Pharmaceutical nanotechnology最新文献

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of Strategies of Topical Niosomes and Their Synergistic Effect for Enhanced Therapeutic Outcomes","authors":"N Bharathi Sai Thilagam, V P Karthik, R Gnanasambandan, C Sowmya","doi":"10.2174/0122117385345369241212071947","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0122117385345369241212071947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The review aims to assess the potential of niosomes-nonionic surfactant-based vesicular systems-as carriers for topical and transdermal drug delivery. Niosomes enable targeted and controlled drug release while minimizing systemic toxicity. The investigation centers on their structure, stability, and capacity to entrap both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, as well as their use in managing various dermatological and systemic disorders. Recent studies have examined the formulation of niosomes, particularly highlighting the roles of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol in enhancing the stability and entrapment efficiency of these vesicles. Research on permeability enhancers has been reviewed for their ability to work together to improve drug transport and bioavailability. It also provides a detailed discussion on the use of niosomes in treating various dermatological conditions, as well as their applications in systemic diseases, with a particular focus on co-delivery systems in cancer therapies. Niosomes exhibit efficacy in drug delivery by providing an increase in penetration through the stratum corneum, targeting hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs for dermatological and systemic applications. The Development of niosomal therapy has expanded into immunization, antiinflammatory treatments, and the control of pigmentation. Permeability enhancers further increase their efficacy, bioavailability, and tissue localization. Anticancer treatment using niosomes for codelivery of agents demonstrates synergistic effects with reduced side effects. Niosomes have tremendous potential in advancing topical and transdermal drug delivery, offering controlled, targeted release and improved patient outcomes. With optimized fabrication and comprehensive toxicity evaluation, niosomes can potentially revolutionize topical therapies, making them safer, more effective, and patient-friendly for a range of next-generation treatment options across dermatology and beyond.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Nanoemulsion-Based Gel of Betulin for the Treatment of Psoriasis-Like Skin Inflammation in a Small Animal Model.","authors":"Dev Prakash, Anjali Chaudhari","doi":"10.2174/0122117385336297241210053845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385336297241210053845","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Introduction/ Background: This study aimed to introduce a gel (NEG) formulation containing betulin-loaded nanoemulsions for topical psoriasis treatment.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The prepared nanoemulsions were optimized for smaller particle size and higher drug content using a response surface methodology that exhibited uniform distribution and high drug loading (21.17±3.55%).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The gel demonstrated skin-compatible pH and good spreadability. The developed gel showed slower release compared to nanoemulsion. In vivo pharmacokinetics demonstrated elevated AUC (55835.1 μg/cm2.h) and extended Tmax (720 min) for the gel than NE, indicating extended skin retention. Improved skin hydration (35%) and lipid content (28%) were observed, along with significant reductions in PASI scores and cytokine levels.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Provided with enhanced skin retention, improved hydration, and lipid content, along with significant therapeutic efficacy in psoriasis treatment, betulin-loaded nanoemulsion gel demonstrated prolonged drug release and notably reduced PASI scores and cytokine levels, highlighting its effectiveness against psoriasis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This highlights the promising potential of NEG for topical psoriasis management.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WITHDRAWN: Formulation of Benzoyl Peroxide Microsponge-based Transdermal Gel for Acne Infection and Its Evaluation","authors":"Samali S Raut, Neha R Singh, Bhushan R Rane, Ashish S Jain","doi":"10.2174/2211738511666230908162410","DOIUrl":"10.2174/2211738511666230908162410","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the authors are not responding to the editor’s requests to fulfill the editorial requirement, therefore, the article has been withdrawn from the journal Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology.</p><p><p>Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may have caused.</p><p><p>The Bentham Editorial Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://benthamscience.com/pages/editorial-policies-main</p><p><strong>Bentham science disclaimer: </strong>It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Furthermore, any data, illustration, structure or table that has been published elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submitting the article for publication the authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered. By submitting a manuscript the authors agree that the copyright of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10570859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Enhanced Scrutiny of Mechanistic and Translational Approaches to Extinguish Cancer Hypoxia.","authors":"Arun Radhakrishnan, Nikhitha K Shanmukhan, Linda Christabel S","doi":"10.2174/0122117385328105241216042016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385328105241216042016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer continues to pose a formidable challenge in global health due to its incidence and increasing resistance to conventional therapies. A key factor driving this resistance is tumor hypoxia, characterized by reduced oxygen levels within cancer cells. This hypoxic environment triggers a variety of adaptive mechanisms, significantly compromising the efficacy of cancer treatments. Notably, hypoxia promotes metastasis and reshapes the tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby aggravating treatment resistance. Central to this process are hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which mediate cellular adaptations such as metabolic shifts and enhanced survival pathways. These adaptations render therapies like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) less effective. Additionally, hypoxia-induced vascular irregularities further impede drug delivery, amplifying the therapeutic challenge. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the roles of hypoxia in cancer, its contributions to drug resistance, and its interplay with apoptosis and autophagy. By evaluating novel mechanistic and translational approaches to target hypoxia, this study highlights the potential to improve therapeutic outcomes and offers insights into overcoming treatment resistance in cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on Plant Bioactive Compounds-Based Novel Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.","authors":"Akshat Agrawal, Vijayalakshmi Ghosh, Ajaz Uddin, Parag Jain","doi":"10.2174/0122117385333643241016075918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385333643241016075918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation in the joints, leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, and eventual joint damage. This condition occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium, the lining of the membranes surrounding the joints. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, alleviating pain, and preventing joint damage through a combination of medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. Recently, biological therapies have been introduced, including Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) blockers (such as etanercept, infliximab, and adalimumab), IL-6 inhibitors (tocilizumab), and interleukin- 1 inhibitors (anakinra). These treatments can lead to various side effects. The use of herbalbased treatments, such as secondary metabolites, has gained popularity due to their better tolerability, safety, and effectiveness compared to conventional therapies. However, there are also some limitations, like poor bioavailability and permeability and lower stability; to overcome these issues, Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) have been introduced as better treatment options in recent years. Polymer science advancements and nanotechnology applications have opened new avenues for RA treatment, emphasizing the development of smart drug delivery systems. These systems aim to improve therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects. Additionally, newly synthesized biocompatible drug delivery systems, combined with anti-inflammatory drugs composed of secondary metabolites, offer potential solutions for RA.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rationalization Progress of Novel Drug Delivery System for Intra-Periodontal Pockets Against Periodontitis.","authors":"Rishabh Maurya, Prashant Kumar, Gaurav Tiwari","doi":"10.2174/0122117385334802241122094148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385334802241122094148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Periodontitis (PD) is a pathological condition that results in chronic swelling in the tissue around a tooth, which results in advanced periodontal structural injury to the encircling soft and hard tissues with eventual exfoliation and movement of teeth. It affects around 60% of the world's population, indicating a relatively high prevalence. Therefore, the discovery of efficient therapeutic interventions for dental disorders is a primary goal of the health sciences, and periodontitis is a significant public health problem. Currently, perioceutics plays a revolutionary role in periodontal therapy with the introduction of both systemic and local route administration of therapeutic drugs as supportive therapy to SRP (Scaling and Root Planning). The key to effective periodontal treatment is the selection of the proper antibacterial agent and the local route of medication delivery. The items mentioned, including irrigation systems, gels, fibers, films, thin strips, microvesicles, zero-dimensional nanomaterial, and moderate-dose biocide agents, reflect the innovative site-specific drug delivery available in the sector, resulting in the fulfillment of antimicrobial substances to sites of periodontal disease with low to non-existent negative impacts on other bodily systems. The current report seeks to present the most recent technologies in local biomaterial-based delivery with different properties that play a significant role in gum disease so that the practitioners are able to select appropriate bioactive agents for LDDS that are custom-tailored for a given clinical condition, identify present obstacles, and determine the future research opportunities.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Updates on Nanotechnology-based Drug Delivery Platforms for Treating Alzheimer's with Herbal Drugs.","authors":"Shakeel Ahmed Ansari, Asim Muhammad Alshanberi, Rukhsana Satar, Jakleen Abujamai, Ghulam Md Ashraf","doi":"10.2174/0122117385335626241204165702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385335626241204165702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible brain disorder that led to memory loss and disrupts daily life. Earlier strategies to treat AD such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) drugs are not showing effectiveness due to the inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, traditional AChEI provides limited efficacy in terms of bioavailability and solubility for treating AD treatment. Many of the current drugs such as donepezil taken to treat the disease exhibited harmful side effects. Hence, researchers are keen to find the alternative effective therapeutic agents for treating AD. This review summarizes the recent advancement in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems of herbal drugs such as Curcumin, Ginkgo biloba, Salvia officinalis, etc for the prevention and cure of AD. Herbal drugs proved useful in treating neuronal disorders such as AD but exhibited some limitations like low bioavailability via oral drug delivery. Such limitations were overcome by tagging these drugs by nanoparticles which enables them to cross the blood-brain barrier and offer the delivery of greater concentration of herbal drugs to the brain. Inorganic nanoparticle-based drugdelivery systems such as gold nanoparticles and magnetic nanoparticles, organic nanoparticulate systems like polymeric micelles and dendrimers, and solid polymeric nanoparticles were some of the effective methods that have earlier shown potential for enhancing the delivery of herbal drugs to the brain. Long-term repeated injection of drugs loaded on nanomaterials can lead to the accumulation of nanomaterials in the body without timely and effective degradation which can cause serious issues to the brain. Hence, nanotechnology-based strategies should involve the formulation of nontoxic nanoparticles in such a way that they can significantly transport the drugs across the BBB followed by effective degradation of nanoparticles.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation, Development, and Optimization of Fast Dissolving Tablets Containing Tapentadol Hydrochloride.","authors":"Chandrashekar Thalluri, Mallikarjun Vasam, Rajkumar Jampala, Shanmugarathinam Alagarsamy, Anubhav Dubey, Amit Lather, Tanuj Hooda","doi":"10.2174/0122117385350217241122151638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385350217241122151638","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Tapentadol hydrochloride is a potent analgesic commonly used to manage moderate to severe pain. Rapidly dissolving tablets of Tapentadol offer a significant advantage in enhancing patient compliance by providing quick pain relief. The development of fast-dissolving tablets (FDTs) requires careful consideration of formulation parameters to achieve optimal disintegration and dissolution profiles. In this study, the aim was to fabricate Tapentadol FDTs by selecting suitable super disintegrating agents such as croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone, which serve as two independent variables. The direct compression method was employed to formulate nine different Tapentadol hydrochloride formulations (TH1 to TH9).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The study utilized Design-Expert® software version 13.0 and the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for the optimization of Tapentadol FDTs. The formulations were prepared using the direct compression method with varying concentrations of the super disintegrants, croscarmellose sodium, and crospovidone. The primary response variables considered in this optimization study included disintegration time (Y1), percentage drug release at 15 minutes (Q15, Y2), and percentage drug release at 30 minutes (Q30, Y3). All pre-compressional and postcompressional parameters were evaluated for each formulation, along with in vitro dissolution studies. Furthermore, DD Solver, a statistical tool, was employed to determine the kinetics of drug release and the release order mechanism based on regression coefficient value (r²), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), and Model Selection Criteria (MSC).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The evaluation studies indicated that the TH5 formulation exhibited the most rapid disintegration time and the highest drug release percentage within the specified time frame. The super disintegrants used demonstrated a significant impact on the response variables, notably enhancing the solubility and dissolution rate of Tapentadol hydrochloride. Based on the exponent release (n) value, the study concluded that the TH5 formulation followed a first-order release kinetics and Fickian diffusion mechanism for drug release. Stability studies were performed following the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines to assess the shelf-life of the optimized formulation. The ANOVA data revealed that the p-value was greater than 0.05, indicating no significant differences during the storage period. Additionally, a similarity factor (f2) analysis was conducted to compare the optimized formulation with the marketed formulation (Tydol 100 mg).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussion: &lt;/strong&gt;The findings highlight the crucial role of super disintegrants in fast-dissolving tablet formulation, significantly impacting disintegration time and dissolution profile. The TH5 formulation excelled in rapid disintegration and drug release, optimized using RSM and Design-Expert software, ","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Cucurbitacin E-Glycoside and Methyl Gallate Isolated from Citrullus colocynthis L. Fruit and Evaluation of their Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities.","authors":"Achyut Adhikari, Asmita Sapkota, Syed Muhammad Zaki Shah, Kapil Aryal, Prajwal Acharya","doi":"10.2174/0122117385314421241009075737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385314421241009075737","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Metal nanoparticles have received much attention due to their unique physical dynamics, chemical reactivity, and promising biological applications. Green synthesis using natural compounds is an alternative to traditional chemical methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Herein, two secondary metabolites were isolated from different fractions of methanolic extract of Citrullus colocynthis (bitter apple) Schard. and identified as cucurbitacin Eglycoside (1) and methyl gallate (2). Both compounds were used in the green nanoformulation of gold nanoparticles. Mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy were used for structure elucidation of compound 1 and compound 2. UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and AFM were performed to confirm the formation of AuNPs.</p><p><strong>Result and discussions: </strong>The spectra of UV-Vis showed a characteristic peak at 519 nm and 548 nm for compounds 1 and 2, respectively. AuNPs ranged mostly between 1 and 50 nm measured using AFM. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of phytochemicals on the surface of AuNPs. The synthesized AuNPs showed good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The synthesized AuNPs demonstrated good antibiofilm activity against Streptococcus mutans. Thus, the green synthesized AuNPs can combat the pathogenicity of several human pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142865075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: Latest Insights and Applications.","authors":"Khadija El Ouardy, Hassan Ahmoum, Youssef Mir","doi":"10.2174/0122117385353296241119072148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385353296241119072148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanotechnology is rapidly transforming various fields, including medicine, environmental conservation, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals. The production of metallic nanoparticles is a key area within this field, known for its innovative applications. However, traditional chemical and physical methods used for nanoparticle synthesis often involve toxic chemicals and are expensive, making them unsuitable for large-scale production. To address these issues, there has been a growing focus on developing sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly methods. One promising approach is the biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. This technique combines principles from biology and nanotechnology, using natural sources such as plant extracts, bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae to produce nanoparticles in an environmentally friendly way. This review examines the biological synthesis of various metal nanoparticles, including platinum, palladium, gold, and silver. It explores different green methods used for their production and discusses the mechanisms that enable these biological processes. Additionally, the review highlights the diverse applications of these nanoparticles, from environmental cleanup and heavy metal removal to cancer treatment and drug delivery. By focusing on green synthesis methods, this approach not only reduces environmental impact but also offers a scalable, sustainable alternative to traditional nanoparticle production techniques. As research in this area advances, these eco-friendly methods are expected to play a crucial role in the future of nanotechnology.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142818810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}