Optics expressPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1364/OE.558437
Francesco D'Amato, Marco Barucci, Giovanni Bianchini, Silvia Viciani
{"title":"Quantum cascade laser (QCL) in airborne atmospheric measurements: a review [Invited].","authors":"Francesco D'Amato, Marco Barucci, Giovanni Bianchini, Silvia Viciani","doi":"10.1364/OE.558437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.558437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The invention of QCL raised great expectations among atmospheric physicists, because of its emission in the mid-infrared, compared to laser diodes, and its optical power and spectral purity, with respect to lead salt lasers. Nowadays in the middle infrared, QCLs are the pillars for any application in which high sensitivity is a must (less demanding applications can be carried out by laser diodes). This review reports on the history of the introduction of QCLs in atmospheric measurements, shows significant applications to aerial platforms, and describes their outlook.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"22745-22754"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1364/OE.563821
Ren-Jie Chen, Yeong Hwan Ko, Jae Woong Yoon, Robert Magnusson
{"title":"Raman generation with resonant periodic nanopatterns.","authors":"Ren-Jie Chen, Yeong Hwan Ko, Jae Woong Yoon, Robert Magnusson","doi":"10.1364/OE.563821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.563821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We provide a new approach to Raman generation in silicon. Thus, we design and fabricate periodic nanophotonic devices incorporating guided-mode resonance to implement and enhance Raman photon generation. We apply one-dimensional gratings located between two distributed Bragg reflectors for feedback and improved efficiency. Operating in a single polarization state, by spectral and angular tuning, two resonance lines exhibit the proper spectral Raman separation for silicon. The efficiency of Raman photon generation can be enhanced by the resonance Q factor of two split resonant modes with proper grating parameter selection. With the pump at 1529 nm, we detect a Raman signal at 1660.4 nm. This wavelength separation corresponds to a Raman shift of 15.527 THz, which is close to the nominal Raman shift in silicon at 15.606 THz. The Raman generation experimental results match well with the theoretical analysis of split resonance modes enabled by the angular tuning technique. These results demonstrate that Raman enhancement using the guided-mode resonance effect is feasible.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"22244-22254"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1364/OE.553709
Zeyu Xu, Xianfeng Tang, Zhihan Li, Nan Cui, Yongli Zhao, Kun Xu, Lixia Xi, Xiaoguang Zhang
{"title":"Robust two-stage Kalman filter scheme for compensating abrupt and gradual Doppler shifts in establishment and maintenance of LEO-LEO laser inter-satellite links.","authors":"Zeyu Xu, Xianfeng Tang, Zhihan Li, Nan Cui, Yongli Zhao, Kun Xu, Lixia Xi, Xiaoguang Zhang","doi":"10.1364/OE.553709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.553709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A robust two-stage Kalman filter (KF) scheme is proposed to address the challenges of Doppler shifts in LEO-LEO coherent laser inter-satellite links (LISLs). A dual-satellite LEO-LEO LISL model is developed through rotational normalization to analyze the necessity of compensating for abrupt shifts in link establishment and gradual shifts in link maintenance. The proposed scheme utilizes a two-stage KF with two sets of specific parameter states to realize cascaded rough and fine compensations. In the 60 Gbaud simulation system with cosmic channel, the proposed scheme can compensate for a 10 GHz abrupt Doppler shift, along with gradual Doppler shift drift rates of 151.73 MHz/s, at an optical signal-to-noise ratio of 18 dB.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"22666-22675"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1364/OE.561323
Nelson Diaz, Madhu Beniwal, Miguel Marquez, Felipe Guzman, Cheng Jiang, Jinyang Liang, Esteban Vera
{"title":"Single-mask sphere-packing with implicit neural representation reconstruction for ultrahigh-speed imaging.","authors":"Nelson Diaz, Madhu Beniwal, Miguel Marquez, Felipe Guzman, Cheng Jiang, Jinyang Liang, Esteban Vera","doi":"10.1364/OE.561323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.561323","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Single-shot, high-speed 2D optical imaging is essential for studying transient phenomena in various research fields. Among existing techniques, compressed optical-streaking ultra-high-speed photography (COSUP) uses a coded aperture and a galvanometer scanner to capture non-repeatable time-evolving events at the 1.5 million-frame-per-second level. However, the use of a randomly coded aperture complicates the reconstruction process and introduces artifacts in the recovered videos. In contrast, non-multiplexing coded apertures simplify the reconstruction algorithm, allowing the recovery of longer videos from a snapshot. In this work, we design a non-multiplexing coded aperture for COSUP by exploiting the properties of congruent sphere packing (SP), which enables uniform space-time sampling given by the synergy between the galvanometer linear scanning and the optimal SP encoding patterns. We also develop an implicit neural representation-which can be self-trained from a single measurement-to not only largely reduce the training time and eliminate the need for training datasets but also reconstruct far more ultra-high-speed frames from a single measurement. The advantages of this proposed encoding and reconstruction scheme are verified by simulations and experimental results in a COSUP system.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"24027-24038"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1364/OE.563994
Ying Liu, Tao Luo, Kaixuan Yang, Haoda Yang, Chun Qing, Gang Sun, Qing Liu, Xuebin Li, Shengcheng Cui, Ningquan Weng
{"title":"Parametric modeling of mixed-layer turbulent structures based on sounding data.","authors":"Ying Liu, Tao Luo, Kaixuan Yang, Haoda Yang, Chun Qing, Gang Sun, Qing Liu, Xuebin Li, Shengcheng Cui, Ningquan Weng","doi":"10.1364/OE.563994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.563994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study systematically investigates the vertical characteristics of optical turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer using high-resolution radiosonde data from three regions in China: the Shandong Peninsula (Site A), eastern Zhejiang (Site B), and southern Hainan (Site C). A parameterization model of the mixed-layer turbulence structure was developed, with a particular focus on the impact of vertical resolution on the estimation of the atmospheric refractive index structure constant (<i>C</i><i>n</i>2). By comparing models constructed at 10 m, 50 m, and 100 m resolutions, the robustness of the exponential decay model was validated. The results reveal significant regional differences in turbulence attenuation: Sites A and C exhibit a classical <i>h</i><sup>-4/3</sup> decay pattern, while Site B shows an <i>h</i><sup>-2</sup> behavior, likely related to local atmospheric stability and terrain conditions. To address the presence of localized strong turbulence thin layers within the entrainment zone, a dual-model framework was proposed, integrating a lognormal statistical model with a temperature gradient-based polynomial method. This approach enables quantitative assessment of anomalous <i>C</i><i>n</i>2 enhancements. The framework demonstrated good performance in characterizing optical turbulence in the entrainment zone across all three sites, providing preliminary evidence of its applicability. Furthermore, it offers reliable data support for the design of adaptive optics in astronomical observations, the optimization of laser communication stability, and atmospheric pollutant dispersion modeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"23534-23554"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1364/OE.564045
Bintao Fu, Zhiwen Zhang, Zefu Liu, Kang Wang, Liwei Song, Wenkai Li, Vasily A Kostin, Alexander A Silaev, Longzhen Zhuang, Chenhui Lu, Yi Liu
{"title":"Efficient terahertz radiation generation from air plasma with mid- and near-infrared three-color femtosecond pulses.","authors":"Bintao Fu, Zhiwen Zhang, Zefu Liu, Kang Wang, Liwei Song, Wenkai Li, Vasily A Kostin, Alexander A Silaev, Longzhen Zhuang, Chenhui Lu, Yi Liu","doi":"10.1364/OE.564045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.564045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report on the generation of the terahertz (THz) radiation from air plasma driven by a three-color femtosecond field with the fundamental pulse in the near- (1700 nm and 800 nm) and mid-infrared (3900 nm) ranges. With an inline optical setup for three-color pulse generation and relative phase control, we observed that the THz pulse energy can be enhanced up to 6 times compared with the conventional two-color excitation scheme, dependent on the incident fundamental pulse energy. The polarization of the enhanced THz pulse was found to be elliptical, with the second and third harmonics components of the three-color pump also being elliptically polarized. With the 3.9 µm driving pulses, the maximum THz pulse energy reaches 39.4 µJ with a conversion efficiency of about 1%. Based on the plasma current model, we analytically and numerically reproduced the THz energy enhancement, as well as its dependence on incident pulse energy. The THz enhancement can be attributed to the two additional ionization wave mixing channels introduced with the addition of the third harmonic.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"22610-22631"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1364/OE.557728
Jinyi Lin, Ming Ronnier Luo, Tingwei Huang
{"title":"Evaluating and reducing observer metamerism on displays.","authors":"Jinyi Lin, Ming Ronnier Luo, Tingwei Huang","doi":"10.1364/OE.557728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.557728","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper introduces a series of experiments addressing the issue of observer metamerism(OM) on displays, which consists of several parts: a display-based white and colored color-matching experiment, and a trichromator-based white color-matching experiment. Analysis of the experimental results indicates that the CIE2015 10<sup>∘</sup> color matching functions (CMFs) performed the best among all CIE standard observers, while individual CMFs achieved the best results among all CMFs. Furthermore, the limitations of display-based CMFs were identified. Based on this, the performance of individual CMFs, derived using various experimental datasets as training sets, was compared to further clarify the potential issues with display-based CMFs. Additionally, an analysis of color and display primaries, with simulation experiments, revealed that neutral colors exhibited more severe OM. Moreover, the choice of peak wavelength was found to have a more significant impact on OM compared to the bandwidth of the display primaries, when a new display is compared with an existing reference display.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"22442-22457"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1364/OE.564640
Yuanfeng Chen, Pengcheng Yang, Guanjun Wang
{"title":"High-sensitivity strain sensor based on a Fabry-Pérot interferometer with a tapered capillary structure.","authors":"Yuanfeng Chen, Pengcheng Yang, Guanjun Wang","doi":"10.1364/OE.564640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.564640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A high-sensitivity strain sensor based on a Fabry-Pérot interferometer (FPI) with a tapered capillary structure is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensor is designed to enhance strain responsiveness while minimizing temperature cross-sensitivity, making it suitable for precision strain measurements. It is fabricated by fusing a segment of capillary glass tube between two single-mode fibers using a cost-effective and simple method. The tapered air cavity deforms more readily under axial strain, resulting in improved sensitivity. In the strain range from 0 to 202.84 <i>μ</i><i>ε</i>, the sensor exhibits a high strain sensitivity of 32.19 pm/<i>μ</i><i>ε</i>. In the temperature range from 30 to 80 <sup>∘</sup>C, the temperature sensitivity and strain-temperature cross-sensitivity were measured to be 3.26 pm/<sup>∘</sup>C and 0.101 <i>μ</i><i>ε</i>/<sup>∘</sup>C, respectively.The sensor also demonstrates excellent stability and repeatability. These characteristics highlight its potential for structural health monitoring in aerospace, civil infrastructure, and energy systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"22632-22642"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1364/OE.566713
Rajveer Kaur, Bhargab Das, Jae-Hyeung Park, Raj Kumar
{"title":"Improved color uniformity in monochrome holographic waveguide based near eye displays.","authors":"Rajveer Kaur, Bhargab Das, Jae-Hyeung Park, Raj Kumar","doi":"10.1364/OE.566713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.566713","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of near eye displays (NEDs) in applications such as head-mounted displays requires high color uniformity across a wide field of view (FOV). However, volume holographic gratings (VHGs), while suitable for NEDs, suffer from high angular selectivity, limiting the FOV for monochromatic light and causing color dispersion when illuminated by a broadband light source, leading to color variations across the displayed image. To address this issue, we report a method to simultaneously enhance the FOV and improve color uniformity by designing Bragg-matched, reflection-type, angular multiplexed VHGs. This approach ensures consistent diffraction properties for different angles of incidence, producing uniform color across the entire FOV. Numerical simulations demonstrate a reduction in spectral bandwidth from 42.7 nm to 14.7 nm throughout a 24<sup>o</sup> FOV, by using 3 times multiplexed holographic couplers. The experimentally measured FOV is approximately 25.3°. Further measurements performed using a spectroradiometer show that the multiplexed waveguide system exhibits improved color uniformity across the FOV compared to the conventional waveguide with red and blue contributions reduced from 47.8% to 0% and 20.6% to 8.5%, respectively. The optical simulations and experimental validation show a significant improvement in color uniformity compared to conventional methods, making it highly suitable for applications requiring precise and consistent color output.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"22255-22269"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1364/OE.560044
Yubin Deng, Ying Wang, Han Liu, Yunfang Zhang, Changrui Liao, Dejun Liu, Yiping Wang
{"title":"Light sensor based on carbon tetrachloride-infiltrated side-hole fiber.","authors":"Yubin Deng, Ying Wang, Han Liu, Yunfang Zhang, Changrui Liao, Dejun Liu, Yiping Wang","doi":"10.1364/OE.560044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.560044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We propose a high-sensitivity light sensor based on side-hole optical fiber filled with carbon tetrachloride. Using a fusion splicer, we employed a selective glue coating method to fill one of the air holes with liquid. Coupling occurs between the propagation modes of the liquid waveguide filled with carbon tetrachloride and the core propagation modes, resulting in resonant dips in the transmission spectrum. When the temperature changes, the refractive index of carbon tetrachloride changes, affecting the coupling and causing the wavelength of resonant dips to shift. In this experiment, the temperature sensitivity of the sensor was tested and reached up to 46 nm/°C. Utilizing its high-temperature sensitivity, the infrared laser light intensity was measured with a sensitivity of 0.114 nm/(mW/cm<sup>2</sup>). While maintaining a high level of sensitivity, the sensor is also easy to fabricate and cost-effective. Therefore, it holds great potential for applications requiring high-precision laser power measurement, laser manipulation, optical modulation, and optical switching.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 11","pages":"23244-23251"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}