{"title":"Real-time demonstration of 8 × 125 Gbit/s point-to-multipoint photonics-assisted THz-over-fiber PON based on an optical wavelength routing scheme.","authors":"Bingchang Hua, Min Zhu, Jiankang Li, Jiao Zhang, Zhifeng Xie, Junjie Ding, Mingzheng Lei, Yuancheng Cai, Xingyu Chen, Yucong Zou, Jianjun Yu","doi":"10.1364/OE.572509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.572509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid development of photonic-assisted terahertz wireless communication addresses surging data traffic demands in wireless systems. However, existing research predominantly focuses on point-to-point THz links, neglecting multi-user application scenarios in optical-wireless access networks. This paper proposes and experimentally demonstrates what we believe to be a novel point-to-multipoint photonic-assisted THz-over-fiber passive optical network (ToF-PON) architecture based on optical wavelength routing (OWR). By deploying an N × N arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) at the remote node (RN), we achieve precise routing of multi-user optical carriers and local oscillator (LO) to optical network units (ONUs). To simplify ONU design, LOs are centralized at the optical line terminal (OLT) and shared with user carriers through wavelength reuse, reducing system cost. In this architecture, we successfully transmit an 8-channel real-time DP-QPSK signal over 24 km of standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) and 100 m wirelessly. The system achieves a real-time net data rate of 800 Gbit/s at 300 GHz with 15% soft-decision forward error correction (SD-FEC) overhead at a pre-FEC BER of 1.56 × 10<sup>-2</sup>. To our knowledge, this represents the first experimental demonstration of real-time point-to-multipoint photonic-assisted THz wireless transmission exceeding 800 Gbit/s net rate in the THz band.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"37462-37473"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fusion-driven visible light positioning using photodiode and event camera.","authors":"Zhenghai Wang, Wei Wang, Xiaodong Liu, Lei Yu, Chen Chen, Xun Zhang","doi":"10.1364/OE.573814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.573814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visible light positioning (VLP) serves as a critical technology enabling high-accuracy indoor sensing applications. However, photodiode (PD)-based and CMOS-based VLP systems are respectively susceptible to ambient interference and limited dynamic range of sensitivity. To address these challenges, what we believe to be a novel hybrid VLP framework that integrates an event camera and a PD is proposed. Specifically, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) fuses PD and camera data to leverage their respective strengths to achieve three-dimensional (3D) positioning with a single LED. Moreover, a dynamic compensation algorithm is proposed to improve the second-order radial distortion of the camera and enhance the positioning accuracy. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed VLP system achieves an average localization accuracy of 1.98cm in horizontal 2D plane and 0.83cm in the vertical direction. Furthermore, the positioning robustness of the proposed VLP system in low signal-to-noise ratio scenarios is verified by blocking the LED and introducing ambient light interference.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"38449-38465"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of a cost-effective dual-mode hyperspectral imaging system with machine learning for enhanced bacterial classification.","authors":"Panuwat Pengphorm, Sukrit Thongrom, Sakkarin Lethongkam, Supayang Voravuthikunchai, Pawita Boonrat, Chanisa Kanjanasakul, Nawapong Unsuree, Chalongrat Daengngam","doi":"10.1364/OE.558509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.558509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This work presents the development of a cost-effective dual-mode hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system integrated with machine-learning models to detect and classify bacteria with enhanced accuracy. The HSI system was constructed using commercial off-the-shelf components and 3D-printed parts, with detailed optical simulations performed to aid in the design and validate the system's performance. A compound prism-grating-prism was implemented in an on-axis spectrograph configuration to simplify the optical assembly and minimize field-dependent aberrations. The system supports wide-field HSI in both reflectance and fluorescence modes, illuminated by chip-on-board LED sources with a visible-to-near-infrared spectrum and a narrow-band UV. The spectral resolution of the custom HSI system was determined to be 1.55 nm, with spatial resolutions of approximately 0.81 mm in the in-track direction and 0.49 mm in the cross-track direction. These resolutions are sufficient for effective spatio-spectral imaging of bacterial colonies. Furthermore, a model-training framework leveraging spectral feature fusion from both modes was developed to classify bacterial species, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. The classification accuracies achieved using reflectance, fluorescence, and dual modes were 92.55%, 93.48%, and 97.11%, respectively. This dual-mode optical-computational platform not only demonstrates enhanced classification accuracy but also represents a scalable and economical solution for high-throughput bacterial identification.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"37759-37783"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dual-band wide-angle beam steering thin film metasurface for satellite communication.","authors":"Heming Xin, Zuojun Zhang, Xu Zhang, Jiangyu Wang, Jianming Liao, Ying She, Guo Bai, Jiawei He, Cheng Huang, Xiaoliang Ma, Xiangang Luo","doi":"10.1364/OE.572058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.572058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, we propose a dual-band wide-angle beam steering thin film metasurface (TFM) for satellite communication. Based on the polarization multiplexing strategy, the TFM integrates both downlink (11.5-13.5 GHz) and uplink (13.25-15.25 GHz) frequency bands of satellite communications. An ingenious anisotropic meta-atom is devised to ensure high isolation of dual-band signals. Wide-angle beam steering is achieved based on a quadratic phase distribution for the array configuration of the two polarization modes. As a proof of concept, we fabricated a TFM antenna with a diameter of 800 mm. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that beam control is effectively achieved over a ±60° range with a gain loss of 3.2 dB. The proposed TFM antenna features low profile, lightweight, dual-band, and wide-angle beam steering, making it an excellent candidate for satellite communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"37727-37737"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1364/OE.570878
Yueyang Liu, Junkang Guo, Yuqi Yu, Zhigang Liu
{"title":"Gas cell- and Fabry-Pérot interferometer-based self-calibration filtering system for a tunable laser to enhance the optical signal-to-noise ratio.","authors":"Yueyang Liu, Junkang Guo, Yuqi Yu, Zhigang Liu","doi":"10.1364/OE.570878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.570878","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents a self-calibrating synchronous filtering system that improves the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of external-cavity tunable lasers. It integrates a hydrogen cyanide gas cell with a Fabry-Pérot interferometer featuring a 1.5-GHz free spectral range for real-time wavelength calibration over a 1535-1555-nm sweep band. Leveraging this calibration process, a field-programmable gate array processes spectral fingerprints and dynamically controls a microelectromechanical system-based tunable optical filter, allowing the passband of the filter to synchronously track the instantaneous center wavelength of the laser. Experimental validation demonstrated an OSNR improvement exceeding 20 dB, increasing from >60 dB to >80 dB.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"37956-37968"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1364/OE.559614
Nasim Akhtar, Preeti Sharma, Bhaskar Kanseri
{"title":"Modulation in statistical properties of electromagnetic beam using surface plasmon polaritons.","authors":"Nasim Akhtar, Preeti Sharma, Bhaskar Kanseri","doi":"10.1364/OE.559614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.559614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigate the change in statistical properties of an electromagnetic beam enhanced with surface plasmon polaritons. We derive mathematical expressions revealing the effect of surface plasmons on the degree of polarization, Stokes parameters, generalized Stokes parameters, electromagnetic degree of coherence, and degree of cross-polarization in a double-slit experiment. The presence of surface plasmons results in modulation of coherence and polarization properties of electromagnetic beams, whose amplitude and period can be optimized through the design of subwavelength structures. The behavior of these properties is further investigated for the case when the field is incident at only one slit, incorporating changes in the output beam with enhancement in the strength of surface plasmons. The findings pave the way for the creation of novel optical systems that allow the subwavelength-sized array of holes to modify the coherence and polarization attributes of the electromagnetic beams.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"38483-38494"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1364/OE.561851
Yan Gao, Victor Torres-Company, Jochen Schröder
{"title":"Suppressed plasmonic mode coupling for efficient electro-optic lithium niobate modulator.","authors":"Yan Gao, Victor Torres-Company, Jochen Schröder","doi":"10.1364/OE.561851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.561851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic (EO) modulators have received strong attention due to the unique material properties of LN, which include low optical loss, high refractive index, and strong Pockels effect. The trade-off between electro-optic bandwidth (BW) and half-wave voltage (<i>V</i><sub><i>π</i></sub>) in LN modulators has been widely studied; however, the trade-off between the voltage-length product (<i>V</i><sub><i>π</i></sub> · <i>L</i>) and optical insertion loss (<i>IL</i>) has received less attention. Nevertheless, it is important for efficient EO modulators. The <i>V</i><sub><i>π</i></sub> · <i>L</i>-<i>IL</i> trade-off originates from the balance between the applied electric field intensity and the absorption losses in metallic electrodes, which are both determined by the distance between electrodes and optical waveguides. Here, we find out tha the absorption loss is highly dependent on the electrode width as a result of the mode coupling between the dielectric waveguide and the metal-dielectric plasmonic modes. And we overcome this trade-off by using a special electrode shape that can suppress the mode coupling. As a result, we numerically demonstrate a 5-fold propagation loss reduction (at the same <i>V</i><sub><i>π</i></sub> · <i>L</i>) and a 16% <i>V</i><sub><i>π</i></sub> · <i>L</i> reduction (at the same loss) compared to a conventional electrode design. We also show that the proposed design does not degrade the frequency response of the modulator, and a more than 50 GHz 3-dB BW can be achieved with an electrode length of 0.8 cm. Our design principle could be used to achieve high-efficiency EO modulators with low insertion loss. Furthermore, the design principle could also be applied to other optical devices with metal-dielectric waveguide structure, such as EO or thermally tuned phase shifters, filters, and optical resonators, to improve their performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"37784-37794"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Applications of highly doped Ge<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>Bi<sub><i>x</i></sub> alloy films in near-infrared photodetectors and photoresistor logic gates.","authors":"Youbin Zheng, Dainan Zhang, Hengji He, Tianlong Wen, Yulong Liao, Qinghui Yang","doi":"10.1364/OE.571962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.571962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ge<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>Bi<sub><i>x</i></sub> films have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional light absorption capabilities in the near-infrared spectrum, making them suitable for use in optoelectronic devices. Most Ge<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>Bi<sub><i>x</i></sub> films employed in near-infrared photodetectors exhibit lower levels of bismuth (Bi) doping (x <18%). This study explores the potential applications of highly doped Ge<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>Bi<sub><i>x</i></sub> films in near-infrared optoelectronic devices. The Ge<sub>0.819</sub>Bi<sub>0.181</sub> and Ge<sub>0.748</sub>Bi<sub>0.252</sub> films, with varying concentrations of Bi doping, were used to fabricate Au/Ge<sub>0.819</sub>Bi<sub>0.181</sub> and Au/Ge<sub>0.748</sub>Bi<sub>0.252</sub> optoelectronic devices. Test results indicate that the Au/Ge<sub>0.819</sub>Bi<sub>0.181</sub> photodetector exhibits high responsivity and specific detection in the near-infrared range of 800-1200 nm. Without an applied bias, the responsivity and specific detection can reach 2.17 A/W and 1.05 × 10<sup>13</sup> Jones at 1000 nm, respectively, demonstrating excellent self-driving performance. Since the Au film has established a complete Ohmic contact with the Ge<sub>0.748</sub>Bi<sub>0.252</sub> film, the Au/Ge<sub>0.748</sub>Bi<sub>0.252</sub> device can primarily function as a photoresistor in the near-infrared spectrum. Furthermore, considering its output current characteristics at bias voltages of 3V and 5V at 1000 nm, the device can also operate as a photoresistor logic OR gate. This study highlights the potential of highly doped Ge<sub>1-<i>x</i></sub>Bi<sub><i>x</i></sub> films for applications in near-infrared photodetectors and photocontrolled logic gates.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"38373-38381"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-efficiency SHG in etchless lithium niobate waveguides enabled by polymer-induced bound states in the continuum.","authors":"Shengrui Zhang, Shixin Wang, Dongliang Chen, Dingshan Gao, Jianji Dong, Xinliang Zhang","doi":"10.1364/OE.571204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.571204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bound states in the continuum (BIC) demonstrate significant potential for achieving strong optical confinement, characterized by their inherent elimination of complex etching processes and low propagation loss. However, efficient second-harmonic generation (SHG) within BIC platforms remains challenging. In this work, we propose an etchless, periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) optical waveguide loaded with a polymer cladding. A quasi-BIC waveguide mode is engineered, exhibiting simulated propagation losses of 0.0090 dB/cm and 0.2142 dB/cm for the fundamental wave and second-harmonic wave, respectively. Leveraging this low-loss BIC waveguide, we achieve enhanced SHG. Experimentally, the fabricated BIC waveguide demonstrates a normalized SHG conversion efficiency of 844% W<sup>-1</sup>cm<sup>-2</sup>, alongside advantages of straightforward fabrication and large process tolerance. This work provides what we believe to be a novel approach for nonlinear optical applications utilizing BIC waveguides.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"38329-38338"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optics expressPub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1364/OE.571937
Wei Gao, Shengkai Shen, Jinyu Tai, Huanfei Wen, Xin Li, Zhonghao Li, Zongmin Ma, Yunbo Shi, Hao Guo, Jun Tang, Jun Liu
{"title":"High-efficiency diamond fluorescence detection for magnetic sensing systems using a filter-free narrowband photodetector.","authors":"Wei Gao, Shengkai Shen, Jinyu Tai, Huanfei Wen, Xin Li, Zhonghao Li, Zongmin Ma, Yunbo Shi, Hao Guo, Jun Tang, Jun Liu","doi":"10.1364/OE.571937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.571937","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The magnetic sensitivity of sensors based on diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center solid-state spin systems depends on the detection of diamond fluorescence emission. The commonly used broadband photodetectors (e.g., 300-1000 nm) require filters to suppress 532 nm excitation light and background noise, which both attenuates fluorescence signal intensity and complicates system integration. To address these limitations, we designed an organic narrow-band photodetector employing a non-fullerene binary active layer (SBDTIC:DIBSQ), achieving targeted detection of diamond spin fluorescence wavelengths. The optimized device demonstrates a spectral absorption peak at 679 nm with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 130 nm. Integration of this detector into a diamond NV center magnetic sensing system yielded a magnetic sensitivity of 22.6 nT·Hz<sup>-1/2</sup>. These results validate replacing conventional broadband photodetector-filter combinations with our specialized device. This substitution offers dual advantages: enhanced performance and simplified integration for NV-based magnetometry.</p>","PeriodicalId":19691,"journal":{"name":"Optics express","volume":"33 18","pages":"38364-38372"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145125739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}