</i>. Phylogenetic analyses of Tetrigoidea based on the maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) method supported several non-monophyly subfamilies and tribes, such as Scelimeninae and Thoradontini. Divergence time results showed that Tetrigoidea is one of the basal branch of Orthoptera, with Batrachideinae splitting first, followed by Tripetalocerinae. The genera diverged over a relatively long period, expanding from the Jurassic to the Neogene. These results provide useful data for the study of the mitogenome characteristic of the Tetrigoidea and even the whole Orthoptera, and were basic resources for their phylogeny and evolution study.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12161130/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144286084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and DNA sequence data uncover a new millipede species in the <i>Thyropygus opinatus</i> subgroup and assign <i>T. peninsularis</i> to this subgroup (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Harpagophoridae).","authors":"Piyatida Pimvichai, Henrik Enghoff, Karin Breugelmans, Brigitte Segers, Thierry Backeljau","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19277","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The millipede genus <i>Thyropygus</i> Pocock, 1894 is one of the most diverse genera within the family Harpagophoridae in Southeast Asia. The <i>Thyropygus opinatus</i> subgroup, belonging to the <i>T. allevatus</i> group, is distinguished by the presence of an additional projection on the anterior coxal fold. Here, we describe a new species of the <i>T. opinatus</i> subgroup, <i>Thyropygus payamense</i> sp. nov., from Payam Island, Ranong Province, Thailand, based on morphological and DNA sequence data. The mean interspecific COI divergence between the new species and other <i>Thyropygus</i> species is 0.13 ± 0.02 (range: 0.07-0.16). The new species is distinguished by (1) a small, slender, pointed spine at base of femoral spine, (2) a short, triangular mesal process of the anterior coxal fold, and (3) a short, slender, slightly mesad-curving tibial spine. Additionally, <i>T. peninsulari</i>s Hoffman, 1982 is confirmed as a member of the <i>T. opinatus</i> subgroup, because it shares key gonopodal characters with other species in this subgroup, while COI and 16S rRNA sequence data firmly support this new classification, with a mean interspecific COI sequence divergence of 0.13 ± 0.03 (range: 0.07-0.17) from other species in the <i>T. allevatus</i> group. An identification key for all 29 species in the <i>T. opinatus</i> subgroup is provided. Further research is needed to assess the taxonomic status of, and phylogenetic relationships within, this subgroup, which, except for two species, may tentatively represent an endemic species radiation in the peninsular area of Thailand, Malaysia and Myanmar.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19277"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12147765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salivary response of Geoffroy's spider monkeys (<i>Ateles geoffroyi</i>) to consumption of plant secondary metabolites.","authors":"Carlos Eduardo Ramírez-Torres, Fabiola Carolina Espinosa Gómez, Jorge E Morales-Mávil, María Remedios Mendoza-López, Matthias Laska, Laura Teresa Hernández-Salazar","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19354","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Geoffroy's spider monkeys (<i>Ateles geoffroyi</i>) can modulate the acidity-alkalinity (pH) and salivary expression of total proteins (TP) and proline-rich proteins (PRPs) depending on the concentration of tannins in their diet, helping to counteract negative post-ingestive effects. Besides tannins, plants produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites like flavonoids and alkaloids that elicit a bitter taste. Geoffroy's spider monkeys feed on various plant species and consume different concentrations of secondary metabolites. However, it is unclear whether there is salivary modulation of pH, TP, and PRPs to secondary metabolites other than tannins, or whether this effect also occurs towards bitter substances not associated with secondary metabolites. Therefore, we assessed if there are changes in salivary pH, TP, and PRPs expression towards bitter substances or if spider monkeys display a specific response to secondary metabolites present in their diet and substances not associated with secondary metabolites. We determined the concentration of tannic acid, caffeine and rutin in fruits and leaves in different maturity stages reported as a part of the diet of Geoffroy's spider monkeys. We presented six adults Geoffroy's spider monkeys with different concentrations of tannic acid, caffeine, and rutin (0.1, 0.3, 0.6 and one mM) and denatonium benzoate (0.001, 0.003, 0.006 and 0.01 mM) dissolved in a 30 mM sucrose solution. We administered each concentration and collected saliva using swabs (SalivaBio). We used test paper strips to measure the pH and determined the TP concentration using the Bradford method at 595 nm. We also determined the percentage of PRPs using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The results showed marked differences in tannic acid, caffeine and rutin concentration depending on the plant part and species. We found an increase in salivary pH in response to consumption of secondary metabolites, no variations in TP concentration, variations in the percentage of PRPs associated with tannic acid concentrations, and no significant changes when the animals consumed denatonium benzoate. Our results showed that spider monkeys specifically modulate acidity-alkalinity towards secondary metabolites and salivary PRPs expression towards tannic acid in their diet, and that they do not have a generalized salivary response to bitter compounds that are typically considered as toxic substances.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12147766/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut microbiota diversity and composition in children with autism spectrum disorder: associations with symptom severity.","authors":"Qinghuang Zeng, Yisheng Hu, Leiying Xie, Xinyi Zhang, Yun Huang, Jianbin Ye, Shouan Wang, Jia Xu","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19528","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder impairing social and communication skills. Gut microbiota has become key in understanding ASD pathophysiology. However, the relationship between the ASD symptoms and alternation of gut microbiota still remains unknow. We hypothesize that the composition of gut microbiota in children with ASD may be strongly associated with the severity of their symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Here, fecal samples from children (divided in to three groups: neurotypical, severe ASD and mild ASD) at a hospital were collected. The symptoms of ASD were assessed by an experienced pediatric neurologist, and the severity of the symptoms in children with ASD was determined based on the assessment scores. Then the diversity and composition of gut microbiota were detected by high-throughput sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 2,021 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were obtained from 46 fecal samples, with highest in the neurotypical group. Alpha diversity in bacteria differed between severe and mild ASD. Microbiota health and dysbiosis indices varied with ASD severity. Beta diversity indicated that severe ASD differed from others, and mild ASD was closer to neurotypical in community structure. At the phylum level, Firmicutes was the dominant bacteria but abundances differed in different groups, and Ascomycota increased in severe ASD fungi. At the genus level, groups had distinct dominants, and mild ASD microbiota resembled that of neurotypical children. Function prediction revealed differences in bacteria and fungi, with severe ASD having higher amino acid metabolism, lower cofactor/vitamin metabolism, and more undefined saprotrophs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study revealed gut microbiota differences between ASD children (varying symptoms) and neurotypical ones, showing milder ASD closer in microbiota aspects. It offers insights for exploring ASD pathogenesis and devising interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19528"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12147763/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiomics machine learning based on asymmetrically prominent cortical and deep medullary veins combined with clinical features to predict prognosis in acute ischemic stroke: a retrospective study.","authors":"Hongyi Li, Cancan Chang, Bo Zhou, Yu Lan, Peizhuo Zang, Shannan Chen, Shouliang Qi, Ronghui Ju, Yang Duan","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19469","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has a poor prognosis and a high recurrence rate. Predicting the outcomes of AIS patients in the early stages of the disease is therefore important. The establishment of intracerebral collateral circulation significantly improves the survival of brain cells and the outcomes of AIS patients. However, no machine learning method has been applied to investigate the correlation between the dynamic evolution of intracerebral venous collateral circulation and AIS prognosis. Therefore, we employed a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to analyze asymmetrically prominent cortical veins (APCVs) and deep medullary veins (DMVs) to establish a radiomic model for predicting the prognosis of AIS by combining clinical indicators.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data and clinical indicators of 150 AIS patients were retrospectively analyzed. Regions of interest corresponding to the DMVs and APCVs were delineated, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to select features extracted from these regions. An APCV-DMV radiomic model was created via the SVM algorithm, and independent clinical risk factors associated with AIS were combined with the radiomic model to generate a joint model. The SVM algorithm was selected because of its proven efficacy in handling high-dimensional radiomic data compared with alternative classifiers (<i>e.g.</i>, random forest) in pilot experiments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine radiomic features associated with AIS patient outcomes were ultimately selected. In the internal training test set, the AUCs of the clinical, DMV-APCV radiomic and joint models were 0.816, 0.976 and 0.996, respectively. The DeLong test revealed that the predictive performance of the joint model was better than that of the individual models, with a test set AUC of 0.996, sensitivity of 0.905, and specificity of 1.000 (<i>P</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Using radiomic methods, we propose a novel joint predictive model that combines the imaging histologic features of the APCV and DMV with clinical indicators. This model quantitatively characterizes the morphological and functional attributes of venous collateral circulation, elucidating its important role in accurately evaluating the prognosis of patients with AIS and providing a noninvasive and highly accurate imaging tool for early prognostic prediction.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19469"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12147764/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of trimetazidine for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat models: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Xiaobin Zhang, Zhanhui Duan, Yanpu Yu, Chunjing Li, Mingyao Hao, Yuning Ma, Yuxia Ma, Dongqing Du","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19515","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Trimetazidine (TMZ) is used as a medication for ischemic heart disease treatment. Recently, several animal models have been studied in relation to the research on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) treatment. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis of TMZ in rat MIRI models to evaluate TMZ's therapeutic efficacy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched eight databases for studies on TMZ in rat MIRI models. We utilized two literature quality assessment criteria to evaluate the paper quality. Assessment of TMZ treatment efficacy was based on the outcomes, as well as on the subgroup analysis. This study was registered at PROSPERO (registration number CRD42022377728).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 24 eligible studies were shortlisted from 405 studies. We found that, in rat MIRI models, TMZ dramatically boosted the superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels while decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), and the infarct size. In addition, the duration of myocardial ischemia, reperfusion duration, dosage, rat species and mode of administration influenced the effectiveness of TMZ. The result indicated that TMZ had a considerable therapeutic effect on the duration of myocardial ischemia at less than 30 min as well as on the duration of reperfusion at 120-180 min. In fact, it was more effective when administered intravenously and via gavage at doses of 3-10 mg/kg.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TMZ can attenuate the damage caused by MIRI in rat, with a myocardial protective effect. These findings would facilitate preclinical evidence for further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19515"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12147767/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 genetic polymorphisms among the pulmonary tuberculosis caused by Malaysia-specific <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> strain: SIT745/EAI1-MYS.","authors":"Nik Mohd Noor Nik Zuraina, Nur Annisa Nasuha Mohd Sedi, Mohammed Dauda Goni, Suharni Mohamad, Mohd Nor Norazmi, Siti Suraiya","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19576","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19576","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> is the causative agent of tuberculosis, which results in 1.5 million global deaths annually. Key factors influencing tuberculosis development encompass host genetic factors, genetic diversity within <i>M. tuberculosis</i>, and environmental conditions. The East-African-Indian (EAI) lineage is the predominant lineage in Southeast Asia, India, and East Africa. A recent finding has identified SIT745/EAI1-MYS, a sub-lineage of EAI, as the geographically specific <i>M. tuberculosis</i> strain in Malaysia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the role of IFN-γ (+874) A/T and IL-10 (-1,082) A/G SNPs with tuberculosis (TB) disease susceptibility among patients infected with <i>M. tuberculosis</i> SIT745/EAI1-MYS strain. A cross-sectional study was conducted between three groups of subjects consisted of TB patients infected with <i>M. tuberculosis</i> SIT745/EAI1-MYS strain (<i>n</i> = 9), TB patients of non-<i>M. tuberculosis</i> SIT745/EAI1-MYS strains (<i>n</i> = 9), and healthy controls (<i>n</i> = 9). The genetic variation in IFN-γ (+874) A/T and IL-10 (-1,082) A/G SNPs were detected using allele-specific PCR and analyzed for their association with TB risk and severity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated a higher frequency of the IFN-γ (+874) TT and IL-10 (-1,082) AG genotypes among TB patients compared to healthy controls. The IFN-γ (+874) AA and IL-10 (-1,082) AG genotypes were more prevalent among TB patients infected with the SIT745/EAI1-MYS <i>M. tuberculosis</i> strains compared to non-SIT745/EAI1-MYS, indicating a possible link between these genotypes and more severe TB symptoms. Although there is no significant correlation between the IFN-γ (+874) A/T and IL-10 (-1,082) A/G polymorphisms with the susceptibility or severity of TB due to the small sample size, this initial strain-specific association could suggest that genetic factors may interact with particular <i>M. tuberculosis</i> strains to influence disease severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19576"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145778/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual and demographic responses of the palm <i>Brahea aculeata</i> to browsing and leaf harvesting in a tropical dry forest of Northwestern Mexico.","authors":"Franceli Macedo-Santana, Christa Horn, Tamara Ticktin, María Teresa Pulido Silva, Bryan A Endress, Leonel Lopez-Toledo","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19266","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The leaves of many palm species represent important non-timber forest products (NTFPs), which may be intensively harvested by local people in many tropical areas. Additionally, in some regions livestock graze in natural forests, and they may browse on palm leaves, especially during the dry season. Thus, harvesting and browsing can result in the loss of leaf area of individual palms, which may alter functional traits of individuals and change demographic patterns of populations. Currently, there are few studies that analyze the effects of multiple disturbances on these traits. The goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of browsing, leaf harvesting and the interaction between these two factors on individual traits and demographic patterns of the <i>Brahea aculeata</i> palm in northwestern Mexico.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A browsing and leaf harvesting experiment was conducted on natural populations of the species. Individuals were subjected to different harvesting intensities and the presence or absence of cattle. Annual censuses were conducted from 2011 to 2014, and individual traits (leaf length, petiole length, and leaf production) and vital rates were monitored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the individual level, the analyzed traits mostly increased as function of leaf harvest and browing, especially during the first two years. Palms experiencing leaf harvesting and browsing had 1.5 to 6.0 times higher levels of leaf production than control palms, especially juveniles and small adults. At the demographic level, the effects of browsing and leaf harvest were low or null, since survival was not affected by them. Browsing positively affected the growth of <i>B. aculeata</i> individuals in the first 2 years, while leaf harvesting had a negative effect in year three. There was a positive relationship between the probability of reproduction and leaf harvest; however, high leaf harvest resulted in two to three times fewer fruits produced. After 3 years of experimental management, multiple of the analyzed attributes decreased, suggesting that <i>B. aculeata</i> changed patterns of resource allocation. Based on our results, <i>B. aculeata</i> can be considered a species that tolerates high levels of defoliation and browsing for 2 years, but not likely longer. This study contributes basic ecological information useful for the conservation and management of <i>B. aculeata</i>, but overall it also highlights that different anthropogenic activities may act as drivers affecting the functional response and demography of NTFP species and they should be considered for the long-term integral management of these species.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural mechanism of dopamine modulating singing related behavior in songbirds: an updated review.","authors":"Linghua Zhong, Weiting Li, Mengjiao Liu, Wei Sun, Zhibin Liu, Songhua Wang","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19500","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19500","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Similar to human language, songbird singing is a complex motor skill learning behavior that is regulated by an interconnected network of neural nuclei in the brain. This network of nuclei demonstrates structural homology with human vocal control-related brain regions and shares common regulatory mechanisms for vocal learning. As an important neurotransmitter, dopamine plays a key role in the learning and maintenance of songbirds' singing behavior. Studies have demonstrated that the dopaminergic system plays a critical role in regulating the plasticity of singing via the midbrain dopamine pathway, which projects to the song control circuit. Novel experimental techniques, such as optogenetic circuit manipulation and neural activity monitoring, have significantly advanced our understanding of the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying vocalization behavior of dopamine effects. This review offers an updated insight into the neural mechanisms by which dopamine modulates singing-related behavior, along with future prospects for utilizing dopamine in the treatment of speech-related disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19500"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between maternal glycemic level and lipid profile and adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study from China.","authors":"Yiwei Xue, Juan Juan, Xinyu Shu, Yilin He, Kefan Cao, Xin Kang, Hongli Huang, Huixia Yang","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19502","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the associations between maternal glucose and lipid metabolism and adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort of pregnant women with T2DM who delivered at Peking University First Hospital was included. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify risk factors. ROC curves were applied to determine optimal cut-off points for predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 398 pairs of pregnant women and newborns from 2019 to 2023 were included. The key complications included large-for-gestational-age (LGA, 21.6%), preeclampsia (PE, 14.3%), preterm birth (14.3%) and birth defects (11.6%). The achievement rates for both glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lipid levels in early pregnancy were approximately 50%. HbA1c in the third trimester was significantly associated with increased birth weight (for LGA, aOR = 3.819, 95% CI [1.534-9.509]). Elevated triglyceride (TG) in early pregnancy were critical risk factors for LGA, PE, and preterm birth (aOR = 2.627, 2.478, 2.233; all <i>p</i> < 0.05). The optimal cut-off point for third-trimester HbA1c predicting LGA was ≤5.95%. The optimal cut-off points for first-trimester TG predicting LGA, PE, and preterm birth were separately ≤1.51, ≤1.67, and ≤1.46 mmol/L.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In Chinese pregnant women with T2DM, elevated plasma glucose and lipid levels at different pregnancy stages were independently linked to adverse outcomes, especially third-trimester HbA1c and first-trimester TG. TG level in early pregnancy lower than currently recommended may be beneficial to improve adverse outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19502"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145090/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}