Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of hard and soft tissue thickness at mandibular symphysis in skeletal Class III patients with different vertical patterns","authors":"Jiyoung Oh,&nbsp;Lyun Kwang Ham,&nbsp;Hyemin Shin,&nbsp;Sung-Hoon Han,&nbsp;Yoonji Kim","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12829","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12829","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to assess the bony and soft tissue parameters at mandibular symphysis among skeletal Class III patients with different vertical growth patterns, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>CBCT images of 60 skeletal Class III non-growing patients were evaluated (mean age 24.9 ± 8.4 years). Study samples were classified into three facial types based on the mandibular plane angle (SN-MP angle): low, normal, and high angle. The bony and soft tissue parameters at the mandibular symphysis were evaluated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among hard tissue variables, symphysis and pogonion width were significantly narrower in the high-angle group (<i>P</i> &lt; .05). The thickness of the buccal cortex at pogonion was also significantly thinner in subjects with high angles (<i>P</i> &lt; .01). Symphysis height showed an increasing tendency from the low-angle to the high-angle group. However, no significant differences were found in chin width and height according to vertical patterns. Across all soft tissue measurements, the low-angle group exhibited the highest thickness, which gradually decreased in the high-angle group. Statistically significant differences in soft tissue thickness were observed at Menton (Me) and Gnathion (Gn) (<i>P</i> &lt; .05). A significant negative correlation was observed between the SN-MP angle and the thickness of both hard and soft tissues.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In skeletal Class III subjects, significant differences existed in both hard and soft tissues at the mandibular symphysis, depending on the vertical patterns. These results provide a comprehensive evaluation of symphyseal area, which can aid clinicians in identifying appropriate treatment approaches, especially for combined orthognathic and orthodontic treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141492929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of orthognathic surgery on respiratory function during sleep: A prospective longitudinal study","authors":"Magnus Ahl,&nbsp;Agneta Marcusson,&nbsp;Anders Magnusson,&nbsp;Jahan Abtahi,&nbsp;Ola Sunnergren,&nbsp;Martin Ulander","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12828","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12828","url":null,"abstract":"<p>When treating patients with orthognathic surgery, there might be a risk of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) due to soft tissue changes in the upper airways, especially in patients treated with isolated mandibular setback or mandibular setback in combination with maxillary advancement. In the present study, we assessed respiratory function during sleep with home cardiorespiratory polygraphy in 62 patients who had not been previously been diagnosed with OSA at three times: prior to orthognathic surgery for aesthetic and functional indications, and then 3 months and 1 year after surgery. We evaluated surgical displacement based on measurements in three dimensions using pre- and post-operative computed tomography. There were only minor changes in the respiratory parameters such as the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI), the apnoea-hypopnoea index in the supine position (AHI_sup), the oxygen saturation index (ODI) and the snore index. There was no significant correlation between surgical displacement and the AHI, AHI_sup and ODI. There was a weak but significant correlation between vertical displacement of the anterior mandible and the snore index. Within the limitations of the present study, the risk for iatrogenic obstruction of the upper airways seems to be low in patients without OSA treated with orthognathic surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.12828","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141469903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tooth movement analysis of maxillary dentition distalization using clear aligners with buccal and palatal mini-screw anchorages: A finite element study","authors":"Runzhi Guo,&nbsp;Linwei Li,&nbsp;Xiang Yao Lam,&nbsp;Qianyi Qin,&nbsp;Yunfei Zheng,&nbsp;Yiping Huang,&nbsp;Yifan Lin,&nbsp;Weiran Li","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12826","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12826","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To assess the tooth movement trends during the three stages of maxillary dentition distalization with clear aligners (CA) and to compare the efficacy of different mini-screw anchorage systems.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Three-dimensional (3D) finite element models of three anchorage systems (A, control group; B, buccal mini-screw anchorage group; C, palatal mini-screw anchorage group) were established. Three stages of simulating maxillary dentition distalization with CA included maxillary molar distalization (stage 1), maxillary premolar distalization (stage 2) and maxillary anterior teeth retraction (stage 3). Therefore, a total of nine models were constructed to analyse the 3D displacement of maxillary teeth during the distalization process.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The displacement pattern of maxillary dentition during distalization was similar across the three groups, but with varying magnitudes. During stage 1, groups B and C exhibited greater amounts of molar distalization compared to group A. Group C also demonstrated the least amount of labial movement of the maxillary central incisor compared to the other two groups. During stage 2, the mesial displacement of the maxillary first molar was less significant in groups B and C than in group A. In the final stage, group C exhibited a greater amount of maxillary anterior retraction compared to groups A and B.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The palatal mini-screw anchorage system was effective in reducing anchorage loss and improving the efficacy of maxillary dentition distalization with CA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of post-activation mandibular remodelling in children with craniofacial microsomia treated with distraction osteogenesis","authors":"Xiyuan Li,&nbsp;Songxia Xia,&nbsp;Zhifeng Li,&nbsp;Zhiyong Zhang","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12827","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12827","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patients with type IIA craniofacial microsomia (CFM) may benefit from mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) treatment during childhood; however, remodelling of the mandible during the consolidation phase, which may affect the short-term outcomes of MDO, has not yet been quantitatively analysed using computed tomography. Therefore, we aimed to investigate bone remodelling of the mandible in children with type IIA CFM treated with MDO before distractor removal and the factors that influence ramus vertical elongation efficiency.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Twenty-three children with unilateral CFM were studied between 2020 and 2024. Longitudinal computed tomography data (preoperative, end of active phase and at pre-distractor removal) were analysed. Condyle positions and the mandibular cant were analysed using a paired-sample <i>t</i> test. The relapse rates of vertical lengthening and mandibular cant were calculated. The correlation between distraction efficiency and preoperative craniofacial morphology was analysed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The condyle on the affected side moved upwards and backwards by 28.84 ± 4.08 and 2.85 ± 4.33 mm, respectively during the active phase but lost 7.66 ± 2.64 mm of vertical extension during the consolidation phase. The relapse rates for vertical extension of the condyle and occlusal plane were 27% and 35%, respectively. The ratio of mandibular ramus height was positively related to EV.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In children with CFM, attention should be paid to vertical elongation instability and relapse of mandibular inclination during consolidation. Severe mandibular ramus hypoplasia is a preoperative risk factor for vertical skeletal relapse during consolidation. Further efforts are required to reduce the stress that leads to relapse.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141427400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of thermomechanical ageing on force transmission by orthodontic aligners made of different thermoformed materials: An experimental study.","authors":"Tarek M Elshazly, Christoph Bourauel, Ahmed M Ismail, Omar Ghoraba, Philippe Chavanne, Hanaa Elattar, Abdulaziz Alhotan","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Investigating the impact of thermal and mechanical loading on the force generation of orthodontic aligners made from various thermoplastic materials and different compositions.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Five distinct materials were utilized including, three multi-layer (Zendura FLX, Zendura VIVA, CA Pro) and two single-layer (Zendura A and Duran). A total of 50 thermoformed aligners (n = 10) underwent a 48-hour ageing protocol, which involved mechanical loading resulting from a 0.2 mm facial malalignment of the upper right central incisor (Tooth 11) and thermal ageing through storage in warm distilled water at 37°C. The force exerted on Tooth 11 of a resin model was measured both before and after ageing using pressure-sensitive films and a biomechanical setup.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Before ageing, pressure-sensitive films recorded normal contact forces ranging from 83.1 to 149.7 N, while the biomechanical setup measured resultant forces ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 N, with lingual forces exceeding facial forces. Multi-layer materials exhibited lower force magnitudes compared to single-layer materials. After ageing, a significant reduction in force was observed, with some materials experiencing up to a 50% decrease. Notably, multi-layer materials, especially Zendura VIVA, exhibited lower force decay.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The force generated by aligners is influenced by both the aligner material and the direction of movement. Multi-layer materials exhibit superior performance compared to single-layer materials, primarily because of their lower initial force, which enhances patient comfort, and their capability to maintain consistent force application even after undergoing ageing.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141420303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is motor-driven insertion of orthodontic miniscrews more advantageous than manual insertion? A micro-CT evaluation of bone miniscrew contact surface area and cortical microcracks in rabbits","authors":"Reem A. Alansari,&nbsp;Khaled H. Zawawi,&nbsp;Nikhillesh Vaiid,&nbsp;Zuhair Natto,&nbsp;Samar M. Adel,&nbsp;Maha R. Alshihri,&nbsp;Mohammed Alsadat,&nbsp;Rania Dause,&nbsp;Shoroog Agou,&nbsp;Ali H. Hassan","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12824","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12824","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This in vitro study aimed to evaluate and compare the bone–miniscrew contact surface area (BMC) and the cortical bone microcracks (CM) resulting from manual (hand-driven) and automated (motor-driven) orthodontic miniscrew (OM) insertion methods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thirty-three OM were inserted in the femurs of nine New Zealand rabbits using manual (n = 16) and automated (n = 17) insertions. After euthanizing the rabbits, bone blocks, each including one OM, were sawed. Micro-CT scanning was performed, and data analysis included reconstruction, binarization and quantification of morphometric parameters of BMC and the number and length of CM. Means and standard deviations for complete BMC, complete BMC proportion, cortical BMC, cortical BMC proportion, and length and number of CM were calculated. Mixed model analysis was used to adjust for more than one sample/CM per animal. A paired <i>t</i>-test was used to compare the number of CM between the two groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Compared to the automated insertion, manually inserted miniscrews had significantly lower complete BMC (7.54 ± 1.80 mm² vs. 11.99 ± 3.64 mm²), cortical BMC (5.91 ± 1.48 mm² vs. 8.48 ± 1.90 mm²) and cortical BMC proportion (79.44 ± 5.84% vs. 87.94 ± 3.66%). However, it was not statistically significant in complete BMC proportion (<i>p</i> = .052). The automated insertion also resulted in a significantly lower mean number of CM than the manual method (<i>p</i> = .012). However, the length of the cracks was shorter in the manual group but with no significant difference (<i>p</i> = 0.256).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Motor-driven OM insertion results in superior BMC and reduction in the number of CM, which may lead to better miniscrew stability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141331453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of thickness of 3D printed versus thermoformed aligners: A prospective in vivo ageing experiment","authors":"Babak Sayahpour,&nbsp;Sara Eslami,&nbsp;Jakob Stuhlfelder,&nbsp;Sarah Bühling,&nbsp;Iulia Dahmer,&nbsp;Malcolm Goteni,&nbsp;Stefan Kopp,&nbsp;Ludovica Nucci","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12822","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12822","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To compare and investigate the effects of intraoral ageing on the thickness of one group of directly printed and two groups of thermoformed aligners on the labial surface of maxillary central incisors.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Six groups (12 samples per group) were included in this prospective in vivo experiment. Groups DP-Clin, INV-Clin and CA-Clin consisted of directly printed (Tera Harz TC-85 DAC resin), thermoformed (Invisalign, PU based polymer) and in house thermoformed (CA-Pro, PET-G based polymer) aligners, retrieved after 1 week of intraoral service. Groups DP-Ctr, INV-Ctr and CA-Ctr included unused aligners samples. Thickness measurements were conducted using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Data that underwent log-10 transformation was analysed by multiple linear regression analysis (<i>p</i> &lt; .05).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Statistically significant differences were found between the materials in both Clin and Ctr categories (<i>p</i> &lt; .001). Group DP had the highest thickness among the groups and the least thickness was observed in the CA group (<i>p</i> &lt; .001). However, intraoral ageing did not significantly affect the aligner thickness of any groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Both thermoforming and direct printing of clear aligners led to thickness deviations in terms of increase for printed aligners and decrease for thermoformed aligners. Intraoral ageing did not affect the aligner thickness in any of the groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.12822","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141301192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between sex of the individual with untreated cleft lip and social judgement made by lay persons: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Ana Carolina Del-Sarto Azevedo Maia,&nbsp;Stefanni Olga Aguiar Sales Lima,&nbsp;Lucas Alves Jural,&nbsp;David Costa Moreira,&nbsp;Lucianne Cople Maia,&nbsp;Orlando Motohiro Tanaka,&nbsp;Matheus Melo Pithon,&nbsp;Fabio Ornellas Prado","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12823","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.12823","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To assess whether there is an association between an individual's sex and social judgements made by lay persons regarding untreated cleft lip.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lay individuals over 18 years old were recruited through an application to respond online to two questionnaires: a sociodemographic survey and the Brazilian Version of Lay Persons' Social Judgements about Cleft-lip Scale (B-LSojCleft-S). B-LSojCleft-S comprises 14 items evaluating social judgements made by laypersons concerning different types of untreated cleft lips in teenagers. The 14 items are linked to 8 images featuring untreated cleft lips and 1 image without a cleft (control). Higher scores represented more favourable social judgements. Independent samples <i>t</i>-test, paired, and multiple linear regression were conducted (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). The study assessed judgements of untreated cleft lips in male and female adolescents using the B-LSojCleft-S.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The mean age of the 217 participants was 37.78 ± 12.39 years, predominantly women (72.7%), married (47.7%), with a monthly income below three minimum wages (35.6%) in the majority of cases. Significantly higher social judgement scores were observed in the control group (no cleft) compared to any type of cleft (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.001), with similar scores obtained for the same types of clefts with female or male images (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.05). The participant's sex is associated with social judgement scores (<i>F</i> [1, 214] = 6.318, <i>P</i> = 0.013; adjusted <i>R</i>² = 0.024), with females making more favourable judgements than males (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Individuals with cleft lips receive more negative social judgement scores, regardless of their own sex. Women make better social judgements than men.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141301191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smartphone applications for facial scanning: A technical and scoping review.","authors":"Thanatchaporn Jindanil, Lianyi Xu, Rocharles Cavalcante Fontenele, Maria Cadenas de Llano Perula, Reinhilde Jacobs","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Facial scanning through smartphone scanning applications (SSA) is increasingly being used for medical applications as cost-effective, chairside method. However, clinical validation is lacking. This review aims to address: (1) Which SSA could perform facial scanning? (2) Which SSA can be clinically used? (3) Which SSA have been reported and scientifically validated for medical applications?</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Technical search for SSA designed for face or object scanning was conducted on Google, Apple App Store, and Google Play Store from August 2022 to December 2023. Literature search was performed on PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Clinicaltrials.gov, ICTRP (WHO) and preprints up to 2023. Eligibility criteria included English-written scientific articles incorporating at least one SSA for clinical purposes. SSA selection and data extraction were executed by one reviewer, validated by second, with third reviewer being consulted for discordances.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty-three applications designed for three-dimensional object scanning were retrieved, with 52 currently offering facial scanning capabilities. Fifty-six scientific articles, comprising two case reports, 16 proof-of-concepts and 38 experimental studies were analysed. Thirteen applications (123D Catch, 3D Creator, Bellus 3D Dental Pro, Bellus 3D Face app, Bellus 3D Face Maker, Capture, Heges, Metascan, Polycam, Scandy Pro, Scaniverse, Tap tap tap and Trnio) were reported in literature for digital workflow integration, comparison or proof-of-concept studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fifty-two SSA can perform facial scanning currently and can be used clinically, offering cost-effectiveness, portability and user-friendliness. Although clinical validation is crucial, only 13 SSA were scientifically validated, underlying awareness of potential pitfalls and limitations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141262384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scoring facial attractiveness with deep convolutional neural networks: How training on standardized images reduces the bias of facial expressions.","authors":"Dorothea Obwegeser, Radu Timofte, Christoph Mayer, Michael M Bornstein, Marc A Schätzle, Raphael Patcas","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In many medical disciplines, facial attractiveness is part of the diagnosis, yet its scoring might be confounded by facial expressions. The intent was to apply deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) to identify how facial expressions affect facial attractiveness and to explore whether a dedicated training of the CNN is able to reduce the bias of facial expressions.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Frontal facial images (n = 840) of 40 female participants (mean age 24.5 years) were taken adapting a neutral facial expression and the six universal facial expressions. Facial attractiveness was computed by means of a face detector, deep convolutional neural networks, standard support vector regression for facial beauty, visual regularized collaborative filtering and a regression technique for handling visual queries without rating history. CNN was first trained on random facial photographs from a dating website and then further trained on the Chicago Face Database (CFD) to increase its suitability to medical conditions. Both algorithms scored every image for attractiveness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Facial expressions affect facial attractiveness scores significantly. Scores from CNN additionally trained on CFD had less variability between the expressions (range 54.3-60.9 compared to range: 32.6-49.5) and less variance within the scores (P ≤ .05), but also caused a shift in the ranking of the expressions' facial attractiveness.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Facial expressions confound attractiveness scores. Training on norming images generated scores less susceptible to distortion, but more difficult to interpret. Scoring facial attractiveness based on CNN seems promising, but AI solutions must be developed on CNN trained to recognize facial expressions as distractors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141200019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}