Pharmaceutical nanotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Nanobots in Assisted Reproduction: Enhancing Sperm Functionality for Male Infertility Treatment.","authors":"Prasurjya Saikia, Rajeswar Das, Gowri Sankar Chintapalli, Sadique Hussain Tapadar, Rajnandan Borah, Manoleena Sarkar, Faruk Alam, Alindam Ghosh, Moidul Islam Judder, Mohidul Islam, Surabhi Mandal, Durgaprasad Kemisetti","doi":"10.2174/0122117385402363251205065053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385402363251205065053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The potential of micro- and nanorobots in biomedical applications has drawn significant interest. These devices are modeled after natural organisms such as bacteria and sperm cells. By utilizing the propulsion mechanisms of motile sperm and other microorganisms, these biohybrid systems offer innovative approaches for drug delivery, assisted reproduction, and disease therapy in fluidic environments. Despite advancements, replicating the intricate architecture and functions of natural sperm cells at the nanoscale remains challenging, particularly regarding size homogeneity, flexibility, and propulsion efficiency. Recent efforts have focused on developing artificial sperm-like nanorobots with enhanced motility using techniques such as electrospinning, 3D printing, and magnetic assembly. These spermbots demonstrate the ability to transport targeted payloads, navigate through biofluids, and potentially address male infertility. Furthermore, integrating external control systems- such as magnetic fields and chemical stimuli-enables precise regulation of spermbot movement and function. Although clinical translation is still in its early stages, preclinical studies have highlighted the promise of spermbots in targeted drug delivery, tumor therapy, and reproductive medicine. However, challenges related to biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ethical considerations- particularly regarding their application in human reproduction-must be addressed before these systems can be widely adopted in therapeutic settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146053336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in Carbon Nanotube-based Drug Delivery Systems: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions.","authors":"Faruk Alam, Prasurjya Saikia, Durgaprasad Kemisetti, Surabhi Mandal, Amrit Kumar Rath, Alindam Ghosh, Avik Dutta, Romit Bhattacharjee, Sanket Seksaria","doi":"10.2174/0122117385379427250926093710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385379427250926093710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as extremely promising nanocarriers for drug delivery due to their superior structural, mechanical, and electrical capabilities. This study digs into recent advances in CNT-based drug delivery systems, focusing on novel functionalization strategies, hybrid nanostructures, and customized nanocarrier designs. Functionalization using polymers, peptides, and other bioactive compounds has dramatically improved CNT solubility, biocompatibility, and precise targeting. Furthermore, hybrid nanostructures that combine CNTs with nanoparticles, liposomes, or metallic components have higher drug-loading capacities, multifunctional therapeutic effectiveness, and controlled drug-release features. CNTs may be customized in size, shape, and surface chemistry, allowing for the development of precise delivery systems that are particularly useful in cancer and complicated disease therapy. However, despite these advances, cytotoxicity, regulatory limits, and difficulty with large-scale manufacturing impede clinical translation. Sustainable methods, thorough safety assessments, and advanced technology like artificial intelligence to maximize functionality and design are all necessary to overcome these obstacles. Future research should focus on overcoming these hurdles to fully realize CNTs' potential as flexible, effective, and safe nanocarriers in drug delivery applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145346449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Extract and Evaluation of their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Photocatalytic Activities.","authors":"Collins O Airemwen, Johnbull A Obarisiagbon, Ahmad Malkawi","doi":"10.2174/0122117385387428250915071600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385387428250915071600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vernonia amygdalina belongs to the family Asteraceae. Its leaf extract has been used ethnobotanically in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, malaria, diabetes mellitus, and hiccups.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles using Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract and evaluate their antioxidant, photocatalytic, and antibacterial activities.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>The synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energydispersive X-ray analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated through the degradation of methylene blue dye. At the same time, the antimicrobial properties of Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract and zinc oxide nanoparticles were assessed using the minimum inhibitory concentration assay. Antioxidant activity was determined by measuring the inhibition of 2,2- diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radicals, with ascorbic acid serving as the positive control.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The successful synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was confirmed by a UV-Vis absorption peak at 390 nm. The nanoparticles exhibited a smooth, spherical morphology with an average size of 78.25 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified key functional groups responsible for nanoparticle stabilization. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed three characteristic peaks at 2θ angles of 24°, 27°, and 34°, which confirmed the crystalline nature of the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. The antioxidant assay demonstrated that zinc oxide nanoparticles had a significantly higher free radical scavenging effect than Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract (P < 0.05). Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed the elemental composition of the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles, with 44.4% oxygen and 55.6% zinc. The photocatalytic study demonstrated that the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles achieved a 75% degradation rate of methylene blue dye after 120 minutes of UV light exposure. Antimicrobial testing revealed mean inhibition zones of 7.88 mm and 6.30 mm for the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles and Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract, respectively, indicating significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (P < 0.05). The 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl scavenging effects of Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract and the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were also statistically significant when compared to ascorbic acid (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The biosynthesized Vernonia amygdalina-derived zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibited remarkable photocatalytic, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145293266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Evaluation of Econazole-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Ocular Treatment of Fungal Keratitis: In vitro and Ex vivo Studies.","authors":"Sandhya Jaiswal, Shilpa Kumari, Anjoo Kamboj, Akash Chandel","doi":"10.2174/0122117385385940250917075923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385385940250917075923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fungal keratitis (FK) is a major cause of eye morbidity and monocular blindness, particularly in humid climates. Ocular drug delivery is challenging due to anatomical barriers, tear flow, and nasal drainage, which reduce corneal penetration and decrease bioavailability. Conventional antifungal treatments often lack efficacy for deep keratitis. In order to address these limitations, this study explores encapsulating econazole into nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To optimize, develop, and characterize econazole-loaded NLCs for ocular drug delivery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>NLCs were prepared using a modified pre-emulsification and probe sonication technique with stearic acid as the solid lipid and oleic acid as the liquid lipid. The resulting nano-emulsion was homogenized, cooled, and incorporated into a Carbopol 940-based gel. Optimization was performed using JMP software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Optimised NLCs exhibited a particle size of 192.3 nm, a PDI of 0.207, and a zeta potential of -44.8, indicating stability. Drug content was 85.18% in NLCs and 83.8% in the gel, with an entrapment efficiency of 66.9%. Ex vivo studies showed 84.51% drug permeation from the gel over 17 hours compared to 89.37% in 12 hours from conventional formulations. Permeation data obtained from the ex vivo study revealed the steady-state flux (Jss) to be 88.53 μg/cm²/hr, the permeability coefficient 0.0216 cm/hr, and the diffusion coefficient 0.00325 cm²/hr. Drug release followed zeroorder kinetics with anomalous transport. Stability testing confirmed the gel's stability for three months.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The econazole-loaded NLC gel enhanced ocular retention, bioavailability, and sustained release, offering a promising treatment for FK.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145293283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts: Methods, Characterization, and Applications.","authors":"Satendra Kumar, Sweta Kumari Tripathy, Niranjan Kaushik","doi":"10.2174/0122117385384107250825115755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385384107250825115755","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This review examines the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using plant extracts, highlighting eco-friendly, cost-effective, and biocompatible alternatives to traditional chemical and physical methods for sustainable nanotechnology applications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Studies on green synthesis using plant extracts, comparative analyses with traditional methods, and applications of CuNPs in agriculture, medicine, and wastewater treatment were prioritized [1]. Characterization data, including UV-Vis, XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, and EDX, along with particle size and quantitative metrics (e.g., MICs, inhibition zones), were compiled [1].</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Green-synthesized CuNPs (1.8-37 nm) exhibit spherical morphology observed by SEM/TEM, surface functionalities identified by FTIR, and elemental composition determined by EDX [2]. Compared to traditional methods such as laser ablation (12 nm) and chemical reduction (10-30 nm), green synthesis reduces toxicity and energy consumption but faces scalability challenges [2]. CuNPs outperform AgNPs, AuNPs, and SeNPs, with MICs of 6.25-25 μg/mL and inhibition zones of 14-18 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [2]. In agriculture, CuNPs reduce the severity of Fusarium infection by 88% [2].</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Green CuNPs are effective germicides and catalysts due to the release of Cu²⁺ ions and generation of reactive oxygen species [3]. However, variable particle sizes and concentrationdependent toxicity, such as 100 mg/L in wheat, limit scalability and environmental safety [3].</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Green synthesis offers a sustainable approach to producing CuNPs for applications in agriculture, medicine, and wastewater treatment [4]. Standardized protocols are needed to ensure reproducibility and scalability while minimizing environmental risks [4].</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cracking the Code: How Nano-Informatics is Crafting Intelligent Nano-Weapons to Outsmart Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR).","authors":"Priyanka Sinoliya, Ravi Ranjan Kumar Niraj, Vinay Sharma","doi":"10.2174/0122117385383102250818052847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385383102250818052847","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR) is one of the prime concerns globally in the health sector. The emergence and proliferation of ESKAPE pathogens, along with drug resistance in cancer cells, represent a significant challenge to public health, emphasizing the need for novel therapeutics, improved infection control practices, and ongoing research to understand and combat antibiotic resistance. Addressing multiple drug resistance involves several modern therapeutic strategies, such as phage therapy, immunotherapy, combinatorial therapy, and more. Advanced diagnostic tools, effective control measures, and stringent regulatory and policy initiatives raising public awareness are also crucial.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study scouted computational approaches, focusing on their application in nanotechnology and nano-drug systems in clinical settings. A systematic approach was employed to gather, screen, and critically analyze the relevant literature for this review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study found that various tools and databases are evolving for reconnaissance in the field of nano-informatics, which will lead to research and development.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study highlights the rapid advancement of nano-informatics tools and databases, which are crucial for advancing computational approaches in nanomedicine and therapeutic research. These emerging resources support predictive analysis and integration with biological datasets, though challenges remain in data standardization, accessibility, and interoperability across platforms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To mitigate multiple drug resistance, researchers are exploring various approaches, and nano-informatics can provide new insight into dealing with it. This approach will advance the development of medical devices, drug design, and delivery systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Levomilnacipran Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Using Response Surface Methodology.","authors":"Parthiban Ramalingam, Mothilal M","doi":"10.2174/0122117385396141250801060535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385396141250801060535","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The study employed Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) model to optimise the formulations of Levomilnacipran nanostructured lipid carriers (LEV-NLC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study utilised a CCRD (Central Composite Rotatable Design) with a three-factor factorial design and three levels. It examined the particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency of LEV-NLC in relation to three independent variables: the ratio of aqueous to organic phase (X1), the ratio of drug to lipid (X2), and the concentration of surfactant (X3).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results demonstrated that the most favourable composition could be achieved using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The most effective composition for LEV-NLC consisted of a 1:1 ratio of aqueous to organic phase (X1), a 1:7 ratio of drug to lipid (X2), and a surfactant concentration (X3) of 0.5%. Under the optimised conditions, the LEV-NLC formulation resulted in a particle size of 148 nm, a zeta potential of 36 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 88%. The optimised LEV-NLC was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), which revealed the presence of spherical particles. The total percentage of Levomilnacipran released from the NLC was 77% at pH 7.4 and 76% at pH 6.0 over 24 hours, exhibiting a sustained release profile that could enhance the therapeutic benefits of the drug.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrated the effective application of RSM-CCRD for modelling LEVNLC.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145001230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of Nanotechnology Based Nanoemulsion Delivery Systems for Targeted Drug Delivery and Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy.","authors":"Mukesh Kumar, Divya Pathak","doi":"10.2174/0122117385388338250711001010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385388338250711001010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herbal medicine has been a cornerstone of traditional healthcare for centuries, offering a wide array of bioactive compounds derived from plants. However, its efficacy is often limited by poor bioavailability, instability, and non-targeted delivery. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have provided innovative solutions to these challenges through developing nanoemulsion delivery systems. These systems enhance the solubility and stability of herbal extracts, ensuring targeted delivery to specific tissues or cells. Nanocarriers such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles can encapsulate bioactive compounds, protecting them from degradation and facilitating controlled release. This approach not only improves therapeutic outcomes but also reduces side effects by minimizing exposure to non-targeted areas. Furthermore, nanotechnology allows for personalized medicine by tailoring nanocarriers to individual patient needs, enhancing treatment efficacy and compliance. The integration of nanotechnology with herbal medicine holds significant potential for revolutionizing healthcare by providing more effective and targeted treatments for various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144675470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Optimization of a Cilostazol-Loaded Nanomicelle Transdermal Patch for Hypertension Management.","authors":"Vaishali Thakkar, Prima Patel, Khyati Parekh, Hardik Rana, Bhupendra Prajapati","doi":"10.2174/0122117385362916250630053000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385362916250630053000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to develop and optimize a cilostazol-loaded nanomicelle transdermal patch to enhance solubility, stability, and controlled drug release.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To improve cilostazol bioavailability by formulating a stable, nanomicelle-loaded transdermal patch.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nanomicelles were prepared using the thin-film hydration method with Soluplus and Poloxamer 188 as the polymer and surfactant. The transdermal patch was fabricated using the solvent casting method and evaluated for tensile strength, folding endurance, and in vitro drug diffusion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The optimized formulation showed 97.71% entrapment efficiency, 48.86% drug loading, a particle size of 129.07 nm, and a zeta potential of -21.5 mV. The patch exhibited a tensile strength of 141.83 MPa, folding endurance of over 300 folds, and sustained in vitro drug diffusion.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The developed transdermal patch offers a promising strategy to enhance cilostazol bioavailability by bypassing first-pass metabolism, promoting better penetration, and ensuring improved patient compliance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144659794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanocarriers in Atopic Dermatitis Therapy: A Comprehensive Exploration.","authors":"Meriem Rezigue, Rasha M Bashatwah, Khaled I Seetan, Alaa A A Aljabali","doi":"10.2174/0122117385373434250705125526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385373434250705125526","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this comprehensive exploration of advanced nanocarriers for atopic dermatitis (AD) therapy, we explored a spectrum of innovative delivery systems, each with unique attributes poised to revolutionize topical drug administration. Lipid nanoparticles, including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), have emerged as stalwarts offering controlled drug release and enhanced skin penetration. Vesicular systems such as liposomes, ethosomes, transfersomes, and niosomes are versatile in their ability to encapsulate hydrophilic and lipophilic agents and overcome barriers to drug permeation. Microemulsions and nanoemulsions exhibit good stability and effective drug permeation, whereas the addition of polymeric nanoparticles allows for efficient targeting with less toxicity. AuNPs and AgNPs allow for targeted delivery and immune modulation, whereas skin lipids restore this barrier. siRNA-silenced genes are involved in inflammation, whereas immunobiologics reset immune responses. These nanocarriers offer tremendous opportunities for the personalized treatment of AD, reduction in systemic exposure, and enhancement of therapeutic efficacy. Overcoming formulation hurdles and instability concerns, in addition to an indepth understanding of the possibility of achieving game-changing improvements in the management of AD, has placed nanocarriers at the forefront of new and personalized therapeutic approaches that would redefine the care of patients affected by this devastating disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":19774,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144608995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}