Optics expressPub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1364/OE.553739
R Voigt, M Wienold, D Jayasankar, J Stake, X Lü, K Biermann, H W Hübers
{"title":"Precision molecular spectroscopy with a phase-locked terahertz quantum-cascade laser.","authors":"R Voigt, M Wienold, D Jayasankar, J Stake, X Lü, K Biermann, H W Hübers","doi":"10.1364/OE.553739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.553739","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We demonstrate precision molecular spectroscopy with a phase-locked quantum cascade laser (QCL) over its entire frequency tuning range at 3.4 THz. A Schottky diode harmonic mixer is used to mix the QCL emission with a multiplied microwave signal, referenced to a rubidium frequency standard, to create an intermediate frequency (IF) signal, which is used to phase-lock the QCL. Tuning the frequency of the multiplied microwave reference and keeping the IF fixed allows for precise frequency control of the laser. We identify ten methanol transitions between 3443.5 and 3447.6 GHz and quantify the transition frequencies and broadening parameters with high precision. These measurements are performed without liquid cryogens in a compact setup.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"15782-15788"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144022091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1364/OE.553758
Jeck Borne, Christopher Bouillon, Michel Piché, Simon Thibault
{"title":"Planar nonuniform and spatially dispersive metasurface as a substitute for optical system.","authors":"Jeck Borne, Christopher Bouillon, Michel Piché, Simon Thibault","doi":"10.1364/OE.553758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.553758","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We propose a method to obtain the tangential surface susceptibility of a single nonuniform and spatially dispersive metasurface achieving the same optical work as a complex optical system based on the generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs). To do so, a windowed Fourier transform is applied to ensure the realization of a design ray mapping condition and introduces the necessity of a locally periodic approximation. Then, we emulated and compared the optical performances of an analytically designed aplanatic singlet to the computed single metasurface. The ray mapping condition of the reference design composed of two local metasurfaces is conserved and the on-axis optical performances of the single aplanatic metasurface are the same as the reference singlet. The off-axis performances are slightly different from the reference but expected from different optical systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"15789-15801"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1364/OE.543403
Sofía Obando-Vásquez, Raul Castaneda, Rene Restrepo, Carlos Trujillo, Ana Doblas
{"title":"Generalized computational framework for phase image reconstruction in structured illumination digital holographic microscopy.","authors":"Sofía Obando-Vásquez, Raul Castaneda, Rene Restrepo, Carlos Trujillo, Ana Doblas","doi":"10.1364/OE.543403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.543403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Correct demodulation and phase compensation are integral in digital holographic microscopy (DHM) with structured illumination (SI), i.e., SI-DHM, to reconstruct super-resolved phase images from raw SI-DHM holograms. The overall performance of the SI-DHM system depends heavily on the computational reconstruction framework utilized. This work presents a generalized reconstruction framework for SI-DHM that automatically demodulates the two laterally shifted object spectrums without prior knowledge of the phase shifts between the recorded holograms and automatically compensates for the linear phase term of each shifted object spectrum. The proposed framework reconstructs super-resolved phase images along one lateral direction with minimum inputs from the user, only requiring the two recorded phase-shifted holograms, the pixel size, and the source's wavelength. The framework's performance has been validated using simulated and experimental holograms recorded using an SI-DHM system for two different lateral modulation frequencies of the structured pattern, demonstrating its versatility and effectiveness in reconstructing super-resolved phase images.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"16454-16467"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1364/OE.559035
Chen Chang, Long-Kun Du, Shuai Sun, Wei-Tao Liu
{"title":"Improving efficiency of ghost imaging by tapping into the obtained data.","authors":"Chen Chang, Long-Kun Du, Shuai Sun, Wei-Tao Liu","doi":"10.1364/OE.559035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.559035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In ghost imaging, the imaging quality can be improved to a limit by increasing the number of samplings theoretically. However, the maximum achievable image quality is typically much lower than the theoretical limit. This maximum quality value, as well as the number of required samplings, can be regarded as representations of the capability to acquire information for an imaging system. In this paper, we propose the definition of imaging efficiency to quantitatively evaluate the capability of information acquisition. Based on the observation that the detected information is not fully reflected into the reconstructed image, we suggest to improve imaging efficiency by tapping into the obtained data. As an example, we demonstrate a post-processing method to improve imaging efficiency. The results showed that our method not only greatly improved the max value of imaging quality, but also reduced the number of required samplings needed to approach this max value.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"15561-15571"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1364/OE.553542
Tao Shan, Nan He, Julian Cheng
{"title":"Mitigation of inter-symbol interference in non-line-of-sight ultraviolet communication using a photon counting image sensor.","authors":"Tao Shan, Nan He, Julian Cheng","doi":"10.1364/OE.553542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.553542","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scattering-based ultraviolet (UV) transmission is a crucial method for realizing non-line-of-sight (NLOS) optical communications. However, the inherent multipath characteristics of scattering channels can induce inter-symbol interference (ISI), significantly limiting signal transmission efficiency. To mitigate the effects of ISI on UV NLOS transmission, we propose a photon counting image sensor (PCIS) based receiver and the corresponding multiple scattering channel model. A photon counting reception mode for the PCIS has also been developed, incorporating two combining methods along with three types of counting-start instants that influence photon counting sampling. Simulation results reveal that the photon counting channels that account for ISI can be more accurately described as multipath channel models where the path with the maximum signal strength is not necessarily the shortest. Furthermore, the time-aligned equal gain selective combining method, when employed with a counting-start instant that maximizes photon counts in a single window, can concentrate a greater number of photons within one counting window, thereby substantially reducing the bit-error rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"15168-15186"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143976318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1364/OE.557532
Weizhao Gu, Simone Lamon, Min Gu, Qiming Zhang
{"title":"Femtosecond laser melting upconversion nanoparticles for sub-micrometer optical patterning.","authors":"Weizhao Gu, Simone Lamon, Min Gu, Qiming Zhang","doi":"10.1364/OE.557532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.557532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study introduces a method for precise modulation of upconversion luminescence (UCL) in UCNP thin films via laser-induced melting, enabling high-resolution, sub-micrometer optical patterning. By employing a 460-nm femtosecond (fs) laser, localized melting disrupts the UCNP crystalline lattice, facilitating tunable UCL quenching with efficiencies exceeding 90%. This approach relies solely on the intrinsic properties of UCNPs, avoiding the need for composite materials or complex multi-stimulus systems. The technique provides precise control of UCL modulation, making it suitable for sub-micrometer-scale optical patterning.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"16317-16327"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143972577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Perturbation dimensional reduction theory assisted low complexity convolutional neural network equalizer for optical communications.","authors":"Lu Han, Yongjun Wang, Haipeng Yao, Xingyuan Huang, Haifeng Yang, Qi Zhang, Xiangjun Xin","doi":"10.1364/OE.550530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.550530","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The integration of neural networks with perturbation theory has been recognized as a pivotal factor contributing to the enhancement of transmission efficiency in modern optical communication systems. Research focuses on balancing superior equalization performance against system complexity minimization. This paper presents a novel and efficient data dimensionality reduction compression methodology for developing low-complexity neural network-based equalizers intended to mitigate nonlinear impairments in optical fiber communication systems. Firstly, we propose a dimensionality reduction (DR) method exploiting the spatial symmetry of perturbation coefficients, enabling low-complexity DR feature map construction at the input end. Then, a complex-valued CNN (CvCNN) equalizer is then designed, utilizing single-channel complex-valued feature maps to preserve data characteristics while further reducing complexity. The effectiveness of the proposed equalizer is verified through numerical studies, and further performance comparisons and complexity analyses with other equalizers are conducted in a 20 GBaud PDM 64-QAM coherent optical transmission experimental system. The research and analysis are grounded in a fair performance comparison of Q-factors, accompanied by thorough analyses of time and space complexity under equivalent performance conditions. Finally, The DR feature map achieves an 82.64% reduction in effective feature units. When deployed in CvCNN, the equalizer reduces space and time complexity by 66.90% and 70.55%, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"15724-15741"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1364/OE.558108
Maximilian C Schuchter, Marco Gaulke, Nicolas Huwyler, Matthias Golling, Mircea Guina, Ursula Keller
{"title":"Composition-controlled recovery time of SWIR (2-2.4 µm) GaSb-based SESAMs.","authors":"Maximilian C Schuchter, Marco Gaulke, Nicolas Huwyler, Matthias Golling, Mircea Guina, Ursula Keller","doi":"10.1364/OE.558108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.558108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SEmiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirrors (SESAMs) have revolutionized the ultrafast laser industry. While SESAMs are well-established in the near-infrared regime, using GaAs-wafer epitaxy, there is an increasing interest for the short-wave infrared (SWIR) regime, for which SESAMs can be fabricated using the GaSb material system. Compared to GaAs-based SESAMs, the nonlinear response of GaSb absorbers has been reported to exhibit inherent ultrafast response and a different interplay between the response time and fabrication process. Here we report new advanced features of this interplay in a detailed study investigating the effects of lattice mismatch (LMM, e.g., strain) in the quantum wells (QWs), and barrier materials of SESAMs designed for a center wavelength between 2 and 2.4 µm. At 2 μm, SESAMs with ternary InGaSb, GaAsSb, and quaternary In(x)Ga(1-x)As(y)Sb(1-y) QWs embedded in GaSb were grown with varying levels of QW LMM, ranging from compressive strain (-1.7% LMM) to tensile strain (+0.9% LMM). We observed a strong dependence of the recovery time on the QW strain. While a maximum interband recovery time of 340 ps was measured for lattice matched QWs (-0.1% LMM), both compressively and tensilely strained QWs exhibit a shorter interband recovery time. Furthermore, a set of In<sub>0.27</sub>GaSb QW SESAMs embedded in Al<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>1-x</sub>AsSb barriers with different Al content have been grown. We observed that an increasing Al content in the barrier significantly slows down the interband recovery time. All findings are consistent for different heterostructures designed for operation at 2-2.4 µm.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"14750-14765"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144011059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic graphical control of camouflage color with microwave/infrared stealth based on electromagnetic metastructures.","authors":"Zhihui Yang, Yuhan Yang, Xiaotong Zhao, Xiaohang Wang, Chuang Sun, Chunlei Guo, Xixiang Su, Qun Hao","doi":"10.1364/OE.558179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.558179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ground targets in complex environments demand adaptive camouflage that dynamically blends with the background. Conventional adaptive chromic materials often overlook radar wave absorption and infrared radiation reduction, compounded by rigidity constraints that hinder large-area deployments. This study presents a composite material with dynamic graphical control of camouflage color and microwave/infrared stealth capabilities enabled by electromagnetic metastructures. In the visible spectrum (380-760 nm), the material transitions between deep green, light green, earth yellow, and brown with a control voltage under 3 V and a response time of 25 seconds. A modular driving control circuit divides the material into 16 modules (4 × 4), allowing zoned color control, real-time pattern formation, and dynamic transformation. The material achieves broad-band microwave absorption from 8-18 GHz with at least -10 dB bandwidth of 6 GHz, and in the infrared band (8-14 µm), maintains an average emissivity below 0.4 and radiates 22.3°C cooler than the ground. These features enable effective microwave and infrared attenuation and dynamic optical control for various targets. By optimizing the film-forming process, the composite can be produced via screen printing and laser etching, facilitating low-cost, large-scale, flexible production. Its application via pasting or draping on target surfaces underscores its practical potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"15032-15043"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144011042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1364/OE.557580
Ben Beddoes, Nicholas Klokkou, Jon Gorecki, Patrick R Whelan, Peter Bøggild, Peter U Jepsen, Vasilis Apostolopoulos
{"title":"THz-TDS: extracting complex conductivity of two-dimensional materials via neural networks trained on synthetic and experimental data.","authors":"Ben Beddoes, Nicholas Klokkou, Jon Gorecki, Patrick R Whelan, Peter Bøggild, Peter U Jepsen, Vasilis Apostolopoulos","doi":"10.1364/OE.557580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.557580","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) has proved immensely useful for probing 2D materials such as graphene. Unlike in the visible regime, the optical properties at terahertz frequencies are highly dependant on charge carrier mobility and scattering time. However, extracting the material properties from the terahertz waveform is a non-trivial process, which can be prone to producing erroneous results. Artificial neural networks have recently been demonstrated as useful tools to extract complex refractive index from terahertz time domain data. Here, we propose the use of artificial neural networks to interpret terahertz spectra of graphene monolayers to extract the charge carrier mobility and scattering time. We demonstrate improved performance on out-of-distribution data by using a combination of synthetically generated spectra and experimental data during training.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 7","pages":"14872-14884"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144011044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}