Pharmaceutical nanotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Preparation, In-vitro, Ex-vivo, and Pharmacokinetic Study of Lasmiditan as Intranasal Nanoemulsion-based In Situ Gel.","authors":"Saba H Jaber, Nawal A Rajab","doi":"10.2174/0122117385285009231222072303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385285009231222072303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lasmiditan (LAS) is a recently developed antimigraine drug and was approved in October, 2019 for the treatment of acute migraines; however, it suffers from low oral bioavailability, which is around 40%.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to improve the LAS bioavailability via formulation as nanoemulsionbased in situ gel (NEIG) given intranasally and then compare the traditional aqueous-LASsuspension (AQS) with the two successful intranasal prepared formulations (NEIG 2 and NEIG 5) in order to determine its relative bioavailability (F-relative) via using rabbits.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two successfully prepared nanoemulsion (NE) formulas, a and b, were selected for the incorporation of different percentages of pH-sensitive in situ gelling polymer (Carbopol 934) to prepare NEIGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The pH, gelation capacity, gel strength, and viscosity were predicted for the prepared NEIGs. The release (in vitro) and the nasal permeation (ex vivo) were determined for NEIG 2 and 5, and then both were subjected to pharmacokinetics in vivo studies. Eighteen male rabbits weighing 2.0 to 2.5 kg were employed in the parallel design study. The body surface area (BSA) normalization method was applied for LAS dose calculation. Serial blood samples were taken out and subjected to drug analysis using the HPLC method previously developed and validated by L. Santosh Kumar. Primary pharmacokinetics parameters, including maximum drug concentration in plasma (Cmax), time to reach C-max (T-max), and area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to affinity (AUCt0-∞) were calculated. Both NE (a and b), together with NEIG (2 and 5) formulas, were subjected to the stability study. Finally, a nasal ciliotoxicity study was carried out to evaluate the nasal toxicity of developed NEIGs 2 and 5.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that NEIGs 2 and 5 could be selected as the optimized NEIGs as both achieved 100% permeation within 20 min and then released within 25 and 35 min, respectively, thus achieving 3.3 folds with higher permeation percentages as compared to the AQS. Both NEIGs 2 and 5 exerted comparable release and permeation values as the corresponding NE a and b with more residence time in order to overcome the normal nasal physiological clearance. The values of C-max, Tmax, and AUC0- ∞ for NEIG 2 and NEIG 5 were 8066±242 ng/ml, 0.75±0.05 h, 19616.86±589 ng. h/ml, and 7975.67±239 ng/ml, 1.0±0.05 h, 17912.36±537 ng. h/ml, respectively, compared to the traditional AQS, which is equal to 4181.09±125 ng/ml, 2±0.2 h, and 8852.27±266 ng. h/ml, respectively. It was discovered that NEIGs 2 and 5 had better intranasal delivery of LAS and could significantly (p<0.05) achieve a higher value of permeability coefficient (3.3 folds) and 2.5 folds improvement in bioavailability when compared to AQS. The NE a, NE b, NEIG2, and NEIG5 formulations showed good stability at various temperatures. Accordin","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139087984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Niosomes: A Smart Drug Delivery System for Brain Targeting.","authors":"Sandesh Varshney, Md Aftab Alam, Awaneet Kaur, Shivang Dhoundiyal","doi":"10.2174/2211738511666230524143832","DOIUrl":"10.2174/2211738511666230524143832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Niosomes are lipid-based nanovesicles that have the potential to act as drug-delivery vehicles for a variety of agents. They are effective drug delivery systems for both ASOs and AAV vectors, with advantages such as improved stability, bioavailability, and targeted administration. In the context of brain-targeted drug delivery, niosomes have been investigated as a drug delivery system for brain targeting, but more research is needed to optimize their formulation to improve their stability and release profile and address the challenges of scale-up and commercialization. Despite these challenges, several applications of niosomes have demonstrated the potential of novel nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery to the brain. This review briefly overviews the current use of niosomes in treating brain disorders and diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"108-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9570493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sub-acute Inhalation Exposure to Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles and its Effects on Wistar Rats as Opposed to the Micro-sized Chemical Analog.","authors":"Marina Aleksandrovna Zemlyanova, Nina Vladimirovna Zaitseva, Mark Sergeevich Stepankov, Anna Mikhailovna Ignatova","doi":"10.2174/0122117385258822230926043845","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0122117385258822230926043845","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; NPs) are widely used in various productions. Simultaneously, many research works report the toxic effects of this nanomaterial. Given that, there is a growing risk of negative effects produced by Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; NPs on public health.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Aims: &lt;/strong&gt;This study aims to investigate the toxic effects of Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; NPs as opposed to the micro-sized chemical analogue under sub-acute inhalation exposure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We identified the physical properties of Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; NPs as opposed to the micro- sized chemical analogue, including size, specific surface area, and total pore volume. Inhalation exposure to Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; NPs was simulated on Wistar rats in a chamber for whole-body. The animals were exposed for 4 hours each day for 28 days. NPs and MPs concentrations in the chamber were kept at ~ 1/4000 from LC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;. Rats' behavior was examined prior to the exposure period and after it; after the last daily exposure, we examined biochemical and hematological blood indicators, NPs and MPs bioaccumulation, and pathomorphological changes in organ tissues.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The tested Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; sample is a nanomaterial according to its analyzed physical properties. Rats' behavior changed more apparently under exposure to NPs compared to MPs. Aluminum levels, which were 1.62-55.20 times higher than the control, were identified in the lungs, liver, brain, and blood under exposure to NPs. These levels were also 1.55-7.65 times higher than the control under exposure to MPs. Biochemical indicators of rats' blood also changed under exposure to NPs against the control. We identified more active ALT, AST, ALP, and LDH, elevated levels of GABA, MDA, and conjugated bilirubin, and a lower level of Glu. As opposed to exposure to MPs, ALT, AST, and ALP were more active; GABA and MDA levels were higher; Glu level was lower. Under exposure to NPs, the number of platelets grew, whereas no similar effect occurred under exposure to MPs. We established pathomorphological changes in tissues of the lungs, brain, heart, and liver under exposure to Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; NPs; similar changes occurred only in the lungs under exposure to MPs. Exposure to NPs induced changes in tissue structures in a wider range of various organs, and these changes were more apparent than under exposure to MPs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Greater toxicity of Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; NPs as opposed to MPs is evidenced by a wider range of organs where their bioaccumulation occurs, more apparent pathomorphological and pathological functional changes. Established peculiarities of toxic effects produced by the analyzed nanomaterial should be considered when developing hygienic recommendations aimed at preventing and mitigating adverse impacts of Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"438-448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140868809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceutical/Biomedical Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers - Comprehensive Review, Attentive to Process Parameters and Patent Landscape.","authors":"Varshini Hemmanahalli Ramesh, Prakash Goudanavar, Bevenahalli Ramesh, Nimbagal Raghavendra Naveen, Buduru Gowthami","doi":"10.2174/2211738511666230911163249","DOIUrl":"10.2174/2211738511666230911163249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanotechnology is a new science and business endeavour with worldwide economic benefits. Growing knowledge of nanomaterial fabrication techniques has increased the focus on nanomaterial preparation for various purposes. Nanofibers are one-dimensional nanomaterials having distinct physicochemical properties and characteristics. Nanofibers are nanomaterial types with a cross-sectional dimension of tens to hundreds of nanometres. They may create high porosity mesh networks with significant interconnections among pores, making them suitable for advanced applications. Electrospinning stands out for its ease of use, flexibility, low cost, and variety among the approaches described in the literature. The most common method for making nanofibers is electrospinning. This article extensively describes and summarizes the impact of various process variables on the fabrication of nanofibers. Special attention has been given to scientific and patent prospection to confirm the research interests in nanofibers.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"412-427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10223822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proniosomes Nanoparticle for the Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease.","authors":"Preyash A Panchal, Shruti Patel, Asha Patel, Priyanka Ahlawat","doi":"10.2174/2211738511666230912160729","DOIUrl":"10.2174/2211738511666230912160729","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The common symptom of systemic atherosclerosis is peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which occurs when the artery lumen in the lower extremities gradually becomes blocked by atherosclerotic plaque. The most frequent symptom of lower extremity PAD, called \"vascular claudication,\" which is pain experienced when walking. Partial or total blockage of the peripheral arteries in the upper and lower limbs is called PAD. The danger of death from concurrent coronary artery and cerebrovascular atherosclerosis outweighs the risk of amputation.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>However, niosomes have issues with fusion, aggregation, leakage, vesicle sedimentation, and difficulty in sterilizing. A more recent strategy known as pro-vesicular carriers was used to solve these issues. The formulations in Proniosomes are dry and anhydrous, protected with a non-ionic surfactant that serves as a carrier when combined with water.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Formulation prepared by organic solvent, surfactant, cholesterol, other components and hydration medium. Coacervation Phase separation Technique used for proniosome Nanoparticle. Box Bhenken Design is used for optimization batches.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this context, we shall discuss the development of Proniosome for the treatment of peripheral arterial diseases. From here, we know that proniosome nanoparticles is pro vesicular system good characteristics and effectiveness for treating peripheral arterial diseases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Proniosomes may be created using various techniques, which may impact how they develop along with the drug's characteristics. They increase the drug's stability while being delivered while being entrapped. They don't need particular conditions for handling, protection, storage, or industrial manufacturing.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"428-437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10215345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of the Anticancer Effect of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Containing Rutin and Curcumin.","authors":"Solmaz Maleki Dizaj, Maryam Kouhsoltani, Kosar Pourreza, Simin Sharifi, Elaheh Dalir Abdolahinia","doi":"10.2174/2211738511666230818092706","DOIUrl":"10.2174/2211738511666230818092706","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims and objective: </strong>The aim of this study was the preparation of mesoporous silica nanoparticles co-loaded with rutin and curcumin (Rut-Cur-MSNs) and the assessment of its physicochemical properties as well as its cytotoxicity on the head and neck cancer cells (HN5). Besides, ROS generation of HN5 cells exposed to Rut-Cur-MSNs was evaluated. Several investigations showed that rutin and curcumin have potential effects as anticancer phytochemicals; however, their low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability limited their applications. The assessment of physicochemical properties and anticancer effect of prepared nanoparticles was the objective of this study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The physicochemical properties of produced nanoparticles were evaluated. The toxicity of Rut-Cur-MSNs on HN5 cells was assessed. In addition, the ROS production in cells treated with Rut- Cur-MSNs was assessed compared to control untreated cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that Rut-Cur-MSNs have mesoporous structure, nanometer size and negative surface charge. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed that the prepared nanoparticles belong to the family of silicates named MCM-41. The cytotoxicity of Rut-Cur-MSNs at 24 h was significantly higher than that of rutin-loaded MSNs (Rut-MSNs) and curcumin-loaded MSNs (Cur-MSNs) (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The achieved results recommend that the prepared mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing rutin and curcumin can be a useful nanoformulation for the treatment of cancer. The produced nanomaterial in this study can be helpful for cancer therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"269-275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10012710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Curcumin-containing Nanofibrous Gelatin-hydroxyapatite Scaffold on Proliferation and Early Osteogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells.","authors":"Solmaz Maleki Dizaj, Yashar Rezaei, Fatemeh Namaki, Simin Sharifi, Elaheh Dalir Abdolahinia","doi":"10.2174/2211738511666230817102159","DOIUrl":"10.2174/2211738511666230817102159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In recent years, the electrospinning method has received attention because of its usage in producing a mimetic nanocomposite scaffold for tissue regeneration. Hydroxyapatite and gelatin are suitable materials for producing scaffolds, and curcumin has the osteogenesis induction effect.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity and early osteogenic differentiation stimulation of nanofibrous gelatin-hydroxyapatite scaffold containing curcumin on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of the present investigation was the evaluation of the proliferative effect and primary osteogenic stimulation of DPSCs with a nanofibrous gelatin-hydroxyapatite scaffold containing curcumin. Hydroxyapatite and gelatin were used as suitable and biocompatible materials to make a scaffold suitable for stimulating osteogenesis. Curcumin was added to the scaffold as an osteogenic differentiation- enhancing agent.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The effect of nano-scaffold on the proliferation of DPSCs was evaluated. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as the early osteogenic marker was considered to assess primary osteogenesis stimulation in DPSCs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The nanofibrous gelatin-hydroxyapatite scaffold containing curcumin significantly increased the proliferation and the ALP activity of DPSCs (P<0.05). The proliferative effect was insignificant in the first 2 days, but the scaffold increased cell proliferation by more than 40% in the fourth and sixth days. The prepared scaffold increased the activity of the ALP of DPSCs by 60% compared with the control after 14 days (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The produced nanofibrous gelatin-hydroxyapatite scaffold containing curcumin can be utilized as a potential candidate in tissue engineering and regeneration of bone and tooth.</p><p><strong>Future prospects: </strong>The prepared scaffold in the present study could be a beneficial biomaterial for tissue engineering and the regeneration of bone and tooth soon.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"262-268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10078108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation, Physicochemical Characterization, and Stability Study of <i>Lippia origanoides</i> Essential Oil-based Nanoemulsion as a Topical Delivery System.","authors":"Carlos Andrés Benitez-Llano, Oscar Albeiro Florez-Acosta, Darsy Dayana Velasquez-Polo, Ana Cecilia Mesa-Arango, Carolina Zapata-Zapata","doi":"10.2174/2211738511666230815155614","DOIUrl":"10.2174/2211738511666230815155614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Fungal diseases are a priority in research, development, and health care, according to the WHO, mainly due to <i>Candida spp</i>. Essential oils (EOs) of the genus Lippia have demonstrated broad antimicrobial biological activity. Previous studies identified the anti-Candida potential of a thymol/p-cymene chemotype EO from <i>Lippia origanoides</i> H.B.K coded \"0018\". Nanoemulsions favor the biological activity of EOs and overcome limitations such as low solubility, instability against oxidizing agents, pH, light, and low permeability. To develop, characterize, and adjust a prototype of an O/W nanoemulsion containing the \"0018\" EO from <i>Lippia origanoides</i> for its evaluation in an <i>in vitro</i> permeability study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nanoemulsions were obtained using a high energy high shear method. Their particle size distribution, Z potential, viscosity, pH, encapsulation efficiency (EE), thermodynamic stability and the Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) were evaluated. The nanoemulsion prototype was adjusted to improve performance characteristics and microbiological efficacy. Thymol was used as an analyte in the EO quantification using UHPLC-DAD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An O/W nanoemulsion with hydrodynamic diameter <200 nm and polydispersity index <0.3, EE >95%, with TSI < 1.5, anti-<i>Candida albicans</i> efficiency >95% was obtained; permeable with a flow of 6.0264 μg/cm²/h and permeability coefficient of 1.3170x10^-3 cm/h.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A pharmaceutical formulation prototype is obtained that maintains the physical and physicochemical characteristics over time. Permeability is verified in an <i>in-vitro</i> model. It is proposed to evaluate its antifungal activity in preclinical or clinical studies as a contribution to the treatment of topical fungal diseases caused by Candida spp., through the use of biological resources and Colombian biodiversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"251-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10003085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Industrial Production and Therapeutic Application of Botulinum Neurotoxin: The Role of <i>C. botulinum</i> Type A.","authors":"S Danish Kadir","doi":"10.2174/2211738511666230825150259","DOIUrl":"10.2174/2211738511666230825150259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Botulinum neurotoxin has remarkably transitioned from a food safety hazard and biological warfare to an effective therapeutic drug. Currently, botulinum neurotoxins have seven serotypes (BoNT/A-G) in the form of protein complexes produced by <i>Clostridium</i>, a gram-positive and sporeforming bacteria. The conversion of toxins into useful drug substances of choice using the biotechnological process is tremendously increasing. Recent studies have shown that Botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT/A) has different biological activities and potencies in experimental and clinical conditions. They also indicate that the manufacturing process influences the potency and efficacy of BoNT/A drugs. Thus, this review focuses on the following criteria: detailed Fed-batch operation that includes the upstream and downstream processing of BoNT/A, the underlying mechanism behind the neurotoxic effect, and commercially available FDA-approved BoNT/A products and their therapeutic uses. Still, some research gaps exist in the mechanism for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"99-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10467207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review on Niosomes as a Tool for Advanced Drug Delivery.","authors":"Shivani Sharma, Akash Garg, Rutvi Agrawal, Himansu Chopra, Devender Pathak","doi":"10.2174/2211738511666230726154557","DOIUrl":"10.2174/2211738511666230726154557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past few decades, advancements in nanocarrier-based therapeutic delivery have been significant, and niosomes research has recently received much interest. The self-assembled nonionic surfactant vesicles lead to the production of niosomes. The most recent nanocarriers, niosomes, are self-assembled vesicles made of nonionic surfactants with or without the proper quantities of cholesterol or other amphiphilic molecules. Because of their durability, low cost of components, largescale production, simple maintenance, and high entrapment efficiency, niosomes are being used more frequently. Additionally, they enhance pharmacokinetics, reduce toxicity, enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble compounds, & increase bioavailability. One of the most crucial features of niosomes is their controlled release and targeted diffusion, which is utilized for treating cancer, infectious diseases, and other problems. In this review article, we have covered all the fundamental information about niosomes, including preparation techniques, niosomes types, factors influencing their formation, niosomes evaluation, applications, and administration routes, along with recent developments.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":"206-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9879247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}