Pharmaceutical nanotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Overcoming Solubility Challenges: Self-emulsifying Systems for Enhancing the Delivery of Poorly Water-Soluble Antiviral Drugs.","authors":"Devesh U Kapoor, Deepak Sharma, Mansi Gaur, Bhupendra G Prajapati, Sontaya Limmatvapirat, Pornsak Sriamornsak","doi":"10.2174/0122117385280541231130055458","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0122117385280541231130055458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The primary goal of drug formulation is to improve a drug's bioavailability in the body. However, poorly water-soluble drugs present challenging issues related to their solubility and bioavailability factors. Emerging technologies, such as lipid-based drug delivery systems, including micro- or nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems, have become increasingly relevant to address the above challenges. This review presents a thorough overview of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS). It covers the properties, principles, self-emulsification mechanism, formulation strategies, and characterization methods of SEDDS. This review also addresses the delivery of antiviral agents through SEDDS. Moreover, it summarizes the marketed formulations of SEDDS consisting of antiviral agents. This review offers a comprehensive and valuable resource for future perspectives on SEDDS and their potential applications in antiviral drug delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"117-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139403933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Future of Healthcare: Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology.","authors":"Zongjin Li","doi":"10.2174/221173851301240923101614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/221173851301240923101614","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":"13 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143067093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential of Plant-derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles from <i>Physalis peruviana</i> Fruit for Human Dermal Fibroblast Regeneration and Remodeling.","authors":"Filia Natania, Iriawati Iriawati, Fitria Dwi Ayuningtyas, Anggraini Barlian","doi":"10.2174/0122117385281838240105110106","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0122117385281838240105110106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>This research aimed to study the potential of PDEN from P. peruviana fruits (PENC) for regenerating and remodeling HDF.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Large wounds are dangerous and require prompt and effective healing. Various efforts have been undertaken, but have been somewhat ineffective. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDEN) are easily sampled, relatively cost-effective, exhibit high yields, and are nonimmunogenic.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The objective of the study was to isolate and characterize PDEN from Physalis peruviana (PENC), and determine PENC's internalization and toxicity on HDF cells, PENC's ability to regenerate HDF (proliferation and migration), and PENC ability's to remodel HDF (collagen I and MMP-1 production).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PENC was isolated using gradual filtration and centrifugation, followed by sedimentation using PEG6000. Characterization was done using a particle size analyzer, zeta potential analyzer, TEM, and BCA assay. Internalization was done using PKH67 staining. Toxicity and proliferation assays were conducted using MTT assay; meanwhile, migration assay was carried out by employing the scratch assay. Collagen I production was performed using immunocytochemistry and MMP-1 production was conducted using ELISA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MTT assay showed a PENC concentration of 2.5 until 500 μg/mL and being non-toxic to cells. PENC has been found to induce cell proliferation in 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. PENC at a concentration of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 μg/mL, also accelerated HDF migration using the scratch assay in two days. In remodeling, PENC upregulated collagen-1 expression from day 7 to 14 compared to control. MMP-1 declined from day 2 to 7 in every PENC concentration and increased on day 14. Overall, PENC at concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 μg/mL induced HDF proliferation and migration, upregulated collagen I production, and decreased MMP-1 levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Isolated PENC was 190-220 nm in size, circular, covered with membrane, and its zeta potential was -6.7 mV; it could also be stored at 4°C for up to 2 weeks in aqua bidest. Protein concentration ranged between 170-1,395 μg/mL. Using PKH67, PENC could enter HDF within 6 hours. PENC was non-toxic up to a concentration of 500 μg/mL. Using MTT and scratch assay, PENC was found to elevate HDF proliferation and migration, and reorganize actin. Using immunocytochemistry, collagen I was upregulated by PENC, whereas MMP-1 concentration was reduced.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"358-371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139513296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation, <i>In-vitro, Ex-vivo</i>, and Pharmacokinetic Study of Lasmiditan as Intranasal Nanoemulsion-based <i>In Situ</i> Gel.","authors":"Saba Abdulhadi Jabir, Nawal A Rajab","doi":"10.2174/0122117385285009231222072303","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0122117385285009231222072303","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Lasmiditan (LAS) is a recently developed antimigraine drug and was approved in October, 2019 for the treatment of acute migraines; however, it suffers from low oral bioavailability, which is around 40%.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;This study aimed to improve the LAS bioavailability via formulation as nanoemulsionbased &lt;i&gt;in situ&lt;/i&gt; gel (NEIG) given intranasally and then compare the traditional aqueous-LASsuspension (AQS) with the two successful intranasal prepared formulations (NEIG 2 and NEIG 5) in order to determine its relative bioavailability (F-relative) &lt;i&gt;via&lt;/i&gt; using rabbits.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Two successfully prepared nanoemulsion (NE) formulas, a and b, were selected for the incorporation of different percentages of pH-sensitive &lt;i&gt;in situ&lt;/i&gt; gelling polymer (Carbopol 934) to prepare NEIGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The pH, gelation capacity, gel strength, and viscosity were predicted for the prepared NEIGs. The release (&lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;) and the nasal permeation (&lt;i&gt;ex vivo&lt;/i&gt;) were determined for NEIG 2 and 5, and then both were subjected to pharmacokinetics &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; studies. Eighteen male rabbits weighing 2.0 to 2.5 kg were employed in the parallel design study. The body surface area (BSA) normalization method was applied for LAS dose calculation. Serial blood samples were taken out and subjected to drug analysis using the HPLC method previously developed and validated by Kumar et al. Primary pharmacokinetics parameters, including maximum drug concentration in plasma (Cmax), time to reach C-max (T-max), and area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to affinity (AUCt&lt;sub&gt;0-∞&lt;/sub&gt;) were calculated. Both NE (a and b), together with NEIG (2 and 5) formulas, were subjected to the stability study. Finally, a nasal ciliotoxicity study was carried out to evaluate the nasal toxicity of developed NEIGs 2 and 5.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The results showed that NEIGs 2 and 5 could be selected as the optimized NEIGs as both achieved 100% permeation within 20 min and then released within 25 and 35 min, respectively, thus achieving 3.3 folds with higher permeation percentages as compared to the AQS. Both NEIGs 2 and 5 exerted comparable release and permeation values as the corresponding NE a and b with more residence time in order to overcome the normal nasal physiological clearance. The values of C-max, Tmax, and AUC0- ∞ for NEIG 2 and NEIG 5 were 8066 ± 242 ng/ml, 0.75 ± 0.05 h, 19616.86 ± 589 ng. h/ml, and 7975.67 ± 239 ng/ml, 1.0 ± 0.05 h, 17912.36 ± 537 ng. h/ml, respectively, compared to the traditional AQS, which is equal to 4181.09 ± 125 ng/ml, 2 ± 0.2 h, and 8852.27 ± 266 ng. h/ml, respectively. It was discovered that NEIGs 2 and 5 had better intranasal delivery of LAS and could significantly (p &lt; 0.05) achieve a higher value of permeability coefficient (3.3 folds) and 2.5 folds improvement in bioavailability when compared to AQS. The NE a, NE b, NEIG2, and NEIG5","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"239-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139087984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-loaded <i>In Situ</i> Gel for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery: Preparation and <i>In Vitro</i> Characterization Studies.","authors":"Vidya Sabale, Vaishnavi Belokar, Manasi Jiwankar, Prafulla Sabale","doi":"10.2174/0122117385266639231029192409","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0122117385266639231029192409","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are explored as vehicles for ophthalmic drug delivery owing to their better drug loading, good permeation, and satisfactory safety profile.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The purpose of the study was to fabricate and characterize an <i>in situ</i> ocular gel of loratadine as a model drug based on NLCs to enhance the drug residence time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>NLCs were fabricated using the microemulsion method in which solid lipid as Compritol 888 ATO, lipid as oleic acid, surfactant as Tween 80, and isopropyl alcohol as co-surfactant as alcohol were used. Based on the evaluation of formulation batches of NLCs, the optimized batch was selected and further utilized for the formulation of <i>in situ gel</i> containing Carbopol 934 and HPMC K15M as gelling agents, and characterized Results: The optimized NLCs of loratadine exhibited entrapment efficiency of 83.13 ± 0.13% and an average particle size of 18.98 ± 1.22 nm. Drug content and drug release were found to be 98.67 and 92.48%, respectively. Excellent rheology and mucoadhesion were demonstrated by the loratadine NLC-loaded <i>in situ gel</i> to enhance its attachment to the mucosa. NLC-based <i>in situ</i> ocular gel showed the desired results for topical administration. The prepared gel was observed to be non-irritating to the eye.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The optimized NLC-based <i>in situ </i>gel formulation presented better corneal retention and it was found to be stable, offering sustained release of the drug. Thus, the joined system of sol-gel was found promising for ophthalmic drug delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"171-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139425225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipids Fortified Nano Phytopharmaceuticals: A Breakthrough Approach in Delivering Bio-actives for Improved Therapeutic Efficacy.","authors":"Sunny Shah, Harshida Chauhan, Hardik Madhu, Dhaval Mori, Moinuddin Soniwala, Sudarshan Singh, Bhupendra Prajapati","doi":"10.2174/0122117385277686231127050723","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0122117385277686231127050723","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phytopharmaceuticals, derived from natural sources, manifest tremendous potential for therapeutic applications. Nevertheless, effective delivery of these bio-actives presents significant challenges. A breakthrough in fortifying phytopharmaceuticals within phosphatidylcholine is a promising remedy to overcome solubility, permeability, and other related drawbacks. This intrinsic lipid, which is obtained from both natural and synthetic sources, confers numerous benefits, encompassing heightened solubility, augmented bioavailability, and enhanced stability. The conjugation of phytopharmaceuticals with phosphatidylcholine enables improved dermal permeation, absorption, targeted distribution, and the possibility of synergistic results, eventually improving therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, the use of phytopharmaceuticals enriched with phosphatidylcholine presents a promising route for overcoming the limitations imposed by conventional delivery techniques, encouraging more effective treatments. The review provides a thorough analysis of phosphatidylcholine- incorporated phytopharmaceuticals as nanomedicine with variables that significantly affect their therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, the review elaborates on how phosphatidylcholine improves solubility, permeability, and tissue distribution and boosts the potential of phytopharmaceuticals. Further, the review underscores the significance of nano-formulation strategies, analytical methodologies, and forthcoming prospects to propel this field forward. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the potential inherent in this innovative approach while highlighting the importance of additional research endeavors and collaborative initiatives to unlock the therapeutic benefits of phosphatidylcholinefortified phytopharmaceuticals, enhancing patient well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"70-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139567235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crocin-loaded Niosomal Nanoparticles Reversing Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in HEK293 Cell Line Exposed to Paraquat: An <i>In vitro</i> Study.","authors":"Akram Oftadeh Harsin, Sajjad Makhdoomi, Meysam Soleimani, Farzin Firozian, Amir Nili-Ahmadabadi, Akram Ranjbar","doi":"10.2174/0122117385256493231019045141","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0122117385256493231019045141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Paraquat (PQ) is an effective herbicide which is widely used around the world to remove weeds in agriculture. As a water-soluble carotenoid, crocin is a pharmacologically active constituent of <i>C. sativus L.</i> (saffron).</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In the present study, we investigated the effects of crocin-loaded niosomes (Cro-NIO) compared to free crocin on PQ-induced toxicity in the eukaryotic human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell line.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Cro-NIO was synthesized and characterized. Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay in PQ-exposed HEK293 cell lines. The activities of biochemical markers were quantitatively determined to reveal the potential mechanism of PQ-induced oxidative stress in HEK293 cell line.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), DL, and EE of Cro-NIO were 145.4 ± 19.5 nm, -22.3 ± 3.11 mV, 0.3 ± 0.03, 1.74 ± 0.01%, and 55.3 ± 7.1%, respectively. PQtreated HEK293 cell lines decreased cell viability. The results of oxidative status showed that PQ significantly could increase ROS accumulation, accompanied by a decreasing antioxidant defense system. However, treatment with Cro-NIO, compared to crocin, not only did dose-dependently improve the cell viability but also significantly attenuated the ROS accumulation and increased antioxidant markers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to these results, Cro-NIO, compared to crocin, was superior to ameliorating PQ-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative damage in HEK293 cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"313-319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139692634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Lipid-based Carriers for Systematic Utilization in the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences: A Review.","authors":"Prakash N Kendre, Dhiraj R Kayande, Ajinkya K Pote, Sanagmeshwar B Kanthale, Bhupendra G Prajapati, Yuvraj Kendre, Shirish Jain","doi":"10.2174/0122117385268268231204061938","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0122117385268268231204061938","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emerging lipid-based carriers are revolutionizing drug delivery in the pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences. These innovative carriers harness the unique properties of lipids to improve the solubility, stability, and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, ushering in a new era of precision medicine. Lipid- based carriers, such as liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, and solid lipid nanoparticles, offer several advantages. They can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, enabling the delivery of a wide range of compounds. Additionally, lipids are biocompatible and biodegradable, minimizing the risk of toxicity. Their ability to mimic cell membranes allows for enhanced cellular uptake and controlled release, optimizing drug efficacy while minimizing side effects. Furthermore, lipid-based carriers are ideal for delivering drugs to specific sites within the body. By modifying the lipid composition, surface charge, and size, researchers can tailor these carriers to target tumours, inflamed tissues, or specific cells, improving therapeutic outcomes and reducing systemic toxicity. In summary, emerging lipid-based carriers are poised to transform pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences by addressing critical challenges in drug delivery. These carriers enhance drug stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery, offering the potential to revolutionize the treatment of various diseases and improve patient outcomes. As research in this field continues to advance, we can expect even more sophisticated lipid-based carrier systems to emerge, further expanding the possibilities for precision medicine. This review focuses on the contribution of lipid carriers in the pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"2-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139570254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing Nanoparticle Isolated by Yam Bean (<i>Pachyrhizus erosus</i>) as a Potential Agent for Nanocosmetics: An <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> Approaches.","authors":"Maesa Ranggawati Kusnandar, Indra Wibowo, Anggraini Barlian","doi":"10.2174/0122117385279809231221050226","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0122117385279809231221050226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study investigated the potential of Plant-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles (PDENs) as cosmeceutical nanocarriers for treating skin problems, such as scar removal, face rejuvenation, anti-aging, and anti-pigmentation.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Researchers isolated PDENs from Yam Bean ((<i>Pachyrhizus erosus</i>) using PEG-based precipitation, gradual filtration, and various centrifugations at low temperatures. Followed by <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies using HDF cells and Zebrafish.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The morphology of the YB-PDENs was determined using TEM analysis, they had a spherical shape with diameters of 236,83 ± 9,27 nm according to PSA. The study found that YB-PDENs were stable in aquabidest at 4°C for one month of storage and had ~-26,5 mV of Zeta Potential. The concentration of YB-PDENs was measured using the BCA Assay, and internalization of YB-PDENs to HDF cells was observed using a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope labelled with PKH67.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As for cytotoxicity, after 24 and 72 hours of incubation with YB-PDENs, the viability of HDF cells remained more than 80%. The study also examined cell migration using the Scratch Assay and found that at 2,5 μg/mL, YB-PDENs had better migration results than other concentrations. Immunocytochemistry showed that collagen expression was higher after 14 days of incubation with YBPDENs, and melanocytes in zebrafish decreased at each concentration compared with controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, this study is the first to extract and describe PDEN s from Yam Bean ((<i>Pachyrhizus erosus</i>), with YB-PDENs having a promising anti-melanogenic effect in skin treatment. This study highlights the potential of YB-PDENs as a promising alternative to depigmentation and skin whitening treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"341-357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139692633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation Optimization and Characterization of Tizanidine Hydrochloride-loaded Gold Nanoparticles Using Quality by Design Approach.","authors":"Milind Dharmraj Kamble, Mahesh Gaikwad, Rajendra Marathe, Mahendra Shirsat, Ganesh Tapadiya","doi":"10.2174/0122117385279456240329041704","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0122117385279456240329041704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gold nanoparticles (GNP) have been used extensively in cancer biologics and as drug carrier systems for improved pharmacokinetics and effective therapeutic action. GNPs also ensure reliable diagnosis with sensitive imaging.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to synthesize tizanidine hydrochloride (TZN)-biodegradable gold (Au) nanoparticles by the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with trisodium citrate using a microwave synthesizer and quality by design approach.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The formulation method used was optimized using a 3² (two-factor, three-level design) factorial experiment. Temperature (X1) and concentration of gold salt (X2) were the two independent factors, and particle size (Y1), Percent drug entrapment efficiency (Y2), and polydispersity index (Y3) were the responses recorded for the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of the study revealed that the optimized nanoparticles (TGN8) had a particle size (Y1) of 195 ± 1.2 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.2, and entrapment efficiency of 99.0 ± 2.9% at an optimized concentration of 14 mM gold salt (X1) and 100°C temperature (X2). Atomic Force Microscopy showed the spherical shape particles. <i>In vitro</i> drug release was found to be 62.1 ± 0.5% release of TZN in simulated gastric buffer (pH 1.2) and 45.5 ± 2.8% in physiological buffer (pH 7.4).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, the study identified the optimal formulation conditions for TZN GNPs by considering the effects of independent variables on desired responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"328-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140850784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}