{"title":"Heterogeneous integration, single-mode MEMS-VCSEL with super-span resonance filtering, small divergence angle, and Gaussian distribution.","authors":"Jisheng Wang, Ning Cui, Hongzhuo Wang, Zhanguo Shi, Feng Zhang, Lishan Fu, Baolu Guan","doi":"10.1364/OE.554457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.554457","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wavelength tunable vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) are becoming increasingly popular in wavelength-division multiplexing passive optical networks (WDM-PON). However, due to the limitations of laser beam quality, traditional designs find it difficult to achieve stable single mode emission across the entire wavelength range. Here, we designed and fabricated an electrically pumped 1060 nm heterogeneous integration (HI) super-span resonance filtering micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) tunable VCSEL, continuously tuning 34.41 nm at room temperature and achieving single mode laser operation across the entire tuning range. The linear polarization mode of the beam exhibits an almost ideal Gaussian distribution with a minimum divergence angle of 8.65°. This work verifies the high beam quality characteristics of single mode HI MEMS-VCSELs, demonstrating their potential application as WDM-PON light sources and providing new possibilities for various other applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"15316-15326"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143974531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Auto-focus scanning surface plasmon resonance microscopy.","authors":"Sheng Sun, Pengbin Liu, Jingfang Hu, Lingqian Zhang, Mingxiao Li, Xinchao Lu, Yang Zhao, Tian Zhi, Chengjun Huang","doi":"10.1364/OE.557410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.557410","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wide-field inspection, nano detection, and real-time observation are essential for investigating biomolecular interaction processes. Surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM) is a label-free, real-time, and nano-imaging method that is widely employed for the dynamic detection of nanoscale biomolecules. The field of view (FOV) of SPRM is limited by the usage of high NA objectives, and a scanning SPRM is required to obtain a large FOV. However, during the scanning, the focus drift introduced by the mechanical vibrations blurs the imaging quality of SPRM, making the detection deviate from the true status. To this end, this paper presents the development of autofocus scanning SPRM (AFS-SPRM) that is capable of performing automated real-time focus drift correction during auto-scanning, thereby enabling high-quality SPRM imaging with large FOV. Only 80 ms is taken to process each defocusing event, and the ability to maintain focus has been improved by 30 times by comparison with SPRM. The AFS-SPRM was successfully employed to distinguish nanoparticles of different sizes and to observe the changes of macrophages in a culture medium containing nanoparticles. This investigation illustrates the superior imaging capabilities of AFS-SPRM and demonstrates its potential for observing interactions between biomolecules at the nanoscale.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"16551-16561"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144023837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1364/OE.558973
Vladimir Fedorov, Karl Johnson, Dmitrii Belogolovskii, Yeshaiahu Fainman, Andrew Grieco
{"title":"Unambiguous identification of waveguide loss and coupling coefficients using add-drop ring resonators.","authors":"Vladimir Fedorov, Karl Johnson, Dmitrii Belogolovskii, Yeshaiahu Fainman, Andrew Grieco","doi":"10.1364/OE.558973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.558973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Waveguide propagation loss and coupling coefficients are key parameters that must be measured routinely following fabrication of integrated photonic chips. While multiple methods exist to measure these parameters, existing methods are either sensitive to off-chip coupling uncertainty and occupy a large footprint (cutback method) or cannot unambiguously distinguish waveguide losses from coupling coefficients (all-pass ring resonator method). In this work, we show that by performing two spectral measurements of an add-drop ring resonator, the waveguide loss and ring-waveguide coupling coefficients can be recovered and unambiguously identified. We perform uncertainty analysis and show that this method recovers waveguide loss and coupling coefficients with lower uncertainty than alternative methods in many situations. Finally, we perform several experimental demonstrations of the technique, highlighting its increased robustness to defects compared to the cutback method and its capability to measure waveguide losses and coupling coefficients on various waveguide platforms. As the add-drop ring resonator used has a relatively small footprint (roughly 200 µm x 100 µm) and unambiguous results can be obtained through measurement of individual resonances, this method represents a convenient tool for integrated photonic process development and fabrication monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"15390-15403"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144024051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1364/OE.553767
Sergiy Suntsov, Chaitanya Sharma, Kore Hasse, Detlef Kip
{"title":"Second harmonic generation into the near ultraviolet in Zr-diffusion-doped lithium tantalate ridge waveguides.","authors":"Sergiy Suntsov, Chaitanya Sharma, Kore Hasse, Detlef Kip","doi":"10.1364/OE.553767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.553767","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report on the efficient second harmonic generation at a near-UV wavelength of 399.7 nm in periodically poled Zr-doped LiTaO<sub>3</sub> waveguides. High-temperature in-diffusion of ZrO<sub>2</sub> layers into congruent LiTaO<sub>3</sub> substrates with simultaneous improvement of crystal stoichiometry by vapor transport equilibration in a Li-rich atmosphere was performed for the fabrication of planar waveguides. This new method enables very high photorefractive damage thresholds and allows us to avoid the known disadvantages of, e.g., proton exchange or titanium in-diffusion waveguide fabrication methods, which lower resistance to photorefractive damage. Low-loss ridge waveguides were then fabricated using a diamond blade saw. At a maximum available coupled power of 540 mW of the near-infrared pump laser, 49 mW of second harmonic light was generated in a 22 mm long sample with a normalized conversion efficiency of 3.5%·W<sup>-1</sup>·cm<sup>-2</sup>, exceeding the previously reported powers for LiTaO<sub>3</sub> waveguides in this wavelength range. Furthermore, by heating the sample, a temperature tuning coefficient of 32 pm/°C was measured for the generated second harmonic wave.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"16202-16209"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144064186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1364/OE.549584
Shuda Zhong, Kehao Zhao, Dinh Son Nguyen, Qiuchi Zhu, Ran Zou, Zekun Wu, Qirui Wang, Guangyin Zhang, Guangqun Ma, Yuqi Li, Mohamed A S Zaghloul, Albert C To, Yongfeng Lu, Kevin P Chen
{"title":"Improving high temperature resilience of fiber sensor embedded smart components through laser shock peening.","authors":"Shuda Zhong, Kehao Zhao, Dinh Son Nguyen, Qiuchi Zhu, Ran Zou, Zekun Wu, Qirui Wang, Guangyin Zhang, Guangqun Ma, Yuqi Li, Mohamed A S Zaghloul, Albert C To, Yongfeng Lu, Kevin P Chen","doi":"10.1364/OE.549584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.549584","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores the use of laser shock peening (LSP) to enhance material properties and high-temperature performance of fiber-sensor-fused smart parts fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM) methods. Using embedded fiber sensors as distributed strain gauges, the study demonstrates that LSP can induce compressive strains of up to 130 µε on fiber embedded 1-mm below metal surfaces. The electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis shows that, with optimized LSP parameters, the metallic matrix undergoes substantial microstructural refinement, resulting in denser structures. Thermal cycling tests showed that the LSP process can increase fiber slippage temperatures by more than 50 <sup>o</sup>C. This work shows that the LSP process is an effective room-temperature process for enhancing both surface quality and increasing fiber slippage threshold under both thermal and mechanical stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"16003-16013"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144063865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1364/OE.557528
Bangkun Zhu, Xiaoquan Bai, Shuaihui Wang, Chunyue Zhang, Fengyi Jiang, Yan Gao, Shuyan Xu, Guohao Ju
{"title":"Single-field-of-view misalignment solution method based on map sensitivity matrix.","authors":"Bangkun Zhu, Xiaoquan Bai, Shuaihui Wang, Chunyue Zhang, Fengyi Jiang, Yan Gao, Shuyan Xu, Guohao Ju","doi":"10.1364/OE.557528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.557528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As scientific demands advance, future astronomical telescopes will require larger apertures to improve precision and detection depth. However, larger apertures pose greater alignment challenges for monolithic and segmented telescopes. Accurately and efficiently solving the misalignment of each optical element has become a critical factor in determining the final imaging performance. This paper proposes a method for solving misalignment parameters by constructing a sensitivity matrix using a wavefront map of a single field of view. The method based on wavefront map sensitivity has been derived to be equivalent to the method based on the sensitivity of the infinite-order aberration coefficients. To validate the method's accuracy, simulation alignment processes are conducted for both monolithic and segmented telescopes. Simulation results demonstrate that by constructing the sensitivity matrix for a single field of view and performing three iterations, the misaligned optical system can be well-corrected. This method can significantly improve the alignment efficiency. This study provides an effective method for solving misalignments in large-aperture astronomical telescopes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"16562-16583"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1364/OE.545510
Felipe Guzmán, Esteban Vera, Ryoichi Horisaki
{"title":"Snapshot video through dynamic scattering medium based on deep learning.","authors":"Felipe Guzmán, Esteban Vera, Ryoichi Horisaki","doi":"10.1364/OE.545510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.545510","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present an end-to-end deep learning model designed to reconstruct up to eight frames from a single snapshot of a dynamic object passing through an unknown, time-varying scattering medium. Our approach integrates a coded aperture compressive temporal imaging system with a specially designed transformer-based convolutional neural network (CNN), optimized for effective demultiplexing and reconstruction. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate a successful compression ratio of up to 8X, while maintaining high reconstruction quality. Furthermore, ablation studies reveal that our dual-input CNN model, which utilizes both speckle patterns and their autocorrelations, significantly improves reconstruction accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"15991-16002"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Generating vortex beams by transforming near-field coordinates of coherent beam combining system.","authors":"Hongxiang Chang, Xingliang Xie, Wenguo Zhu, Bowang Shu, Yuqiu Zhang, Pu Zhou, Zhe Chen","doi":"10.1364/OE.558291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.558291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we introduce a method of generating vortex beams based on coherent beam combining (CBC) configuration. By utilizing a pair of static optical elements with specific phase distributions, the near-field of array beams is transformed from Cartesian to polar coordinate. After the converted light field is focused, the focal point is associated with the wavefront. With the aid of CBC configuration and active phase control, it is easy to switch orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes by controlling the position of focal point. Hence, the OAM modes can be measured and generated simultaneously. The performance of the method has been numerically explored, and different OAM modes including integer and fraction topological charge have been generated efficiently.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"14766-14776"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144034273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhanced 2.7 µm wavelength sub-80 ns pulse generation via iron-chromium co-doped ZnS polycrystalline.","authors":"Shuaiyi Zhang, Xiaohui Hu, Xiangzheng Kong, Jianxin Zhao, Guocheng Sun, Hongxia Wang, Enlin Cai, Qingyue Zhang, Shanming Li, Xia Wang, Dunlu Sun, Yin Hang","doi":"10.1364/OE.550836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.550836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zinc-sulfide (ZnS) polycrystalline co-doped with Cr<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup> ions, when used as a saturable absorber (SA), exhibits a longer recovery time and a larger excited state absorption cross-section compared to Fe:ZnS polycrystalline, due to the sensitizing effect of co-doping. The energy level structure and energy transfer process of Fe,Cr:ZnS polycrystalline were analyzed. A 2.7 µm wavelength passively Q-switched (PQS) pulsed laser was simulated and experimentally tested. The experiment achieved a narrower pulse width of 78 ns with a repetition rate of 44 kHz, compared to the Fe:ZnS SA Q-switched laser. The experimental results closely matched the simulation in terms of pulse profile, repetition rate, and pulse width. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that Fe,Cr:ZnS polycrystalline is used as a SA to realize PQS lasing. The superior characteristics of co-doped crystals as SAs have also been highlighted.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"15141-15148"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144030363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1364/OE.559120
A V Tikhonravov, A N Sharov, B Romanov, S Kirpichenko, S A Sharapova, A G Yagola
{"title":"On the selection of broadband monitoring algorithms for optical coating production.","authors":"A V Tikhonravov, A N Sharov, B Romanov, S Kirpichenko, S A Sharapova, A G Yagola","doi":"10.1364/OE.559120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.559120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three algorithms for broadband monitoring of optical coating production are compared using computational manufacturing experiments with three fundamentally different optical coating designs. It is shown that for the optimal selection of a broadband monitoring algorithm, it is not enough to consider only the levels of thicknesses errors; it is also necessary to consider the strength of the error self-compensation mechanism. Based on this consideration, recommendations are given for choosing the optimal algorithm for monitoring different types of designs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"16610-16619"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144037560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}