PeerJ最新文献

{"title":"How long is too long? Examining waiting times and stress in human-elevator interaction.","authors":"Masahiro Shiomi, Masayuki Kakio, Takahiro Miyashita","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Elevators have become an indispensable infrastructure in modern societies. Our use of them involves two distinct waiting periods: the <i>waiting time</i> (before the elevator arrives) and the <i>transit time</i> (riding to a destination). Reducing both is crucial for enhancing the user experience. For this purpose, researchers have focused on two approaches: such technological schemes as sophisticated elevator control algorithms for minimizing the actual waiting times, and such cognitive approaches as positioning mirrors that divert users' attention for reducing the perceived waiting times. However, past studies failed to sufficiently examine the relationship between the actual and perceived waiting times in real elevator usage conditions; nor have they investigated how these waiting times are related to user stress. In this study we addressed these relationships by conducting an experiment that replicated real-world elevator usage scenarios and gathered both self-reported perceived waiting times and stress data from participants and objectively measured the actual waiting times by video analysis. Investigation of these data clarified the discrepancy between actual and perceived waiting times and more deeply explored how waiting times influence user stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19913"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12369606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional characterization of antennae-enriched chemosensory protein 4 in emerald ash borer, <i>Agrilus planipennis</i>.","authors":"Ren Li, Zehua Wang, Fan Yang, Guanghang Qiao, Jingjing Tu, Ang Sun, Shanning Wang","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19812","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Agrilus planipennis</i> is an invasive species that inflicts substantial harm on ash trees (<i>Fraxinus</i> spp.) globally. Elucidating its olfactory mechanisms is essential for devising effective pest management approaches. In this research, we identified chemosensory protein 4 (AplaCSP4) in <i>A. planipennis</i>, which is highly expressed in the antennae of both male and female individuals. Notably, the mRNA expression level of <i>AplaCSP4</i> in females is 1.9 times higher than that in males. Fluorescence competition binding assays revealed that recombinant AplaCSP4 has a broad binding spectrum, capable of interacting with 11 compounds from various chemical classes such as esters, alkanes, terpenes, terpenoids, and terpenols. The dissociation constants (<i>K</i> _D) for these binding affinities range from 0.25 to 11.47 µM. AplaCSP4 shows binding affinity for volatiles from <i>Fraxinus</i> species, including dodecane, myrcene, ocimene, farnesene, (+)-limonene, and nerolidol, with the highest affinity observed for farnesene (<i>K</i> _D = 0.25 µM). Molecular docking and dynamics simulation were employed to elucidate the binding mode of farnesene, which exhibited the strongest binding affinity with AplaCSP4. The results indicated that farnesene binds within the hydrophobic pocket of AplaCSP4, with a binding energy of -31.830 ± 2.015 kcal/mol and -32.585 ± 2.011 kcal/mol in dual-replicate molecular dynamics simulations, and primarily driven by van der Waals interactions. Importantly, during the two molecular dynamics simulations, the centroid distances between farnesene and the key residues in the binding pocket of AplaCSP4 were maintained relatively stable. The combined results from <i>in vitro</i> experiments and computational modeling suggest that AplaCSP4 is critically involved in plant volatile detection. This study offers insights into the molecular basis of olfactory perception in <i>A. planipennis</i> and may provide a foundation for developing novel olfactory-based pest control strategies targeting chemosensory proteins.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19812"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12369603/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of paternal hepatitis B on pregnancy outcomes in couples undergoing assisted reproductive technology treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Juanting Gao, Qiyin Dong, Liping Shen, Xiuping Zhu","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study intends to evaluate the influence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection on clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) and live birth rate (LBR) per woman and cycle in couples who achieved pregnancy through assisted reproductive technology (ART).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Embase, CNKI, Scopus, Web of Science, and Wangfang databases were comprehensively searched for articles reporting data on pregnancies achieved through ATR and providing information on the paternal HBV status and CPR and LBR. A random-effects model was used for the meta-analyses to pool odds ratios (OR) with corresponding confidence intervals (CI). Subgroup analyses were done based on the matching status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis included 10 studies (4,848 participants) for CPR per woman, 10 studies (28,951 participants) for CPR per cycle, four studies (2,327 participants) for LBR per woman, and seven studies (26,324 participants) for LBR per cycle. The analysis showed no considerable association between the HBV status and the CPR or LBR, with the pooled OR of 1.015 (95% CI [0.860-1.199], <i>p</i> = 0.857) for CPR per woman and of 1.051 (95% CI [0.870-1.271], <i>p</i> = 0.603) for CPR per cycle. Pooled OR for LBR per woman was 0.852 (95% CI [0.717-1.012], <i>p</i> = 0.068), and for LBR per cycle was 0.999 (95% CI [0.851-1.172], <i>p</i> = 0.987).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Paternal HBV infection does not significantly affect clinical pregnancy or live birth rates in ART pregnancies. Our findings inform clinical practice and provide reassurance to couples undergoing ART that paternal HBV infection should not be a major concern in terms of pregnancy outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19824"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12369629/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between heart rate variability parameters and inflammatory activity in patients with Crohn's disease: a retrospective study.","authors":"Beibei Wang, Shanying Liao, Linlin Huang, Zhongwen Zheng, Can Cui","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19893","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>It is widely recognized that individuals with Crohn's disease (CD) often experience impaired autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. However, the specific relationship between autonomic activity and inflammatory processes in CD remains uncertain. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between autonomic nervous function, as assessed through heart rate variability (HRV) parameters, and the Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study involved 82 CD patients. Demographic and medical history data were gathered, and disease activity was evaluated using the CDAI. Short-term HRV measurements were obtained from all participants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Various adjustments to the model and trend analysis indicate that the HRV parameters are significantly negatively correlated with CDAI. After controlling for potential confounding factors, the smooth curve fitting shows that high-frequency (HF) power is negatively linearly correlated with CDAI. As the HF value increases, CDAI shows a decreasing trend. In contrast, total power (TP), low-frequency power (LF), and standard deviation of the R-R interval (SDNN) exhibit a nonlinear relationship with CDAI. To the left of the inflection point, as the values of TP, LF, and SDNN increase, CDAI shows a decreasing trend. However, to the right of the inflection point, there is no relationship between TP, LF, SDNN values, and CDAI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In patients with CD, autonomic dysfunction correlates with active inflammation. Among the HRV parameters, HF, which reflects vagal-mediated activity, displayed the strongest and most consistent negative correlation with inflammatory activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19893"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12369601/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring ethical monitoring of physical activity behaviors among adults: a Smart Platform study operationalizing digital citizen science.","authors":"Caitlin Hung, Sheriff Tolulope Ibrahim, Tarun Reddy Katapally","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19793","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>According to the World Health Organization, 27% of adults do not meet the recommended daily levels of physical activity (PA), making accurate PA measurement essential for informing evidence-based policies. This study explores ethical engagement with citizens through their ubiquitous digital tools (<i>i.e.</i>, smartphones) to examine variations between retrospectively and prospectively reported PA behaviors within the same cohort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study is part of the Smart Platform, a digital citizen science initiative for ethical monitoring and real-time intervention. Data were collected from 118 adults who participated over eight consecutive days, including both weekdays and weekends. Prospective PA was assessed using time-triggered ecological assessments, while retrospective PA was measured using a modified, time-triggered, smartphone-based validated tool. Paired sample <i>t</i>-tests were used to compare retrospective and prospective PA. Linear regression models examined associations between socio-demographic and contextual factors and both types of PA reporting. Analyses were conducted for the overall sample and by gender (male <i>vs.</i> female).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants consistently reported higher PA through retrospective measures compared to prospective ones (<i>p</i> < 0.001). In the overall sample, one significant association was found in the retrospective model, while three were identified in the prospective model. Among males, those who engaged in PA for fun or to maintain physical health reported higher retrospective PA, though this was not significant in the prospective model. In contrast, female participants who engaged in PA for fun reported higher PA in both retrospective and prospective models.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although exploratory, early findings suggest that repeated, prospective assessments <i>via</i> ubiquitous digital devices may enhance the validity and reliability of PA measurement. As citizen-owned digital tools become increasingly widespread, ethically leveraging big data through digital citizen science offers a promising approach to improve PA monitoring and support public health efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19793"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12369631/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The urea-creatinine ratio on the seventh day predicts the short-term prognosis of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a retrospective study.","authors":"Xingguo Wu, Ningxiang Qin, Yiqi Zhang, Fahang Yi, Xi Peng, Liang Wang","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19874","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the association between hydration status and 90-day functional outcomes in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective analysis of 215 SICH patients admitted to the Neurology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between January 2021 and September 2023. Demographic characteristics, imaging findings, and laboratory parameters were collected. Patients were stratified into good (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] ≤ 2) and poor (mRS > 2) prognosis groups based on 90-day outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Univariate analysis revealed that poor prognosis was associated with advanced age, prolonged hospitalization, and elevated urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio (UCR) on day 7 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression identified three independent predictors of poor outcome: age (OR = 1.059, 95% CI [1.025-1.094], <i>p</i> < 0.01), Glasgow Coma Scale score (OR = 0.420, 95% CI [0.308-0.571], <i>p</i> < 0.01), and day-7 UCR (OR = 1.095, 95% CI [1.045-1.148], <i>p</i> < 0.01). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated that day-7 UCR predicted poor outcomes with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.72 (95% CI [0.643-0.789]), with an optimal cutoff value of 30.68. Patients with UCR ≤ 30.68 had significantly higher rates of favorable outcomes (75.2%) compared to those with UCR > 30.68 (37.9%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Elevated blood UCR (>30.68) on day 7 post-SICH is an independent predictor of unfavorable short-term prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19874"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12369599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ALDOB is a prognostic biomarker and a potential immunotherapy target for clear cell renal cell carcinoma.","authors":"Wu Xu, Dali Wu, Cuilian Li, Lingfei Yan, Bo Peng, Yang Luo, Dawei Liu, Qing Li, Tao Wang","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19869","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Aldolase B (<i>ALDOB</i>), functioning as a glycolytic enzyme, exhibits a controversial role in malignancies and demonstrates dual potential as both a tumor suppressor and cancer-promoting enzyme. Nevertheless, it is still uncertain if there is a relationship between <i>ALDOB</i> levels, prognosis, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to investigate the prognostic significance of <i>ALDOB</i> in ccRCC and its potential association with clinicopathological features and tumor immune microenvironment. By integrating multi-database bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation, we seek to elucidate the role of <i>ALDOB</i> in ccRCC progression and its potential as a predictive biomarker.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To ascertain the potential link between <i>ALDOB</i> level, clinical parameters, and overall survival (OS) in individuals with ccRCC, we employed diverse databases, which include The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and The University of Alabama at Birmingham Cancer data analysis Portal (UALCAN). Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of the link between tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIIC) and <i>ALDOB</i> was carried out using the TIMER database. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was applied to identify the <i>ALDOB</i> level in a tissue microarray.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The expression of <i>ALDOB</i> demonstrated a strong association with pathologic T stage, pathologic N stage, pathologic M stage, histologic grade, and gender. Decreased <i>ALDOB</i> level was linked to unfavorable disease-specific survival (DSS), progress free interval (PFI), and OS outcomes (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Subsequently, a marked link was observed between <i>ALDOB</i> level and a heightened presence of infiltrating Treg, Th17 cells, and neutrophils in ccRCC. IHC showed that the <i>ALDOB</i> level in ccRCC samples was notably diminished relative to that in the adjacent normal tissues.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>As a prospective predictive indicator for individuals with ccRCC, reduced <i>ALDOB</i> level exhibited strong correlations with clinical characteristics, unfavorable outcomes, and immune infiltration in individuals with ccRCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19869"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12369605/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of serum apolipoprotein B with the Framingham Risk Score among a group of Iraqi subjects: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Israa Nather Ahmed, Fatimatuzzahra' Abd Aziz, Raid Dhia Hashim","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19883","DOIUrl":"10.7717/peerj.19883","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Apolipoprotein B (apoB) is the primary structural protein in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and plays a crucial role in atherogenesis. The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is a widely used tool for assessing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, the correlation between apoB and FRS in Iraqi individuals remains underexplored.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to evaluate the association between serum apoB levels and FRS, establishing its potential utility as a predictive biomarker for coronary artery disease (CAD) risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted on 201 individuals aged ≥30 years attending a clinical laboratory in Baghdad between November 2022 and October 2023. Serum apoB and lipid profiles were measured, and FRS was calculated for all participants. Correlation analysis between apoB and FRS was performed using Spearman's test, while group comparisons were conducted <i>via</i> Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The predictive performance of apoB for high FRS was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, determining an optimal cutoff value.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median age of participants was 48 years, with males constituting 51.2% of the cohort. Median apoB and FRS values were 130 mg/dL and 4, respectively. A strong positive correlation was observed between serum apoB and FRS (<i>R</i> = 0.8, <i>P</i> = 0.0001). ROC analysis identified a cutoff value of 97.75 mg/dL for apoB in predicting high CAD risk.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that apoB may serve as a reliable biomarker for CAD risk assessment in the Iraqi population, where its predictive value has been underexplored. The identified cutoff value (97.75 mg/dL) highlights its potential role in refining risk stratification beyond traditional lipid markers. Further prospective studies are needed to validate these findings and assess their clinical impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19883"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12369600/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of maternal iron and zinc intake on low birth weight risk: a nested case-control study.","authors":"Liping Yang, Zifu Wang, Lei Cao, Yuqing Li, Jingyan Wang, Shuyu Ding, Baohong Mao","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19896","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The association between maternal iron/zinc intake and the risk of low birth weight (LBW) in infants is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of iron and zinc daily intake preconception and during pregnancy on the risk of delivering LBW babies and to assess whether there is an interaction between iron and zinc intake on the risk of LBW.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A nested case-control study was performed, including 565 cases and 7,510 controls in Lanzhou City, China. Eligible participants were interviewed about their diets and characteristics during pregnancy. Unconditional logistic regression was used to determine the association between dietary iron/zinc intake and the risk of LBW and its clinical subtypes. Multivariate-adjusted restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were applied to explore the nonlinear association between dietary iron/zinc intake levels and the risk of LBW.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Lower intake of iron/zinc preconception and during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of LBW and some subtypes, and there was a nonlinear trend between iron/zinc intake and the occurrence risk of LBW (<i>P</i> _Nonlinear < 0.05). Moreover, the synergistic effects of low iron and low zinc intake on the risk of LBW were found.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Efforts to promote iron and zinc intake preconception and during pregnancy need to be strengthened to reduce the local incidence of LBW.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19896"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12369602/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Femoral metadiaphyseal and nutrient foramen perfusion suggests comparable maximal metabolic rates in a pterosaur and in a semi-aquatic maniraptoran dinosaur.","authors":"Mariana V A Sena, Dennis F A E Voeten, Esaú Araújo, Jorge Cubo","doi":"10.7717/peerj.19806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19806","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ornithodirans represent a diverse and highly successful clade that encompasses a wide array of morphologies and ecological adaptations. This group includes volant forms such as <i>Rhamphorhynchus</i>, a medium-sized, non-pterodactyloid long-tailed pterosaur from the Jurassic Solnhofen lagoons, characterized by prow-shaped lower jaw and forward-pointing teeth consistent with a piscivorous diet. In addition, the ornithodiran group included theropod dinosaurs such as <i>Halszkaraptor escuilliei</i>, a dromaeosaurid from Mongolia that exhibit morphological traits indicative of a semi-aquatic lifestyle. In this study, we retrodicted the aerobic performance of these two extinct ornithodirans by using femoral metadiaphyseal nutrient foramina dimensions as a proxy for maximal metabolic rate (MMR), based on an extant-amniote dataset of reference. We estimated femoral blood flow ( <math> <mover><mrow><mi></mi> <mi>Q</mi></mrow> <mrow><mo>˙</mo></mrow> </mover> </math> ) through the femoral nutrient canal areas and retrodicted mass-independent MMR for immature specimens of <i>Halszkaraptor</i> and <i>Rhamphorhynchus</i> of 5.68 mLO2 h^-1 g^-0.87 and 5.55 mLO2 h^-1 g^-0.87 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), respectively. Our findings revealed that femoral blood flow rates and mass-independent MMR values were similar in the two taxa, despite their extreme differences in phylogenetic affinity, locomotory behavior and ecology. The predicted mass-independent MMR for <i>H. escuilliei</i> aligned with values observed in extant ground-dwelling emus and migratory shorebirds such as gulls and terns, but fall below the high MMR value of ducks. Further investigation into adult specimens is needed to refine our understanding of aerobic capacity in mature individuals, particularly with regards to the ability of <i>Rhamphorhynchus</i> for achieving the energetic demands of flight. Our research enhances understanding of the physiological strategies of extinct taxa and helps address key gaps in paleophysiological reconstructions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19799,"journal":{"name":"PeerJ","volume":"13 ","pages":"e19806"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12369628/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144964243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}