Parasite最新文献

{"title":"Trichinella spiralis serine proteinase enhances antibody-dependent cell-mediated (ADCC) killing of newborn larvae by driving M1 polarization via the NF-κB pathway.","authors":"Jin Yi Wu, Ru Zhang, Yao Zhang, Xin Zhuo Zhang, Dong Mei Xu, Ruo Dan Liu, Shao Rong Long, Zhong Quan Wang, Jing Cui","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2026020","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2026020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies have shown that recombinant Trichinella spiralis serine proteinase (rTsSPc) promoted larval invasion of the gut epithelium, but its regulatory role on macrophage polarization is not clear. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) confirmed specific rTsSPc's binding to RAW264.7 macrophages. The results of qPCR, Western blot, ELISA, and flow cytometry showed that rTsSPc significantly upregulated M1 macrophage markers (iNOS and CD86) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), but not M2 markers (Arg1, CD206) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β). However, intestinal infective larvae (IIL) excretory-secretory antigens (ESAs) induced M2 polarization. Western blot revealed that rTsSPc activated the classical NF-κB pathway, as evidenced by increased phosphorylation levels of IKKβ, IκB-α, and NF-κB p65. Pretreatment of macrophages with NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) effectively suppressed rTsSPc-induced M1 polarization, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, and reduced nitric oxide (NO) production. Functionally, rTsSPc-induced M1 polarization significantly enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of macrophages killing newborn larvae, but PDTC pretreatment resulted in a 41.62% reduction in cytotoxicity. Our results showed that rTsSPc bound specifically to macrophages and induced M1 polarization by activating the classical NF-κB pathway, thereby enhancing macrophage-mediated ADCC killing of newborn larvae. The findings indicated that TsSPc might strengthen host protective immunity via ADCC killing of larvae, and TsSPc may be considered a potential candidate antigen for developing anti-Trichinella vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"33 ","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13088810/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147699370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the tick-borne pathogens from domestic ruminant ticks in Malawi and the emergence of the brown ear tick in the southern region: implications for East Coast fever control.","authors":"Boniface Chikufenji, Uday Kumar Mohanta, Elisha Chatanga, Dallion Stopher, Onur Ceylan, Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji, Oriel Thekisoe, Madalitso Nkhata, Tatsuki Sugi, Junya Yamagishi, Xuenan Xuan, Kyoko Hayashida","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2026022","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2026022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ticks transmit a wide range of protozoan, bacterial, and viral pathogens to humans and animals globally. However, data on ticks infesting domestic ruminants and the pathogens they carry are scarce in Malawi. In this study, we examined ticks collected from domestic ruminants and screened them for selected veterinary and medically important protozoan and bacterial pathogens. A total of 964 ticks were collected from 202 cattle, 63 goats, and 16 sheep across eleven districts in Malawi. Ticks were morphologically identified to species level using taxonomical keys, with molecular confirmation by PCR amplification and sequencing of the 12S ribosomal RNA (12S rDNA) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes. Tick DNA was further screened for tick-borne pathogens using species-specific PCR assays. Identified tick species included Rhipicephalus microplus (30.5%), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (23.3%), Rhipicephalus decoloratus (13.2%), Rhipicephalus evertsi (9.8%), Hyalomma rufipes (7.5%), Amblyomma variegatum (6.3%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (tropical lineage) (3.6%), Hyalomma truncatum (2.8%), Rhipicephalus simus (2.0%), Rhipicephalus pravus (0.6%), and Rhipicephalus annulatus (0.4%). Overall, 37.0% of ticks carried at least one tick-borne pathogen, with Theileria parva being the most prevalent (34.7%), followed by Anaplasma marginale (17.4%), Babesia bigemina (14.9%), Anaplasma ovis (11.2%), Ehrlichia ruminantium (9.2%), Theileria mutans (8.4%), Babesia bovis (2.2%), and Anaplasma bovis (2.0%). This study provides the first molecular identification of ticks infesting domestic ruminants in Malawi and documents associated tick-borne pathogens. Notably, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was identified for the first time in southern Malawi, refining current understanding of East Coast fever epidemiology and highlighting the need for updated surveillance approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"33 ","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13088809/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147699460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Giant tick\" attacks: dynamics of Hyalomma lusitanicum and detection of Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae in southern France.","authors":"Philippe Parola, Bouthaina Hasnaoui, Basma Ouarti, Zaina Amirat, Rym Bouledroua, Lionel Almeras, Elodie Gerbeau, Noelle Masotti, Jean-Michel Bérenger, Frederic Stachurski, Adama Zan Diarra","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2026037","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2026037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since 2019, media reports have raised concerns about the emergence of \"giant ticks\" in Europe, particularly Hyalomma marginatum, due to its potential to transmit the Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). In 2022, following several reports of unusually large ticks displaying aggressive behaviour toward humans in the Étang de Bolmon area (Bouches-du-Rhône, southern France), a popular area for walking and nature exploration, an investigation was conducted to characterise the local tick fauna, their seasonal activity, and associated microorganisms. Between 2022 and 2025, a total of 2,940 ticks were collected through environmental and host-based sampling, with 89% obtained from the ground and 11% from rabbits. Morphological, molecular, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analyses were carried out and four species were identified: Hyalomma lusitanicum (78%), Rhipicephalus pusillus (22%), Haemaphysalis hispanica (<1%), and Ixodes ventalloi (<1%). The \"giant ticks\" were identified as H. lusitanicum, not H. marginatum. Molecular screening revealed Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae in H. lusitanicum, suggesting its role in the ecology of this emerging human pathogen, along with the endosymbiont Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii. This work also confirmed the accuracy of MALDI-TOF MS as a reliable tool for rapid tick identification and highlights the re-emergence of H. lusitanicum in southern France, while indicating that the associated risk to human public health currently remains relatively limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"33 ","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13347966/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148412432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of historic and novel data reveals higher contemporary diversity of trematode metacercariae in freshwater fish.","authors":"Olena Kudlai, Rasa Binkienė, Vytautas Rakauskas, Nathan Jay Baker","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2025067","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2025067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trematode metacercariae are the most abundant and frequently encountered helminths in freshwater fish. Yet, accurate species identification remains challenging, potentially leading to an underestimation of trematode diversity. Using data from parasitological examinations of 1,030 fish (47 species) collected from diverse freshwater habitats in Lithuania (2022-2024), we assessed the contemporary diversity of trematode metacercariae, host associations, microhabitat preferences, and changes in diversity patterns and transmission dynamics. Through integrated morphological and molecular techniques, we identified metacercariae belonging to 51 species from eight families, more than doubling previously reported diversity (25 species). While trematode family composition remained largely unchanged - the Diplostomidae and Strigeidae remained the most diverse families - notable differences were observed at the species level. Metacercariae of the Echinochasmidae and Echinostomatidae were detected for the first time, while previously reported Clinostomidae were absent. Fish of the Leuciscidae hosted the highest trematode diversity. Host specificity of metacercariae was generally low, with most species being euryxenous. At the microhabitat level, eyes harboured the highest number of species, while muscles showed the highest metacercarial density. Notably, we detected species first genetically characterised in North America (Echinoparyphium sp. 2 and Ichthyocotylurus sp. 2) and species potentially belonging to the genus Neogogatea, previously known only from Asia and North America, highlighting potential invasion risks and suggesting that European trematode diversity remains substantially underestimated. Future efforts should obtain molecular data from correctly identified adult specimens to resolve the identity of species currently identified only to the genus or family level, thereby enabling assessment of their geographical distributions and ecological roles.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"33 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12779263/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145918161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity and abundance of Culicoides on goat and cattle farms in the southern part of the Republic of Korea.","authors":"Seung Bak An, Jiseung Jeon, Jihun Ryu, Jong-Uk Jeong, In-Soon Roh, Kwang Shik Choi","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2026005","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2026005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biting midges of the genus Culicoides Latreille (Ceratopogonidae) pose a significant threat to veterinary health as vectors of over 60 viruses, most of which affect livestock. In this study, we used light traps to sample Culicoides populations on cattle and goat farms from May to October 2023 at 15 sites in Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollanam-do, and Jeju Island, South Korea. Diversity and abundance were analysed based on the collection date, environmental conditions, and host species. A total of 124,055 individuals were collected, comprising 14 previously recorded and two newly recorded species: C. asiana and C. palawanensis. The dominant species was C. arakawae, which accounted for 80.60% of the total collected individuals, followed by C. punctatus (10.25%), and C. tainanus (3.36%), while the remaining 13 species constituted 5.80% of the collection. Total Culicoides abundance peaked in August (40.15%), driven largely by fluctuations in C. arakawae abundance, but the seasonal abundances of individual species varied. Culicoides arakawae and C. punctatus were dominant on the mainland, while C. matsuzawai, C. lungchiensis, and C. tainanus were dominant on Jeju Island. The dominant species on cattle farms were C. arakawae and C. punctatus, while C. arakawae dominated in collections from goat farms. The detection of two new species records suggests that the fauna of South Korea is still incompletely understood.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"33 ","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12888750/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146150212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field efficacy of a combination of afoxolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel pamoate against natural infestation with Otodectes cynotis in dogs.","authors":"Eric Tielemans, Georgios Sioutas, Elias Papadopoulos","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2026015","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2026015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Otodectes cynotis is the agent of otodectic mange, a disease affecting wild and domestic felines, canines and mustelids. It is a highly contagious and pruritic condition and a major cause of otitis externa in dogs. This study was designed to verify the efficacy of NexGard^® PLUS, a combination of afoxolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel pamoate, against natural O. cynotis infestations in dogs. It was a blinded, randomised, single-centre, negative controlled clinical efficacy study. Twenty-four naturally infested dogs were allocated to three groups of eight dogs: an untreated control group, a group treated on Day 0 and a group treated on Days 0 and 29 (both groups were treated per label recommendations). Otoscopic examinations were performed on Days -3, 14, 29, 42 and 55 for clinical otodectic mange evaluation. Ear canal flushings were performed on Day 56 for O. cynotis counts, the primary variable of efficacy, calculated per comparison of live mites in the treated groups, with the untreated control group. The otoscopic examinations revealed treatment effect by Day 14 and a highly significant effect by Day 29, while the conditions remained unchanged or worsened in the untreated control group. The O. cynotis counts revealed reductions of 100% in the group treated once on Day 0 (p = 0.0004) and 99.7% (p = 0.0006) in the group treated on Days 0 and 29, while 48.8 (geometric mean) live mites were collected in the untreated control group. NexGard^® PLUS was demonstrated to be highly efficacious in dogs naturally infested with O. cynotis following one or two treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"33 ","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13001612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147486916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microphallus pseudopygmaeus (Digenea) infects phylogenetically distant gastropods, with signs of host-linked genetic divergence.","authors":"Alina I Sokolova, Kirill V Galaktionov, Anna Gonchar","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2026016","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2026016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Host-switching between distantly related host species offers rare insight into how parasites overcome compatibility barriers and initiate evolutionary divergence. Microphallus pseudopygmaeus is exceptional among digeneans in its ability to infect gastropods from two distantly related subclasses, Vetigastropoda and Caenogastropoda. This study aimed to test the hypothesis about the species status of M. pseudopygmaeus and clarify its host range. We obtained partial sequences of the cox1 gene, 28S rDNA and ITS2 for M. pseudopygmaeus from nine host species, including Margarites spp. (Vetigastropoda). The data on the conservative and variable markers, phylogenetic and barcoding gap analyses, supported the unity of the species and its broad specificity to the first intermediate hosts. The cox1-based haplotype network revealed host-associated genetic divergence, particularly in isolates from Margarites spp. and Cryptonatica affinis. This pattern may result from localized circulation of the parasite in the regions where certain host species, such as Margarites spp., dominate in the absence of periwinkles, creating ecological conditions that could promote reproductive isolation and incipient speciation. This work opens up the prospects of using M. pseudopygmaeus as a model for studying host-switching and speciation in parasites.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"33 ","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13034682/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147574948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental hazard of tick-borne diseases in urban and peri-urban sites in an endemic area of eastern France.","authors":"Joke Stynen, Cathy Barthel, Armand Maul, Laurine Villeneuve, Nathalie Boulanger","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2026043","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2026043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The occurrence of the Ixodes ricinus tick in forested and rural areas is well documented across Europe; however, its presence in urban environments remains less investigated. This study focused on the city of Strasbourg, located in eastern France, a region endemic for ticks and tick-borne diseases, to identify high-risk ecosystems along an urbanization gradient. Questing ticks were collected from eight sites: four urban parks, a botanical garden, and three peri-urban forests. A total of 880 ticks were collected, and 657 nymphs were analyzed for the presence of the pathogens Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Neoehrlichia mikurensis using molecular methods. Regularly maintained urban parks presented a low risk of tick bites or tick-borne bacterial infections, including Lyme borreliosis, anaplasmosis, and neoehrlichiosis. In contrast, peri-urban alluvial forests exhibited a high risk of tick bites and potentially infectious diseases, with a mean nymph density of 21.16 (range 18.25-24.75) per 100 m² and a mean density of infected nymph of 7.00 (range 4.93-10.21) per 100 m² for the three pathogens investigated. Owing to their high humidity and diverse fauna, alluvial forests provide particularly favorable microhabitats for Ixodes ticks and the circulation of their associated pathogens. In the context of climate change and increasing urban greening initiatives, greener cities may inadvertently increase the risk of tick-borne diseases in urban environments. Therefore, implementing appropriate park and forest management strategies, together with public awareness campaigns, is essential to reduce acarological risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"33 ","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13427044/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148621021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of experimental evidence on microbial pathogen transmission by Stomoxys spp.","authors":"Metlholo Andries Phukuntsi, Maropeng Charles Monyama, Moeti Oriel Taioe, Ana Mbokeleng Tsotetsi-Khambule","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2026014","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2026014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vector-borne microbial pathogens previously isolated from Stomoxys spp. are currently considered to be emerging or re-emerging threats to public health and the veterinary sector. Transmission of pathogens by flies in the Stomoxys genus is largely mechanical, indicating that they can transmit a wide range of pathogens to a variety of hosts. This study evaluated the diversity of pathogens demonstrably transmitted by a variety of Stomoxys flies, concerning species diversity, host diversity, and geographic distribution. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were applied to screen studies based on pathogen type, host species, and experimental transmission outcomes. Journal articles published from 1973 to 2025 were sourced from six electronic databases. After evaluation, 30 studies were eligible for this review. Of these studies, 20% (6/30) reported negative outcomes. Three pathogens (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Neorickettsia risticii, and Escherichia coli) were not transmitted by the flies in the experiments. Stomoxys spp. transmitted pathogens to a wide range of hosts (9 mammals) and substrates (blood and tissue culture), but the recorded experiments in camels failed. Three out of ten Stomoxys spp. reported in the studies (S. transvittatus, S. inornatus, and S. omega) failed to transmit pathogens in all attempts. The majority of experimental studies were on S. calcitrans, with very limited studies on other Stomoxys species, highlighting the dearth of information on other species occurring in Africa and Asia. Our study has consolidated the evidence regarding the experimental pathogen transmission by Stomoxys spp., highlighting and demonstrating their epidemiological significance and the need for surveillance and control/prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"33 ","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13001615/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147486988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Asia to Europe: epidemiology, genetic diversity, and One Health implications of Thelazia callipaeda.","authors":"Piyanan Taweethavonsawat, Napassarawadee Tramas, Duriyang Narapakdeesakul, Sariya Asawakarn, Frederic Beugnet","doi":"10.1051/parasite/2026032","DOIUrl":"10.1051/parasite/2026032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thelazia callipaeda, commonly known as the oriental eyeworm, is a vector-borne parasitic nematode that infects the ocular tissues of a wide range of mammalian hosts, including dogs, cats, wildlife, and humans. Historically confined to East and Southeast Asia, T. callipaeda has emerged over the past 2 decades as a significant zoonotic parasite in Europe, with an expanding geographic distribution driven by the spread of lachryphagous drosophilid fruit fly vectors of the genus Phortica. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the taxonomy, epidemiology, biology, genetic diversity, pathogenesis, and control of T. callipaeda, with particular emphasis on its One Health relevance. Molecular studies reveal low but structured genetic variability, characterised by a single predominant haplotype circulating in Europe and high haplotype diversity in Asian populations, reflecting long-term endemicity and distinct transmission dynamics. Clinically, infection can result in ocular irritation ranging from mild conjunctivitis to severe keratitis and corneal ulceration, with dogs acting as the primary domestic reservoir and wildlife sustaining sylvatic transmission cycles. Human infections, though underreported, are increasingly recognised and pose a growing public health concern. Effective management relies on mechanical worm removal, macrocyclic lactone treatment and prevention, and integrated surveillance of animal hosts and vectors. Given the influence of climate change, animal mobility, and environmental factors on vector ecology, coordinated One Health strategies are essential to mitigate the continued spread and zoonotic impact of this emerging eyeworm.</p>","PeriodicalId":19796,"journal":{"name":"Parasite","volume":"33 ","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13233027/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148157544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}