Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research最新文献

{"title":"Facial Asymmetry Phenotypes in Adult Patients With Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate and Skeletal Class III Malocclusion Using Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis","authors":"Mihee Hong,&nbsp;Su-Ji Yoon,&nbsp;Il-Hyung Yang,&nbsp;Jin-Young Choi,&nbsp;Jong-Ho Lee,&nbsp;Myung-Jin Kim,&nbsp;Jee Hyeok Chung,&nbsp;Sukwha Kim,&nbsp;Seung-Hak Baek","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70003","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To classify and characterise facial asymmetry (FA) phenotypes in adult patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) and skeletal Class III (C-III) malocclusion.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The samples consisted of 72 adult BCLP patients (56 males, 16 females; mean age, 21.0 years), who were candidates for orthognathic surgery (OGS) or had undergone OGS for the correction of C-III malocclusion. Because BCLP patients have two cleft sides, the vertically longer defect (VLD) side was used for the reference side. Twenty-three cephalometric parameters were measured in posteroanterior cephalograms taken at least 1month before OGS. Principal component analysis was performed to obtain seven representative parameters [ANS-deviation (mm), U1-deviation (mm), L1-deviation (mm), Me-deviation (mm), MaxAntOP-cant (°), MaxPostOP-cant (°), ManBorder-cant (°)]. K-means cluster analysis was conducted using these representative parameters. Differences in cephalometric parameters among the clusters were statistically analysed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>FA phenotypes were classified based on the deviation direction towards the VLD or less VLD side and the upward or downward cant in the VLD side. The classifications were: (1) Symmetry type (20.8%); (2) MxMn-VLD-dev &amp; MxMn-no-cant type (22.2%); (3) MxMn-less-VLD-dev &amp; Mnbase-VLD-down-cant type (9.7%); (4) Mn-less-VLD-dev &amp; MxMn-VLD-down-cant type (20.8%); (5) MxMn-no-dev &amp; MxMn-VLD-up-cant type (19.4%), and (6) MxMn-VLD-dev &amp; MxMn-VLD-up-cant type (6.9%). The possible etiologies of FA phenotypes included ANS deviation, movement of the maxillary incisor by pre-operative orthodontic treatment, and adaptive growth or compensatory growth of the maxilla and/or mandible.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This FA phenotype classification could serve as a guideline for diagnosis and OGS planning for BCLP patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"28 5","pages":"862-871"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low Tongue Posture Improvement Effect of Orofacial Myofunctional Therapy Comprehensive Study of Nasal Ventilation Condition Using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Dental Arch Morphology","authors":"Kei Maeo,&nbsp;Takamasa Kitamura,&nbsp;Wakana Kohira,&nbsp;Yukari Suzuki,&nbsp;Yoshihito Yamakawa,&nbsp;Kimiko Ueda,&nbsp;Hitomi Ishii,&nbsp;Ryuzo Kanomi,&nbsp;Tomonori Iwasaki","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70000","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Oral myofunctional therapy (OMFT) has been proposed as a potential treatment for improving low tongue posture (LTP) and alleviating obstructive sleep apnea. However, its effectiveness remains uncertain. This study aimed to quantify the effects of OMFT on LTP.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study analysed pre- and post-treatment cone-beam computed tomography images from 43 children with LTP treated with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) only (mean age: 9.09 years, no-OMFT group), 46 children with LTP treated with RME plus OMFT (mean age: 9.40 years, OMFT group), and 20 children (mean age: 9.87 years, control group). The primary outcomes measured were intraoral airway volume (an indicator of LTP), nasal airway pressure differences (assessed using computational fluid dynamics), and maxillary dental arch width. Comparisons were made among groups, with the frequency and relationship between these measures investigated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There were no significant differences between OMFT and no-OMFT groups before treatment. Post-treatment, the OMFT group showed significantly smaller intraoral airway volume (0.66 cm³) compared to the no-OMFT group (1.34 cm³). Nasal airway pressure drop was also significantly lower in the OMFT group (44.2 Pa) than in the no-OMFT group (143.3 Pa).</p>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The LTP improvement rate was significantly higher in the OMFT group (76.1%) than in the no-OMFT group (51.2%). Similarly, the improvement rate of nasal airway obstruction was significantly higher in the OMFT group than in the no-OMFT group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>OMFT improves LTP and nasal airway obstruction. Improvements in nasal airway obstruction by OMFT are likely correlated with the observed improvements in LTP.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"28 5","pages":"872-881"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.70000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144541786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compressive Stress and Inflammation Induce Ferroptosis in Periodontal Ligament Cells Through ACSL4 Activation in Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption","authors":"Liyan Liu,&nbsp;Jie Zhang,&nbsp;Runze Zhang,&nbsp;Tian Wei,&nbsp;Chunmiao Jiang","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70002","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) is an inflammation induced by excessive orthodontic force in the periodontium. The aim of this study was to identify the role of ferroptosis in periodontal ligament cells in OIIRR and its underlying mechanism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) were subjected to 2 g/cm² of compressive stress along with 20 ng/mL of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulation for 24 h. The occurrence of ferroptosis in hPDLCs is detected by Western blot analysis and ferroptosis-related kits. For in vivo analyses, a mouse OIIRR model was established, and the ACSL4 inhibitor (Rosiglitazone, Rosi) was administered intraperitoneally. Micro-CT was employed to evaluate the occurrence of OIIRR, and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) was performed to detect changes in ferroptosis-related markers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Upon applying compressive stress and IL-1β stimulation to hPDLCs, Western blot analysis showed an upregulation of the ferroptosis marker ACSL4 and a downregulation of GPX4, along with significant increases in ROS, MDA and Fe²⁺ levels, indicating enhanced ferroptosis. However, when hPDLCs were treated with Rosi (1 μM), ferroptosis was alleviated. Micro-CT analysis showed that root resorption volume decreased after Rosi application. Additionally, Ferroptosis-related markers changed significantly in the PDLCs in mice via IHC staining.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>ACSL4-mediated ferroptosis, triggered by compressive stress and inflammation in hPDLCs, contributed to the development of OIIRR. Rosi has been shown to inhibit OIIRR and serve as a novel therapeutic target for OIIRR treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"28 5","pages":"852-861"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144529166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender Distribution Among Invited Speakers at the Italian Orthodontic Society (SIDO) Conferences Held Between 2013 and 2023: A Cross-Sectional Analysis","authors":"Valentina Lanteri,&nbsp;Alessandro Bruni,&nbsp;Andrea Abate,&nbsp;Cinzia Maspero,&nbsp;Elis Kola,&nbsp;Alessandro Ugolini","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70001","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Scientific conferences play a key role in shaping professional visibility and recognition. Investigating gender balance among invited speakers can provide insight into broader patterns of inclusion in the context of orthodontic congresses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate gender representation among invited speakers at the Italian Orthodontic Society (SIDO) congresses from 2013 to 2023, identifying trends and potential disparities during this decade-long period. A cross-sectional review of the abstract books and programmes of the SIDO <i>Spring</i> and <i>Winter</i> congresses held between 2013 and 2023 was conducted. The gender, country of origin, affiliation, topic of presentation and H-index were recorded for each invited speakers. Presentations lasting less than 30 min, involving more than three speakers, focusing on non-orthodontic topics (e.g., dental hygiene or dental technician presentations) or held during sponsored sessions, roundtables and collateral events were excluded. Descriptive statistics were performed to summarise speaker characteristics. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the effect of predictor variables, including year of presentation, country (non-Italian speakers), H-index (≥ 8) and affiliation (non-academic) on the likelihood of a speaker being female. The Mantel–Haenszel test for homogeneity of odds ratios (OR) was used to assess whether trends in female representation were consistent over time. The predefined level of statistical significance was set at <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05 (two-sided). The analysis revealed a significant gender imbalance, with male speakers accounting for 77.2% and female speakers 22.8% throughout the study period (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Logistic regression indicated that the likelihood of a speaker being female increased by 6% for each additional year (OR: 1.055, 95% CI: 1.010–1.110, <i>p</i> = 0.015), while other variables such as country of origin, H-index and affiliation were not significant. The majority of speakers were from Italy (62.3%), followed by the United States (9.6%) and Spain (3.2%). The topics discussed most frequently were Interdisciplinary (14.2%), New Technologies (8.4%) and Clear Aligner Treatment (8.2%). A large proportion of the invited speakers lacked academic affiliation (36.4%). Although the proportion of female speakers at SIDO congresses remains limited, the data reveal a steady annual increase in female representation. Nevertheless, a substantial gender imbalance persists, indicating that initiatives aimed at improving diversity could contribute to a more balanced representation in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"28 5","pages":"799-808"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.70001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144507271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building and Evaluating an Orthodontic Natural Language Processing Model for Automated Clinical Note Information Extraction.","authors":"Jay S Patel, Divakar Karanth","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12944","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Malocclusion presents functional and aesthetic challenges, necessitating accurate diagnosis and treatment. However, variability in orthodontic treatment planning persists due to subjective assessments, limiting consistency and objectivity. Electronic dental records (EDRs) contain vast patient data that could address these challenges, but much of the rich clinical information is documented as free text, complicating analysis. This study aims to develop an Orthodontic Natural Language Processing (ONLP) model to extract structured orthodontics-related information from unstructured EDRs and identify critical features influencing malocclusion using machine learning (ML).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from 7693 orthodontic patients were analysed to train, test and validate the ONLP and ML models. A gold-standard dataset was created through manual review. The ONLP model utilised supervised (Named Entity Recognition-NER) and unsupervised (K-means clustering) approaches to structure information from free text. Machine learning models, including Logistic Regression, Gaussian Naive Bayes, Random Forest and XGBoost, were subsequently applied to identify feature importance for malocclusion classification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ONLP model achieved 89% sensitivity, 92% specificity and 91% accuracy in extracting orthodontics-related information. The supervised model demonstrated 84% accuracy, 82% F1-score and 84% recall, excelling in identifying Classes I and III malocclusions but showing reduced sensitivity for Class II. Machine learning analysis highlighted key features for malocclusion classification: maxillary crowding, overjet and arch perimeter discrepancy for Class I; maxillary spacing and anterior crossbite for Class II; and dental midline deviation and occlusal wear for Class III.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates a novel approach to automating orthodontic data extraction using the ONLP model, enabling advanced big data analytics and enhancing data-driven orthodontic research and care.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Bioactive NanoAg-ACP Microparticles on the Bond Strength of a Commercial Orthodontic Adhesive and Enamel Resistance to Demineralization","authors":"Kelton Cronquist,&nbsp;Linfeng Wu,&nbsp;Brian R. Morrow,&nbsp;Ayman Al Dayeh,&nbsp;Antheunis Versluis,&nbsp;Liang Hong","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12948","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12948","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study was to assess the effects of nanoAg-ACP microparticles as additional fillers on the shear bond strength of Phase II Dual Cure orthodontic adhesive and the enamel demineralisation of teeth using such adhesive.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Experimental adhesive was formulated by incorporating 2.5 wt% nanoAg-ACP microparticles into Phase II Dual Cure immediately before use. Brackets were bonded to extracted human premolars using Phase II Dual Cure for one group and experimental adhesive for the second. Samples in each group were randomly assigned to three sub-groups for different post-bonding treatments. Debonding force was measured after post-bonding treatments and used to calculate shear bond strength. DIAGNOdent was used to assess enamel demineralisation for sub-groups treated with acid gels.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The shear bond strength for Phase II Dual Cure and experimental adhesive was 19.06 ± 2.88 and 13.90 ± 2.22 MPa, respectively, after 24-h aging, 15.98 ± 5.44 and 15.31 ± 4.22 MPa, respectively, after 5-month aging, and 14.72 ± 3.15 and 14.46 ± 4.66 MPa, respectively, after 3-week demineralisation following 5-month aging. After being aged for 5 months and demineralised for 3 weeks, samples bonded using Phase II Dual Cure had a higher DIAGNOdent value of 65.00 ± 14.66 compared to 49.77 ± 20.64 for samples bonded using experimental adhesive (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>NanoAg-ACP microparticles could be added into Phase II Dual Cure as fillers to resist demineralisation without impairing the shear bond strength. The results warrant further investigation of nanoAg-ACP microparticles as fillers for orthodontic adhesives using more clinically relevant in vitro models to confirm their potential clinical application in orthodontic treatments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"28 5","pages":"844-851"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144248983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Lipstick Application on the Attractiveness of Smile in Women With and Without Malocclusions: An Eye-Tracking Study","authors":"Gil Guilherme Gasparello,&nbsp;Mohamad Jamal Bark,&nbsp;Giovanna Purkote Yamaguchi,&nbsp;Rosilene Andrea Machado,&nbsp;Joel Suárez,&nbsp;Orlando Tanaka","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12947","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12947","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The use of cosmetics, particularly lipstick, has historically enhanced facial appeal. This study evaluates laypeople's perceptions of the attractiveness and employability of two female models from different age groups, each with varying malocclusions, both with and without lipstick.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This cross-sectional study involved 77 lay participants who assessed digitally edited photographs of young and older female models with varying malocclusions (IOTN 1, 3 and 5), each shown with and without red lipstick. Eye-tracking technology and questionnaires were used to evaluate perceptions of attractiveness and employability. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc tests, and Pearson's chi-squared test.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>IOTN 1 with lipstick was rated 49.71 ± 25.74 and without lipstick 47.88 ± 25.44. These were significantly higher than IOTN 3 with lipstick (40.62 ± 24.16; <i>p</i> = 0.015), IOTN 3 without lipstick (39.23 ± 23.85; <i>p</i> = 0.002), IOTN 5 with lipstick (34.25 ± 24.77; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and IOTN 5 without lipstick (31.39 ± 23.30; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Employability ratings also varied significantly when comparing IOTN 1 and IOTN 5 images (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Eye-tracking heat maps revealed that the mouth was the primary area of visual focus across all conditions, regardless of lipstick use.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Malocclusion significantly impacts visual attention and attractiveness perception, with the mouth being the primary focus. While lipstick influences attention dispersion, it does not shift the main focus from the mouth. Heat map analysis confirmed that the mouth area remains the primary focus across all images, regardless of lipstick use.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"28 5","pages":"836-843"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.12947","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144248984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging Generative Artificial Intelligence in Teaching, Scholarship and Dental Education: Use Cases and Reflections.","authors":"Jonas Bianchi, Meixun Zheng","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this narrative review is to explore the role of generative artificial intelligence (genAI) in dental education, highlighting its emerging applications, potential benefits and implementation challenges. Since the launch of ChatGPT in 2022, genAI tools have gained traction in academic and clinical settings, enabling content generation, translation, summarisation, exam preparation and basic clinical planning. This review presents a series of illustrative use cases demonstrating how genAI has been integrated into teaching, research and clinical workflows in dental and orthodontic training. Each example underscores how AI can support faculty in course design, assist students with learning complex concepts and provide real time feedback for exam analysis and academic writing. However, the implementation of genAI is not without limitations. The review addresses common concerns, including misinformation, data privacy, fabricated references and ethical use in clinical contexts. Although the benefits of genAI are promising, this review emphasises the importance of human oversight and institutional policies to guide ethical and effective use. In conclusion, genAI offers valuable support in dental education when used responsibly. Continued dialogue among educators, students and policymakers is essential to ensure that AI tools are integrated thoughtfully and equitably into academic practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144234748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of Sympathetic Sensory Coupling to Craniofacial Nociception.","authors":"Brian Edwin Cairns","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stress and anxiety are associated with increased pain intensity in temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) patients. It is possible that this association is due to a direct interaction between the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems. This narrative review examines evidence for a potential sympathetic sensory interaction in deep craniofacial tissues and the trigeminal ganglion. Research articles were identified using PubMed with the mesh terms adrenergic, ganglion neuron, masseter, sensory, signaling, temporomandibular and trigeminal and, subsequently, from the reference lists of those articles identified. The masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joint are innervated by sympathetic efferent fibres from the superior cervical ganglion, which primarily innervates blood vessels. As trigeminal sensory afferent fibres are often found near blood vessels, the anatomical relationship for potential sympathetic sensory coupling is present in the temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscles. Trigeminal afferent fibres express α₁, α₂, β₁ and β₂ adrenergic receptors as well as two of the four neuropeptide Y receptors. Stimulation of α₁ receptors in the masticatory muscle mechanically sensitises nociceptors through a direct effect, but desensitises proprioceptors and spindle afferent fibres through an indirect effect on mechanosensitive organelles. Stimulation of β₂ adrenergic receptors increases the mechanical activation threshold of masticatory muscle afferent fibres. There is also evidence that stimulation of β adrenergic receptors on immune cells contributes to nociception in temporomandibular joint arthritis. In contrast, α₁ adrenergic receptor activation underlies nociception in masticatory muscle myositis. Taken together, the current research provides support for the concept that sympathetic sensory coupling could play a role in the pathogenesis of TMD-related pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144216426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Differential Fibrocartilage Degradation Between Sexes in a Burn-Synovectomy Temporomandibular Osteoarthritis Mouse Model.","authors":"Amy Z Lu, Jeffrey Nickel, Ginny Ching-Yun Hsu","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12946","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease with a higher prevalence in women, yet its sex-specific mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigates fibrocartilage degradation in a burn-synovectomy TMJ OA mouse model, hypothesizing that female mice exhibit greater cartilage degradation due to differential inflammatory responses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PRG4-CreERT2; Ai9 mice (12-week-old males and females) underwent burn-synovectomy injuries and were euthanized at 1, 3, and 9 weeks for histological and immunofluorescence analyses. PRG4 and MMP-13 expression were assessed to evaluate fibrocartilage integrity and degradation. Statistical significance was determined using ANOVA and post hoc testing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Female mice showed significantly higher Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scores and MMP-13/PRG4 ratios at later time points, indicating sustained degradation. PRG4 expression increased similarly in both sexes in all time points, but MMP-13 expression was significantly higher in females at 9 weeks, suggesting heightened cartilage catabolism.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights sex-based differences in TMJ OA progression, reinforcing the importance of targeted therapeutic strategies. The burn-synovectomy model effectively replicates TMJ OA pathology, making it a valuable tool for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144192097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}