Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research最新文献

{"title":"A Dual Cell-Line Molecular Platform to Assess Sub-Threshold Biocompatibility: Application to Processed Orthodontic Clears Aligners","authors":"Katia Barbaro,&nbsp;Ettore Candida,&nbsp;Francesca Silvestrini Biavati,&nbsp;Valentina Lanteri,&nbsp;Paola Ghisellini,&nbsp;Cristina Rando,&nbsp;Roberto Eggenhöffner,&nbsp;Alessandro Ugolini","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70119","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70119","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Traditional biocompatibility assessments primarily address cytotoxicity and bulk material properties but often overlook molecular responses that occur below toxicity thresholds. Detecting these subtle effects is crucial for materials intended for prolonged contact with human tissues. This study uses a dual-cell model using MCF-7 and THP-1 lines to evaluate low-level hormonal and immune responses. In this context, clear aligners—removable thermoplastic devices increasingly used in orthodontics—require careful evaluation due to their extended intraoral use and design-dependent clinical performance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cell orthodontic aligners manufactured with CNC milling or laser cutting served as test samples. Cell viability and cytotoxicity were monitored using the MTT assay for up to 7 days, while the evaluation of early gene expression response was carried out with RT-PCR. The molecular endpoints included inflammatory markers and hormone sensitive receptors (ERα, ERβ). Gene expression was detected on known inflammatory and hormone-inducible genes (COX-2, IL-6, IL-8, ERα/ERβ), selected as representative indicators of inflammatory and hormone signalling, while other cytokines were also measured to provide more detail to sensitivity profiling.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite preserved viability, modest modulation of COX-2 was detected in THP-1 cell lines in response to milled orthodontic clear aligners, without concomitant induction of IL-6 or IL-8. The expression of ERα/ERβ did not change under any of the conditions. All the responses remained significantly lower than the EC10 levels established for xenoestrogens and inflammatory mediators, thereby verifying absence of biologically adverse or pathogenic activation of the material.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>THP-1 and MCF-7 pair is a bioactivity detection sub-threshold system that is both efficient and sensitive as well as a highly effective preclinical test for dental material. The findings of this study confirm that orthodontic clear aligners, even after being trimmed on 3D-printed models, do not exhibit antigenic properties. This supports their continued use in intraoral applications where the absence of immunological reactivity is essential during the development phase.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"29 4","pages":"671-679"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.70119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147628288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Gaussian Splatting vs. 2D Photogrammetry and Direct Anthropometry for Facial Measurements","authors":"Celal Genç,&nbsp;Arda Arısan,&nbsp;Mert Toprak,&nbsp;Gökhan Serhat Duran","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70116","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70116","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Background&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This study evaluates the accuracy and repeatability of 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS)-generated 3D facial models by comparing anthropometric measurements derived from these models with those obtained using conventional 2D photogrammetry and direct anthropometry.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;In this cross-sectional study, 58 adults (18–25 years) underwent direct anthropometry, standardised 2D photography with calibration, and 3DGS facial reconstruction using a smartphone-based workflow. A predefined set of linear and angular facial measurements was recorded; each measurement was repeated three times by the same observer. Between-method comparisons were performed using paired tests as appropriate. Pearson correlation coefficients were reported to describe association, whereas agreement and potential interchangeability were evaluated primarily using Bland–Altman bias and 95% limits of agreement (LoA); plots were additionally inspected for proportional bias and influential outliers.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;3DGS demonstrated small mean differences relative to direct anthropometry for several measurements, with generally narrower LoA than 2D photogrammetry. Correlations were typically higher for 3DGS than for 2D photogrammetry; however, Bland–Altman analyses indicated that agreement varied by variable. For selected measurements, LoA were wide (reaching approximately 10–18 mm for some linear outcomes and exceeding 20° for certain angular outcomes), indicating limited interchangeability for individual-level clinical decisions. Perioral measures showed greater dispersion for 2D photogrammetry, particularly for N–Stm, and a small number of observations fell outside the 95% LoA in ANT vs. 2D comparisons, consistent with occasional landmark identification or reconstruction-related variability.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) may offer a useful alternative workflow for selected facial analysis applications by enabling the generation of measurable three-dimensional facial models, from which anthropometric variables can subsequently be derived. Although 2D photogrammetry is readily accessible and practical to implement, its inherent limitation in representing three-dimensional anatomy may compromise measurement accuracy in certain clinical contexts. Overall, these findings indicate that 3DGS could support orthodontic practice and research as a 3D model-generation technique; however, further validation across diverse patient groups, acquisition conditions, expanded landmark-based geometric error metrics, and additional outcom","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"29 4","pages":"688-697"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147486762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dentoalveolar Changes in the Premolar Region After Two Maxillary Expansion Protocols","authors":"Jaqueline Peter,&nbsp;Fabiane Azeredo,&nbsp;Susana Maria Deon Rizzatto,&nbsp;Cátia Cardoso Abdo Quintão,&nbsp;Tarek Elshebiny,&nbsp;Juan Martin Palomo,&nbsp;Luciane Macedo de Menezes","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70122","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70122","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To evaluate the dentoalveolar effects on the upper first premolars after two maxillary expansion protocols—rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and alternate rapid maxillary expansion and constriction (Alt-RAMEC)—before and 6 months after treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images of 20 patients who underwent maxillary expansion with the Hyrax appliance under two activation protocols were evaluated. Dental and alveolar measurements at the premolar region (tooth length, alveolar bone level and thickness) were measured before (T1) and after expansion (T2). Intra- and inter-examiner reliability was determined using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients. Statistical analyses included the Shapiro–Wilk test and Student's <i>t-test</i>s for paired and independent samples. Statistical significance was set at 5%.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A significant increase in interpremolar distances was observed, both in the radicular and coronal levels (4.29 mm and 4.97 mm), with greater coronal than root distance. This was more evident in the Alt-RAMEC group. Alveolar thickness showed an average reduction of 0.54 mm after expansion.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The expansion effects of the two protocols were similar in the premolar region, resulting in a reduction in alveolar thickness. A tendency for greater tooth inclination and root reduction was observed after the Alt-RAMEC protocol.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Trial Registration</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>IRB: 42856915.1.0000.5336</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"29 4","pages":"717-727"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.70122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147654535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Staining and Cleaning Agents on the Colour Stability and Surface Roughness of Clear Aligners","authors":"Ece Başal,&nbsp;Elif Alkan,&nbsp;Elvan Onem Ozbilen,&nbsp;Pınar Yılmaz Atalı,&nbsp;Dilek Tagtekin,&nbsp;Bora Korkut","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70148","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70148","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of various staining and cleaning agents on the colour stability and surface roughness of Invisalign aligners (Align Technology).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>240 aligners were assigned to five staining groups (coffee, black tea, cola, red wine and distilled water). They were immersed daily for 15 min over 3 times per day. Each group was divided into six cleaning subgroups (Corexyl, Cleaning Crystals, Corega ProGuard, Corega, Toothpaste and distilled water). After 7 days, colour change and surface roughness were assessed from multiple regions using a spectrophotometer and profilometer. Regional measurements from the same aligner were averaged to obtain one representative value per aligner. Robust Two-Way ANOVA tested the effects of staining and cleaning agents.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Staining agents significantly affected colour change (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Coffee caused the greatest discoloration, followed by tea and wine, while cola showed the lowest staining potential. All staining agents induced perceptible colour changes (∆<i>E</i>₀₀ &gt; 1.8). Cleaning agents also significantly influenced colour change (<i>p</i> = 0.001). Corexyl and Crystals achieved significantly lower ∆<i>E</i>₀₀ values than toothpaste and distilled water. For surface roughness, only staining agents showed a significant effect (<i>p</i> = 0.001); cleaning agents and staining × cleaning interaction were not significant. Tea and wine produced significant Ra increases compared with distilled water.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Aligner discoloration differed according to beverage type, with coffee, tea and wine producing greater changes than cola. Corexyl and Cleaning Crystals showed comparatively favourable colour stability, whereas surface roughness changes were mainly related to staining agents. These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of aligner aesthetic changes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"29 4","pages":"789-800"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147982621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Periodontal Ligament Transcriptomes Under Orthodontic Extrusion and Intrusion: An Exploratory Pilot RNA-Seq Study With an Interactive Public Web Tool","authors":"Xiaoqi Zhang,&nbsp;Lu Xing,&nbsp;Waseem AI-Gumaei,&nbsp;Xiaoqian Zhang,&nbsp;Qingxuan Wang,&nbsp;Minqi Li,&nbsp;Hu Long,&nbsp;Wenli Lai","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70103","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70103","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Background&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;In this exploratory pilot study, we profiled human periodontal ligament (PDL) transcriptomes during early orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Early-stage (0–10 days) transcriptional dynamics under tension and compression remain insufficiently understood, and no dedicated user-friendly resource has been available for exploring large-scale human data.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;We established tooth extrusion and intrusion models to simulate tension- and compression-side PDL conditions, respectively, and collected human PDL samples within the first 10 days (days 0, 1, 3 and 10; ≤ 4 biological replicates per force–time subgroup). RNA-seq was performed, and five complementary gene selection strategies identified persistent force-specific genes, time-dependent concurrent genes, force-dominant genes, condition-specific markers and integrative network modules. We also developed a Shiny-based web application (HOTM) to integrate the processed data, enabling OTM-related analyses—such as custom comparisons, expression visualisation and correlation assessments—in a simple, code-free environment. Given the pilot design, candidate genes were prioritised using nominal P-values for exploratory screening; multiple-testing–adjusted statistics are provided for reference in the supplementary results and HOTM.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Persistent extrusion-upregulated genes (CAR1, ACTB) were consistent with a proliferation-associated program under tension, whereas persistent intrusion-upregulated genes (CXCR6, CCL5) were consistent with immunomodulatory signatures under compression. Concurrently upregulated genes showed a time-related transition from early immune activation (CD28, day 1) to proliferation (MYC, day 3) and metabolic specialisation (GAPDH, day 10). Extrusion-dominant genes (BYSL) suggested controlled growth and metabolic stability, while intrusion-dominant genes (CLDN7) were associated with an osteoclast-favouring remodelling signature. Condition-specific markers suggested a time-dependent progression from early immunoinflammatory cues to advanced tissue reorganisation. Integrative modules pointed to candidate hub genes linking extrusion-associated proliferation (SHCBP1, BIRC5, ARHGAP11A) and intrusion-associated remodelling (ATP6V1A, ATP6V1B2, SNX10) to a core metabolic and protein homeostasis baseline (MRPL47, PSMC2, UBE2V2).&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This exploratory pilot study presents a hypothesis-generating transcriptomic resource describing early (0–10 day) human PDL responses to orthodontic extrusion and intrusion and a publicly a","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"29 4","pages":"611-623"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146220623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Effectiveness of Fluoride Varnish and Fluoride-Releasing Adhesives in Preventing and Managing White Spot Lesions During Fixed Orthodontic Treatment, and Evaluation of Patient-Reported Outcomes: A Randomised Controlled Trial 1 Year After Debonding","authors":"Arisha Izhar,&nbsp;Panchali Batra,&nbsp;Sanjay Miglani,&nbsp;Nitika Monga,&nbsp;Sakshi Katyal","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70105","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70105","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Background&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;White spot lesions (WSL) may appear on teeth during fixed orthodontic treatment. Professionally administered topical fluorides play a key role in preventing such lesions. However, the evidence for their long-term efficacy and patient-reported outcomes is limited.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Objective&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of topical fluorides (varnish vs. adhesive) in reducing the incidence of white spot lesions (WSLs) during and after 1 year of fixed orthodontic treatment. The secondary objectives were patient-related outcomes, including perception of WSLs and adverse effects of the two agents.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Trial Design&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Three-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-centre, single-operator randomised controlled trial.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;One hundred and fifty patients in the age group 14–20 years (mean age 17.98 ± 4.97) seeking fixed orthodontic treatment were randomly allocated into three groups. Group I -fluoride varnish (&lt;i&gt;Fluor-Protector)&lt;/i&gt;, Group II- fluoride adhesive (Reliance Light bond TM), and Group III- Placebo. Patients were screened for WSLs at T0 (pre-treatment), T1 (at debond), and T2 (one-year follow-up) using three methods: (i) laser-induced fluorescence device (DIAGNOdent Pen), (ii) visual, and (iii) photographic methods. A 5-point scale was used at T1 and T2 to evaluate the patient's perception.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Fluoride varnish showed the least number of new WSLs and the least progression of WSLs (Group I–8.95%; Group II–20.82%; and Group III–20%). Most of the lesions developed in the anterior teeth. There was more than a 50% spontaneous reduction (remineralization) in WSLs, 1 year post debond (T1 vs. T2), signifying the tendency of remineralization irrespective of the fluoride prophylaxis given during treatment. Most patients (61.8%) did not notice the lesions at debonding, and the scores increased to 95.1% of patients not noticing these lesions.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;95% of patients do not notice WSLs after 1 year of debonding. Fluoride varnish was significantly more effective in preventing WSLs and could be considered during fixed orthodontic treatment, especially in patients with poor oral hygiene. There was no difference in remineralization in the three groups in the 1 year follow-up period.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"29 4","pages":"624-630"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146227590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patients' Treatment Experiences With Orthodontic Fixed Appliances, Clear Aligners and Direct-to-Consumer Clear Aligners: A Qualitative Study—Part II","authors":"Sherry Lee,&nbsp;Ben K. Daniel,&nbsp;Li Mei,&nbsp;Mauro Farella,&nbsp;Fiona A. Firth","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70140","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70140","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding the orthodontic patient experience is critical in providing enhanced patient-centred care. Qualitative methods were employed to gain insight into the factors shaping an individual's orthodontic treatment experience.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>(1) To understand orthodontic patient experience regarding treatment progress, interactions with their treating practitioner and treatment outcome. (2) To explore the challenges patients faced during treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An exploratory qualitative case study was completed. Thirty adults who completed orthodontic treatment either with fixed appliances, clear aligners, or direct-to-consumer clear aligners were recruited. One-to-one, semi-structured interviews were conducted, and the interview transcripts were analysed with NVivo software.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Three principal themes were identified: patients' experiences with orthodontic treatment, challenges encountered during treatment, and suggested improvements to enhance the patient experience. Most participants reported positive experiences with orthodontic treatment. They also reported an increase in self-confidence following treatment. Positive interactions with the orthodontic team elevated the overall experience. In addition, participants revealed their experience of pain and trauma to the soft tissues. A few participants suggested improvements to enhance their overall experience, including flexibility in appointment times and more emphasis on the importance of elastic wear.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patient experience with orthodontic treatment in New Zealand was primarily positive, with few suggested improvements. There was increased self-confidence and dental health awareness following treatment. Commonly encountered problems included gingival trauma, pain, and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Lower expectations of treatment outcomes emerged as a critical theme in the direct-to-consumer clear aligner group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"29 4","pages":"754-763"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.70140","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147960242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orthodontic and Maxillofacial Surgery Treatment in Achondroplasia for Orofacial Alterations: A Systematic Review and Preliminary Age-Stratified Guidelines","authors":"Marco Farronato,&nbsp;Maria Francesca Bedeschi,&nbsp;Cristina Grippaudo,&nbsp;Gianluca Martino Tartaglia,&nbsp;Berardo Rinaldi,&nbsp;Cinzia Maspero","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70108","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70108","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This systematic review aimed to collect and appraise the clinical outcomes of all orthopaedic, orthodontic and surgical interventions in ACH patients. Following PROSPERO protocol, multiple database sources were searched to December 2024 with no language restrictions for (i) genetically confirmed ACH; (ii) any orthodontic/orthopaedic/orthognathic treatment. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data and applied Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tools. Results were synthesised to collect the evidence and provide available guidelines. Thirteen studies met the criteria (11 case reports, 2 case series) comprising 16 treated individuals (3–23 y.o). Five patients aged 10–16 years achieved stable correction with orthopaedic treatment followed by fixed appliances, without extractions or surgery at ≥ 24-month follow-up. Eight post-growth patients (&gt; 16 years) required either extractions (<i>n</i> = 4) or maxillofacial surgery (<i>n</i> = 5) to attain satisfactory occlusion; long-term stability was documented in only two. Two preschool children underwent mid-face distraction and were successfully decannulated. Risk-of-bias was generally moderate. Early orthopaedic-orthodontic protocols (≤ 16 years) corrected transverse and sagittal discrepancies in ACH, whereas combined orthodontic–surgical approaches were usually indispensable after growth completion. Future prospective are essential to strengthen the evidence base age-stratified guidelines.</p><p><b>PROSPERO registration number:</b> CRD42024582720</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"29 4","pages":"593-610"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.70108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147623398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of Orthodontic Tooth Movement by Oral Administration of Pangasius hypophthalmus Oil: An In Vivo Study","authors":"Hilda Fitria Lubis,&nbsp;Erik Idrus,&nbsp;Dewi Fatma Suniarti Sastradipura,&nbsp;Sugeng Heri Suseno,&nbsp;Retno Widayati,&nbsp;Lisa Rinanda Amir,&nbsp;Anton Bahtiar,&nbsp;Fadli Jazaldi,&nbsp;Pitu Wulandari","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70123","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70123","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Enhancing orthodontic tooth movement is a crucial aspect in reducing the duration of treatment. This study aims to investigate the potential of <i>Pangasius hypophthalmus</i> oil in promoting tooth movement in rabbits.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Forty-eight male rabbits were employed in four experimental groups (<i>n</i> = 12 per group): Group 1 served as the control, while Groups 2, 3, and 4 received oral doses of <i>Pangasius hypophthalmus</i> oil at concentrations of 250 mg/kg body weight, 500 mg/kg body weight, and 1,000 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Orthodontic appliances were placed between the lower central incisors of the rabbits, applying an orthodontic force of 100 g/mm². The oil was administered orally to the rabbits every day for 14 days. Specimens were euthanised on day 1, 3, 7, or 14 according to the experimental group, and immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to evaluate TRAP and OPN expression in alveolar bone at compression sites.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The administration of <i>Pangasius hypophthalmus</i> oil with a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight led to the highest increase of orthodontic movement, indicated by a rise of TRAP and OPN expression compared to other concentrations (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The <i>Pangasius hypophthalmus</i> oil has the potent ability to increase the orthodontic tooth movement, indicated by the rise in TRAP and OPN expression.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"29 4","pages":"737-743"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147654547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transverse Growth of Facial Soft Tissues: A Longitudinal Three-Dimensional Facial Growth Study","authors":"Signe Silinevica,&nbsp;Amir Nassereldine,&nbsp;Gundega Jakobsone,&nbsp;Jinjun Xiong","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70109","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70109","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This longitudinal cohort study aimed to determine the pattern of transverse facial growth from ages 10 to 18 years.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>101 individuals (male, <i>n</i> = 56; female, <i>n</i> = 45) were observed. Three-dimensional facial surface images were acquired using stereophotogrammetry every 6 months. The linear distances between various facial structures, focused on the transverse facial features, were measured and plotted over time.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>At baseline, sex-related differences in lip and nasal widths were minimal (lip width: 42.5 mm in females vs. 42.4 mm in males; nasal width: 29.3 mm in females vs. 30.6 mm in males). Subsequently, males exhibited greater transverse growth. Nasal width increased by 6.0 mm in males compared with 3.9 mm in females, and lip width increased by 5.1 and 2.1 mm, respectively. A clear divergence in nasal and lip growth patterns between sexes emerged at approximately 12.6 years of age. Intercanthal distance demonstrated a parallel growth trajectory, with males consistently showing larger values. Outer canthal distance increased by 2.3 mm in females and 5.8 mm in males between ages 10 and 17.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Transverse facial growth in females ceased at approximately 14 years of age, whereas growth continued for a longer period in males. Greater growth increments during the male growth spurt, together with prolonged growth duration, resulted in relatively wider nasal and lip dimensions after puberty. The clinical significance of this study lies in demonstrating that analyses of maxillary expansion could be improved by accounting for normal background growth.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"29 4","pages":"640-648"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.70109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147344677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}