{"title":"Real-time sensing approach for optical frequency domain reflectometry using an FPGA-based high-speed demodulation algorithm","authors":"Haomao Wang, Tong Zhai, Yifan Wang, Youze Liu, Rui Zhou, Xin Peng, Zhiguo Zhang","doi":"10.1364/oe.537627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.537627","url":null,"abstract":"Optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) is pivotal in structural health monitoring. However, real-time sensing remains challenging owing to the demodulation speed limitations imposed by hardware constraints and intricate processes. To address this, we propose an FPGA-based high-speed demodulation algorithm employing a 2D FFT and frequency-domain cross-correlation algorithm. The experiments demonstrate that our system achieves the following specifications: sensing length of 50 m, spatial resolution of 6.4 mm, strain resolution of 16<jats:italic>μ</jats:italic><jats:italic>ε</jats:italic>, strain range of ±2000<jats:italic>μ</jats:italic><jats:italic>ε</jats:italic>, and real-time sensing rate of 24 Hz. We present what we believe is a novel approach for real-time OFDR sensing with limited hardware resources and potential broader applications.","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ultraviolet positioning via TDOA: error analysis and system prototype","authors":"Shihui Yu, Chubing Lv, Yueke Yang, Yuchen Pan, Lei Sun, Juliang Cao, Ruihang Yu, Wenqi Wu, Chen Gong, Zhengyuan Xu","doi":"10.1364/oe.534560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.534560","url":null,"abstract":"This work performs the design, real-time hardware realization, and experimental evaluation of a positioning system by ultra-violet (UV) communication under photon-level signal detection. The positioning is based on the time-difference of arrival (TDOA) principle. Time division-based transmission of synchronization sequence from three transmitters with known positions is applied. We investigate the positioning error by decomposing it into two parts, the transmitter-side timing error and the receiver-side synchronization error. The theoretical average error matches well with the simulation results, which indicates that theoretical fitting can provide reliable guidance and prediction for hardware experiments. We also conduct real-time hardware realization of the TDOA-based positioning system using field programmable gate array (FPGA), which is experimentally evaluated via outdoor experiments. Experimental results match well with the theoretical and simulation results.","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1364/oe.534438
Peijun Chen, Jiangli Dong, Junhui Ou
{"title":"Two-dimensional vortex dipole, tripole, and quadrupole solitons in nonlocal nonlinearity with Gaussian potential well and barrier","authors":"Peijun Chen, Jiangli Dong, Junhui Ou","doi":"10.1364/oe.534438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.534438","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we investigate the dynamics and stability of two-dimensional (2D) vortex dipole, tripole, and quadrupole solitons with fundamental topological charge (<jats:italic>m</jats:italic> = 1) and higher topological charge (<jats:italic>m</jats:italic> > 1) in nonlocal nonlinearity with Gaussian potential well and barrier. Both analytical and numerical methods are applied to explore these vortex solitons. The analytical expressions are derived by utilizing the variational approach. The numerical simulations show that nonlocality cannot stabilize the vortex dipole, tripole, and quadrupole beams with topological charge <jats:italic>m</jats:italic> = 1. Interestingly, it is found that these vortex solitons remain stable during propagation only when the topological charge is <jats:italic>m</jats:italic> = 2 and when the propagation constants are below specific thresholds, where the vortex beams can maintain their profile no matter whether the nonlocality is weak, intermediate, or strong or how the Gaussian potential barrier height (well depth) increases. Furthermore, for the solitons with higher topological charge (<jats:italic>m</jats:italic> = 4), another consistent pattern emerges, that is, vortex dipole, tripole, and quadrupole solitons split into stable petal solitons and fundamental solitons with the number of petal solitons corresponding to the number of vortex solitons present. The analytical results are verified by numerical simulations.","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"153 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1364/oe.534822
Bo Yan, Shuaihui Li, Junyong Fang, Dandan Zeng, She Chen, Hao Chen
{"title":"3D reconstruction of gas cloud concentration field with high temporal and spatial resolution based on an imaging-type FTIR","authors":"Bo Yan, Shuaihui Li, Junyong Fang, Dandan Zeng, She Chen, Hao Chen","doi":"10.1364/oe.534822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.534822","url":null,"abstract":"Imaging-type FTIR devices provide numerous benefits for the detection and alarm of hazardous gases. This paper presents an improved algorithm for reconstructing the 3D concentration field of gas clouds, utilizing hypothesis testing and a synchronized algebraic iteration algorithm. Specifically designed for use with imaging-type FTIR devices, this algorithm enables rapid reconstruction of gas cloud concentration fields. Using CFD software, an open-space detection scenario for HFC-152a gas was simulated, and the 3D concentration field was reconstructed from dual-angle column concentration data. The accuracy was confirmed, with a deviation of less than 4.6% in re-projected column concentrations along the center streamline and a maximum deviation of 8.8% between simulated and reconstructed voxel concentrations. Laboratory experiments further validated the algorithm. Two sets of line-of-sight angles yielded similar average total mass results calculated from the continuously reconstructed concentration field, measuring 7285.8 mg and 7310.1 mg, with relative standard deviations of 2.4% and 2.7%, respectively. In an open field, an experimental detection of HFC-152a gas leakage was conducted. The algorithm employed facilitated the 3D reconstruction and precise localization of the gas leak source, which underscores the algorithm’s versatility across various environmental contexts and its utility in determining the source of gas leaks. The lab and open field experiments share a same temporal resolution of 2.9 seconds. The algorithm proposed in this article effectively expands the practicality of imaging-type FTIR devices for real-time gas leak monitoring applications.","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1364/oe.535020
Yuetang Yang, Shan Qian, Siyu Zhou, Guanhao Wu
{"title":"High-precision short-distance dual-comb ranging system without carrier-envelope-offset locking","authors":"Yuetang Yang, Shan Qian, Siyu Zhou, Guanhao Wu","doi":"10.1364/oe.535020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.535020","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose a high-precision dual-comb ranging (DCR) method for short-distance measurement, avoiding carrier-envelope-offset locking. Cross-polarization detection is introduced, which makes better use of the intrinsic coherence of interferogram pairs over a short distance. We analyze the noise in the DCR system and propose a carrier-wave phase difference (CPD) calculation algorithm based on centroid extraction. The standard deviation of CPD is eight times less than that of the method we had proposed in a previous work, and the dynamic distance resolution is less than 10 nm at a distance of 10 µm. Besides, we compare the DCR result with the He-Ne laser interferometer from 0 to 4.8 mm, and the residual is found to be less than ±40 nm.","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1364/oe.529753
M. A. Aghababayee, M. Mosayebi, H. Saghafifar
{"title":"Hybrid approach for deformable mirror online system identification using RLS algorithm and adaptive forgetting factor optimization","authors":"M. A. Aghababayee, M. Mosayebi, H. Saghafifar","doi":"10.1364/oe.529753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.529753","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, an online system identification (SI) approach based on a recursive least squares algorithm with an adaptive forgetting factor (AFFRLS) is proposed to accurately identify the dynamic behavior of a deformable mirror (DM). Using AFFRLS, an adaptive expression that minimizes a weighted linear least squares cost function relating to the input and output signals is obtained. First, the selected identification signals in COMSOL multi-physics software were applied to the finite element (FE) model of the DM. Then, using the COMSOL Livelink for MATLAB, the values of DM deformations are imported into MATLAB. Subsequently, the system is analyzed and identified online using the AFFRLS algorithm and through the optimization of an adaptive forgetting factor. Finally, for validation, the output values of DM have been evaluated with the output values of the proposed model by applying new input signals in order to find the optimal adaptive forgetting factor parameters. For the first time, in this work, the DM’s dynamics has been identified using the AFFRLS algorithm, which has acceptable accuracy despite some drawbacks. In addition, the results show that the AFFRLS method has a significant dominance in terms of accuracy, simplicity and noise reduction despite the slight decrease in speed due to the high computational load.","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"49 11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142184769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Propagation dynamics and radiation forces of circular Bessel Gaussian beams carrying power-cotangent-phase vortices","authors":"Jian Yu, Shandong Tong, Zhe Zhang, Huihong Long, Yuan Luo, Peichao Zheng, Zhiyong Bai","doi":"10.1364/oe.532969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.532969","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the circular Bessel Gaussian beams (CBGBs) carrying power-cotangent-phase vortices are firstly introduced, whose propagation dynamics are explored theoretically and experimentally. The number of spiral lobes, rotation direction, rotation angle, and shape of the new type of beam can be flexibly modulated by controlling multiple parameters of power-cotangent-phase vortices. Accordingly, the effect of multiple beam parameters on abruptly autofocusing ability is quantified and compared by using the <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K</jats:italic>-value curve that is described by ratio <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I<jats:sub>m</jats:sub></jats:italic>/<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I</jats:italic><jats:sub>0</jats:sub>, where <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I<jats:sub>m</jats:sub></jats:italic> and <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I</jats:italic><jats:sub>0</jats:sub> correspond to the maximum intensities at different propagation distance and the initial plane, respectively. The physical mechanism of intensity distribution variation depended on the propagation distance and power-cotangent-phase parameters are also demonstrated convincingly by employing the Poynting vector. In addition, the advantages and applications of the proposed beam as a tool for the Rayleigh particle manipulation are analyzed theoretically. It is expected that the introduced beam can be useful for extending applications of optical vortices, particularly for multiple particle manipulation.","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141948028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1364/oe.533908
Jiongye Gao, Bin Zhang, Qibo Feng, Shangwu Liu, Zhongqing Cao
{"title":"Holographic interferometric vibration measurement based on photorefractive crystal in diffusion mode","authors":"Jiongye Gao, Bin Zhang, Qibo Feng, Shangwu Liu, Zhongqing Cao","doi":"10.1364/oe.533908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.533908","url":null,"abstract":"A dynamic holographic vibration measurement system based on a photorefractive crystal of BSO in diffuse mode without the need for an external electric field, which allows for simultaneous measurement of in-plane and out-of-plane high-frequency vibrations, is studied theoretically and experimentally in this work. By adjusting the polarization state of the reference beam, the system introduces a necessary additional phase shift of <jats:italic>π</jats:italic>/2 to achieve highly sensitive and linear demodulation of small phase-to-intensity vibration signals. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results confirm the system's practicality and safety, demonstrating its ability to accurately detect vibrations without the risks associated with high-voltage drift mode operation. Furthermore, some factors that affect measurement sensitivity were analyzed. The results of measuring in-plane and out-of-plane vibrations showcase the system's superior performance in measuring submicron magnitude vibrations at the MHz level.","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141969873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1364/OE.523532
Ratsimandresy Holinirina Dina Miora, Erich Rohwer, Martin Kielhorn, Colin Sheppard, Gurthwin Bosman, Rainer Heintzmann
{"title":"Calculating point spread functions: methods, pitfalls, and solutions.","authors":"Ratsimandresy Holinirina Dina Miora, Erich Rohwer, Martin Kielhorn, Colin Sheppard, Gurthwin Bosman, Rainer Heintzmann","doi":"10.1364/OE.523532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.523532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The knowledge of the exact structure of the optical system point spread function (PSF) enables a high-quality image reconstruction in fluorescence microscopy. Accurate PSF models account for the vector nature of light and the phase and amplitude modifications. Most existing real-space-based PSF models fall into a sampling pitfall near the center position, yielding to the violation of energy conservation. In this work, we present a novel, to the best of our knowledge, Fourier-based techniques for computing vector PSF and compare them to the state-of-the-art. Our methods are shown to satisfy the physical condition of the imaging process. They are reproducible, computationally efficient, easy to implement, and easy to modify to represent various imaging modalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 16","pages":"27278-27302"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1364/OE.525858
Amir M Jazayeri, Sohila Abdelhafiz, Aristide Dogariu
{"title":"One-way optomechanical interaction between nanoparticles.","authors":"Amir M Jazayeri, Sohila Abdelhafiz, Aristide Dogariu","doi":"10.1364/OE.525858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.525858","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Within a closed system, physical interactions are reciprocal. However, the effective interaction between two entities of an open system may not obey reciprocity. Here, we describe a non-reciprocal interaction between nanoparticles which is one-way, almost insensitive to the interparticle distance, and scalable to many particles. The interaction we propose is based on the non-conservative optical forces between two nanoparticles with highly directional scattering patterns. However, we elucidate that scattering patterns can in general be very misleading about the interparticle forces. We introduce zeroth- and first-order non-reciprocity factors to precisely quantify the merits of any optomechanical interaction between nanoparticles. Our proposed one-way interaction could constitute an important step in the realization of mesoscopic heat pumps and refrigerators, the study of non-equilibrium systems, and the simulation of non-Hermitian quantum models.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"32 16","pages":"28100-28111"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142624824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}