Development of Artificial Intelligence-Supported Automatic Three-Dimensional Surface Cephalometry

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE

Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI:10.1111/ocr.12914

Chihiro Tanikawa, Hiroyuki Nakamura, Takaaki Mimura, Yume Uemura, Takashi Yamashiro

{"title":"Development of Artificial Intelligence-Supported Automatic Three-Dimensional Surface Cephalometry","authors":"Chihiro Tanikawa, Hiroyuki Nakamura, Takaaki Mimura, Yume Uemura, Takashi Yamashiro","doi":"10.1111/ocr.12914","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div>\n \n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Objective</h3>\n \n <p>Surface-based three-dimensional (3D) cephalometry provides detailed clinical information for the analysis of craniofacial structures. This study aimed to develop an automated 3D surface cephalometry system using mesh fitting based on landmarks identified by artificial intelligence (AI) and to evaluate its accuracy.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Methods</h3>\n \n <p>A total of 185 CBCT images from adult Japanese patients (system training, <i>n</i> = 152; evaluation, <i>n</i> = 33) were used in this study. Cranial and mandibular images were generated via surface rendering of CBCT images. An experienced orthodontist manually recognised 19 and 45 3D landmarks for the cranium and mandible, respectively, and used them as the gold standard after they were checked by another experienced orthodontist. An AI system developed using PointNet ++ was trained to output landmark coordinates based on surface data and normal vectors. Mesh fitting (homologous modelling) was then conducted using the AI-identified landmarks. The errors in mesh fitting were evaluated.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Results</h3>\n \n <p>The mean errors for wire mesh fittings with AI-identified landmarks for the maxilla and mandible were 0.80 ± 0.57 mm and 1.45 ± 0.34 mm, respectively.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Discussion</h3>\n \n <p>An AI-based landmark identification system and mesh fittings that demonstrate clinically acceptable accuracy were presented. This system can be applied in clinical settings to quantify and visualise craniofacial structures in three dimensions.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Conclusion</h3>\n \n <p>The automated 3D surface cephalometry system utilising mesh fitting based on AI-identified landmarks showed clinically acceptable accuracy. This allows orthodontists to compare a patient's craniofacial surface with normative data, without the need for manual landmark identification.</p>\n </section>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"28 4","pages":"636-646"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.12914","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ocr.12914","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Objective

Surface-based three-dimensional (3D) cephalometry provides detailed clinical information for the analysis of craniofacial structures. This study aimed to develop an automated 3D surface cephalometry system using mesh fitting based on landmarks identified by artificial intelligence (AI) and to evaluate its accuracy.

Methods

A total of 185 CBCT images from adult Japanese patients (system training, n = 152; evaluation, n = 33) were used in this study. Cranial and mandibular images were generated via surface rendering of CBCT images. An experienced orthodontist manually recognised 19 and 45 3D landmarks for the cranium and mandible, respectively, and used them as the gold standard after they were checked by another experienced orthodontist. An AI system developed using PointNet ++ was trained to output landmark coordinates based on surface data and normal vectors. Mesh fitting (homologous modelling) was then conducted using the AI-identified landmarks. The errors in mesh fitting were evaluated.

Results

The mean errors for wire mesh fittings with AI-identified landmarks for the maxilla and mandible were 0.80 ± 0.57 mm and 1.45 ± 0.34 mm, respectively.

Discussion

An AI-based landmark identification system and mesh fittings that demonstrate clinically acceptable accuracy were presented. This system can be applied in clinical settings to quantify and visualise craniofacial structures in three dimensions.

Conclusion

The automated 3D surface cephalometry system utilising mesh fitting based on AI-identified landmarks showed clinically acceptable accuracy. This allows orthodontists to compare a patient's craniofacial surface with normative data, without the need for manual landmark identification.

Abstract Image

查看原文本刊更多论文

开发人工智能支持的自动三维表面头颅测量仪。

目的：基于表面的三维头颅测量术为颅面结构分析提供详细的临床信息。本研究旨在开发一种基于人工智能（AI）识别的地标网格拟合的自动3D表面头测量系统，并评估其准确性。方法：共185张来自日本成年患者的CBCT图像(系统训练，n = 152；本研究采用评价法（n = 33）。通过CBCT图像的表面绘制生成颅骨和下颌图像。一名经验丰富的正畸医生分别手动识别头盖骨和下颌骨的19个和45个3D地标，并在另一名经验丰富的正畸医生检查后将其作为金标准。使用PointNet ++开发的人工智能系统进行了训练，以输出基于表面数据和法向量的地标坐标。然后使用人工智能识别的地标进行网格拟合（同源建模）。对网格拟合误差进行了评估。结果：上颌和下颌骨具有人工智能识别标志的金属丝网配件的平均误差分别为0.80±0.57 mm和1.45±0.34 mm。讨论：提出了一种基于人工智能的地标识别系统和具有临床可接受精度的网格配件。该系统可应用于临床设置，量化和可视化颅面结构的三维。结论：基于人工智能识别标志的网格拟合自动三维体表测量系统具有临床可接受的准确性。这使得正畸医生可以将患者的颅面表面与规范数据进行比较，而无需手动标记识别。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research 医学-牙科与口腔外科

CiteScore

5.30

自引率

3.20%

发文量

审稿时长

>12 weeks

期刊介绍： Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research - Genes, Growth and Development is published to serve its readers as an international forum for the presentation and critical discussion of issues pertinent to the advancement of the specialty of orthodontics and the evidence-based knowledge of craniofacial growth and development. This forum is based on scientifically supported information, but also includes minority and conflicting opinions. The objective of the journal is to facilitate effective communication between the research community and practicing clinicians. Original papers of high scientific quality that report the findings of clinical trials, clinical epidemiology, and novel therapeutic or diagnostic approaches are appropriate submissions. Similarly, we welcome papers in genetics, developmental biology, syndromology, surgery, speech and hearing, and other biomedical disciplines related to clinical orthodontics and normal and abnormal craniofacial growth and development. In addition to original and basic research, the journal publishes concise reviews, case reports of substantial value, invited essays, letters, and announcements. The journal is published quarterly. The review of submitted papers will be coordinated by the editor and members of the editorial board. It is policy to review manuscripts within 3 to 4 weeks of receipt and to publish within 3 to 6 months of acceptance.