Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research最新文献

{"title":"Vertical Growth of Facial Soft Tissues: A Longitudinal Three-Dimensional Facial Growth Study","authors":"Signe Silinevica,&nbsp;Amir Nassereldine,&nbsp;Gundega Jakobsone,&nbsp;Jinjun Xiong","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70107","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This longitudinal cohort study aimed to assess changes in vertical facial landmarks in individuals aged 10 to 18 years and identify sex differences in growth patterns.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One hundred and one individuals (males, <i>n</i> = 56; females, <i>n</i> = 45) were observed. Three-dimensional facial surface images were acquired using stereophotogrammetry every 6 months. The linear distances between various facial structures, with a focus on vertical facial features, were measured and plotted over time, along with the confidence intervals, creating growth curves. To illustrate growth rates, the relative changes between consecutive measurement periods (mm/year) for males and females were analysed. Age-related average facial features are presented in radar charts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>At the beginning of the observation period, males exhibited a longer lower face, and the difference in face length increased by 7.6 mm. At age 11, nose lengths were nearly identical between sexes; however, by age 12, a marked divergence in growth emerged, leading to longer noses in males. Between the ages of 10 and 17, the upper lip in males grew at approximately twice the rate observed in females. The first growth peak for the lower face in males corresponded to that of females at age 11.5, later males had two more peaks at ages 14 and 17.5.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The lower, middle, and upper faces exhibited distinct growth patterns. Although sexual dimorphism was evident before age 10, it became more pronounced and increased during the observation period.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"29 4","pages":"649-658"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.70107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147369977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Dietary Loading on Chondrocytes Transdifferentiation During Postnatal Maxillary Growth","authors":"Michael Stark,&nbsp;Paria Dehghanian,&nbsp;Ying Liu,&nbsp;LouisBruno Ruest,&nbsp;Matthew J. Kesterke,&nbsp;Yan Jing","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70111","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70111","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The mid-palatal suture is a key growth site for transverse maxillary expansion, yet the cellular mechanisms governing its postnatal development and response to mechanical loading remain poorly defined. This study investigated the contribution of chondrocyte-derived osteogenesis to maxillary bone formation and the influence of dietary loading on this process.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two chondrocyte-lineage tracing mouse models were utilised: Aggrecan-Cre^ERT2 (Acan^Lineage); R26R^TdTomato; 2.3Col1a1-GFP and Col10a1-Cre (Col10a1^Lineage); R26R^TdTomato; 2.3Col1a1-GFP. Twelve 3-week-old male mice per genotype were randomly assigned to either a hard diet (control) or soft diet (experimental) for 6 weeks. A single tamoxifen injection was administered to Acan^Lineage mice at 3 weeks to induce Cre event. Radiographic, uCT and histomorphometric analyses were performed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Soft diet feeding significantly reduced maxillary arch width, bone volume and bone mineral density in the mid-palatal region. Although chondrocyte proliferation was comparable between groups, differentiation was notably impaired. Lineage tracing demonstrated that both Acan^Lineage- and Col10a1^Lineage-derived bone cells were more abundant under hard diet conditions, while non-chondrocyte-derived bone cell numbers remained similar between groups. The population of Acan^Lineage-derived pre-osteoblasts and osteocytes was markedly lower in soft diet-fed mice.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Acan⁺ chondrocytes in the mid-palatal suture contribute to postnatal maxillary bone formation through transdifferentiation. Dietary mechanical loading regulates both chondrogenesis and chondrocyte transdifferentiation, ultimately affecting maxillary bone growth and remodelling.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"29 4","pages":"659-670"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.70111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147434674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy of Mandibular Dentition Distalisation With Invisalign in Class III Malocclusion: A Pilot Study Using CBCT Superimposition","authors":"Hsin-Yu Wang,&nbsp;Jui-Sheng Sun,&nbsp;Chang-Yu Ku,&nbsp;Shih-Jaw Tsai,&nbsp;Chin-Hao Chang,&nbsp;Jung Fang Liang,&nbsp;Bing-Wu Shee,&nbsp;Jenny Zwei-Chieng Chang","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70125","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70125","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>By integrating digital models with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and registration on stable hard tissue regions for superimposition, we aimed to enable a more precise and detailed analysis of Invisalign treatment on Class III malocclusion.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Digital models of 12 Class III adults at pretreatment (T1) and posttreatment (T2) were integrated with maxillofacial CBCT images. The T1 and T2 CBCT images were superimposed using voxel-based registration of stable cranial base structures to assess the three-dimensional movement of the maxillary teeth and positional changes of the mandible. Mandibular tooth movement was evaluated by superimposition of the mandibular CBCT images, registered on the symphysis and mandibular body. The virtual planning model created by ClinCheck was superimposed based on its position relative to the T1 digital model.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The median accuracy of distal movement for the mandibular first molar cusps ranged from 26.72% to 33.87%. With miniscrew anchorage, the accuracy ranged from 39.28% to 44.66%. Actual distal movement averaged 0.62 ± 0.82 mm to 0.80 ± 0.89 mm with Class III elastics, and 2.02 ± 1.71 mm to 2.29 ± 1.53 mm with miniscrews. The maxillary incisors significantly proclined more with Class III elastic traction. No significant positional changes in mandibular anatomical landmarks were observed during treatment with miniscrew anchorage, whereas the use of Class III elastics led to significant positional changes in the condyle head.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Invisalign treatment may not reach the expected efficacy in mandibular dentition distalisation, especially when skeletal anchorage is absent.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"29 4","pages":"764-788"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147717527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facial Growth Patterns and Midpalatal Suture Maturation in Adults: A Retrospective CBCT-Based Observational Study","authors":"Elizabety do Nascimento Silva,&nbsp;Nathalie Murielly Rolim de Abreu,&nbsp;Frederico Barbosa de Sousa,&nbsp;Francine Kuhl Panzarella,&nbsp;Rudyard dos Santos Oliveira","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70118","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70118","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To investigate whether facial growth pattern is associated with the maturation stage of the midpalatal suture (MPS) in adults using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This retrospective study reviewed 300 full-skull CBCT scans acquired between January 2018 and May 2023, of which 120 met the eligibility criteria. Individuals aged 18 years or older were classified according to facial growth pattern (brachyfacial, mesofacial or dolichofacial) using Ricketts' VERT index. Age was categorised into &lt; 30 and ≥ 30 years based on clinical evidence suggesting increased frequency of sutural fusion after the third decade of life. Exclusion criteria included craniofacial anomalies, syndromic conditions, systemic or hormonal disorders affecting skeletal growth, impacted teeth, previous maxillary surgery, trauma and inadequate image quality. MPS maturation was assessed using Angelieri's five-stage classification (A–E). Two calibrated examiners independently evaluated all cephalometric and tomographic records. Ordinal multinomial logistic regression was applied to analyse associations between facial growth pattern, age, sex and MPS maturation stage.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Facial growth pattern was significantly associated with MPS maturation stage (χ² = 20.65, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), with dolichofacial individuals more frequently presenting earlier maturation stages (B or C). Age (<i>p</i> = 0.297) and sex (<i>p</i> = 0.870) were not significantly associated with MPS maturation in this adult sample. Reliability analysis demonstrated excellent intra- and inter-examiner agreement (ICC = 0.95; κ = 0.98).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Facial growth pattern was associated with MPS maturation stage in adults and may function as an adjunctive diagnostic parameter. Dolichofacial individuals more frequently exhibited earlier stages of sutural maturation, whereas age and sex showed no significant association. Although facial pattern analysis should not replace CBCT evaluation, it may contribute to a more individualised, anatomy-based diagnostic assessment. These findings should be interpreted cautiously due to the cross-sectional design and specific population studied.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"29 4","pages":"708-716"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.70118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147531660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Variants of the RAD51 Gene Contribute to Susceptibility to Non-Syndromic Orofacial Clefts in a Han Chinese Population","authors":"Siyuan Guo,&nbsp;Tingting Guo,&nbsp;Yi Xu,&nbsp;Renji Chen,&nbsp;Xuejiu Wang","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70117","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70117","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Non-syndromic orofacial cleft (NSOFC) is a complex congenital disease caused by genetic and environmental factors, and its aetiology remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the association between potentially functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the <i>RAD51</i> and <i>E2F1</i> genes and the risk of developing NSOFC in the Han Chinese population.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 200 NSOFC patients and 200 unrelated healthy controls of Han Chinese ancestry were recruited. Five candidate SNPs—rs1801320, rs45507396, rs7180135 and rs11855560 in the <i>RAD51</i> gene, and rs3213180 in the <i>E2F1</i> gene—were genotyped using the SNaPshot technique. Statistical and bioinformatics analyses were then performed to evaluate their associations with NSOFC.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>RAD51</i> variants were significantly associated with NSOFC. The G allele of rs45507396 was identified as a risk allele, showing significant associations under four genetic models, while rs1801320 was significantly associated with NSOFC under three genetic models. Bioinformatics analyses predicted that hsa-miR-299-5p could bind to rs45507396, which is located within an ESE/ESS binding site and may induce exon skipping, potentially altering <i>RAD51</i> coding. In contrast, rs1801320 was predicted to be a benign variant with no impact on splicing. Both SNPs are localised within ENCODE-annotated cis-regulatory elements (cCREs), with rs1801320 situated in a promoter-like cCRE and rs45507396 in an enhancer-like cCRE. Additionally, these variants may affect RNA-binding protein interactions, with rs1801320 influencing HNRNPA2B1 binding and rs45507396 affecting SFPQ binding. No significant associations with NSOFC were observed for rs7180135, rs11855560 or rs3213180.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study is the first to identify <i>RAD51</i> variants rs45507396 and rs1801320 as susceptibility loci for NSOFC in the Han Chinese population, providing novel genetic insights and a theoretical basis for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms of NSOFC.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"29 4","pages":"698-707"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147593183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orthodontic Patients' Motivation and Decision-Making for Seeking Treatment With Traditional Fixed Appliances, Clear Aligners and Direct-To-Consumer Clear Aligners: A Qualitative Study—Part I","authors":"Sherry Lee,&nbsp;Ben Daniel,&nbsp;Li Mei,&nbsp;Mauro Farella,&nbsp;Fiona A. Firth","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70126","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70126","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Qualitative data helps explore factors surrounding patients' decisions with orthodontic treatment. The objectives were (1) to understand patients' motivation to undertake orthodontic treatment, (2) to understand their choices of a specific treatment modality, and (3) to determine the kinds of information provided to patients prior to receiving treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study was an exploratory case study design. Thirty adults who completed orthodontic treatment with three different treatment modalities within the last twelve months in New Zealand were recruited. Patients undergoing treatment and those who had orthognathic surgery were excluded. Semi-structured, one-to-one interviews were conducted. The transcripts were analysed with NVivo software using a qualitative thematic analysis inductive approach.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Three principal themes were identified in the data: Motivation for orthodontic treatment, the decision for treatment with a specific treatment modality, and patient information and education. Self-consciousness, aesthetics, relapse of previous orthodontic treatment, cleanability, and a previous financial barrier to seeking orthodontic treatment were motivating factors. Patients opted for traditional fixed appliances due to recommendation and trust; clear aligners due to age, working environment, and aesthetics; and direct-to-consumer clear aligners due to low cost. All participants had little knowledge about orthodontics prior to commencing treatment, and the provision of information for informed consent was not equal for each of the three groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The primary motivators of individuals seeking treatment were self-consciousness, aesthetics, and previous financial constraints. Cost had the most significant impact when selecting a specific treatment modality.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":"29 4","pages":"744-753"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ocr.70126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147932365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Effects of Hybrid Hyrax-Mentoplate Treatment in High-Angle Class III Patients: A Three-Dimensional, Retrospective Study.","authors":"Gamze Yıldırım, Elvan Önem Özbilen, Fulya Özdemir","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.70173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This retrospective study evaluated three-dimensional effects of hybrid hyrax-mentoplate (HH-M) orthopaedic treatment in high-angle Class III individuals using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Pre-treatment (T0) and post-treatment (T1) CBCTs of 17 fully compliant high-angle Class III patients (7 males, 10 females, age: 11.7 ± 1.32 years, treatment duration: 12.62 ± 1.7 months) treated with HH-M were analysed. T0 and T1 CBCTs were superimposed from the cranial base using artificial intelligence-based AMASSS module of the 3D Slicer version 5.8.1 software (www.slicer.org). Linear and angular changes were analysed in the sagittal, vertical and transverse planes, alongside three-dimensional landmark displacements and volumetric airway measurements. Significance level was set at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant increases occurred in SNA, ANB and Occlusal Plane (OP) to Mandibular Plane (MP) angle (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively), while Sella-Nasion to OP and Palatal Plane (PP) to OP decreased (p = 0.008, p = 0.008, respectively). Vertical linear measurements remained stable (p > 0.05). All transverse linear measurements increased (p < 0.05). Upper Molar (UM) to PP, Upper Incisor to PP, Lower Incisor to MP and overjet have significantly increased (p < 0.001, p = 0.018, p = 0.048, p < 0.001, respectively). Overbite remained unchanged (p > 0.05). Nasopharynx (p = 0.008) and Middle Pharynx (p = 0.003) volumes significantly increased.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite the significant alterations observed in OP and UM-PP, this technique effectively managed to maintain overall vertical skeletal dimensions without inducing a significant change in other facial height parameters and enhanced the airway volume. Significant expansion occurred across maxillary, nasal and zygomatic levels. HH-M represents an effective orthopaedic treatment approach for high-angle Class III patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148765795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preoperative 3D Morphological Predictors of Bone Bridge Formation in Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting: A CBCT Analysis.","authors":"Toshiro Kibe, Yuhei Kamikuri, Masahiro Tezuka, Namiko Nomoto-Kimura, Shinki Serizawa, Kei Yoshida, Aiko Kurosaka, Kaoru Yamashita, Kiyohide Ishihata, Hideto Saijo","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.70174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To identify independent preoperative three-dimensional (3D) morphological predictors for postoperative bone bridge formation in secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and to propose an optimal surgical strategy based on these quantitative indicators.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study evaluated 100 patients who underwent SABG. Preoperative and 6-month postoperative CBCT images were analysed. Patients were categorized into three surgical stages: lateral incisor eruption (Stage 1), canine eruption (Stage 2), and the multi-bracket treatment period (Stage 3). Preoperative cleft dimensions (volume, area and width) and postoperative outcomes (bone bridge thickness, height, and residual defect volume) were measured. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify independent preoperative predictors of surgical success.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Multivariate analysis revealed that a larger preoperative cleft volume strongly predicted decreased postoperative bone bridge thickness at the mesial aspect (p < 0.001). Furthermore, a larger preoperative cleft area at the root apex was a significant independent predictor of decreased mesial bone bridge thickness (p = 0.019), and a wider preoperative cleft at the midportion strongly predicted decreased bone bridge height (p = 0.001). Volumetric analysis showed that patients in Stage 3 exhibited significantly larger preoperative cleft volumes. Consequently, while the absolute dimensions of the newly formed bone bridges did not differ significantly among the stages, Stage 3 patients were left with significantly larger postoperative residual bone defects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The preoperative cleft volume, apical cleft area, and middle cleft width evaluated via CBCT are robust independent predictors of SABG outcomes. To minimize postoperative residual dead space and optimise bone filling, surgical intervention is strongly recommended during Stage 1 or 2, prior to the severe morphological expansion of the alveolar cleft.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148761451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence in Orthodontics: Part 2-Data Preparation and Performance Evaluation.","authors":"Khuram Naveed, Fatemeh Sohrabniya, Hossein Mohammad-Rahimi, Julian Woolley, Ruben Pauwels, Peter Bangsgaard Stoustrup","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.70171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into orthodontic research and clinical workflows. Yet, the reliability and clinical value of these systems depend fundamentally on the quality of the data used to train them and the rigour with which their performance is evaluated. Continuing from Part 1 of this 3-part review, this article provides a practical, implementation-focused overview of data preparation and performance evaluation for orthodontic AI applications. Key considerations for AI models are highlighted to ensure that datasets are representative, reproducible, and clinically meaningful. Various strategies in data processing are presented to enhance generalizability while maintaining patient privacy. This review then focuses on interpreting model performance, detailing the strengths and limitations of common metrics for classification, regression, and segmentation tasks. Key concepts are discussed to guide researchers in evaluating model robustness across varied populations and imaging conditions. Finally, the article discusses the real-world utility of trustworthy, well-validated AI systems that can advance orthodontic diagnostics, planning, and research.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148685562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient Harm From Orthodontic Care (Part II): Incident Analysis of Contributory Factors and Perceived Avoidability of Harm.","authors":"Nikolaos Ferlias, Athanasia Grigoroudi, Julian Woolley, Sukeshana Srivastav, Henrik P Nielsen, Peter Stoustrup","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70172","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patient safety, defined as the absence of avoidable harm, in orthodontics is still in its early stages of development. Knowledge on the subject is limited.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>(1) To conduct an incident analysis, (2) to measure avoidability, (3) to investigate the relationship between contributory factors and perceived avoidability of harm from orthodontic care, and (4) to suggest methods to mitigate potential patient harm incidents.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Data were retrospectively collected from consecutively filed orthodontic-related claims from the Danish Dental Compensation Association (DDCA) and included all approved-for-compensation claims from September 2019 to August 2024. Reason for filing the claim, harm category, and harm-causing events were recorded. Incident analysis was conducted for each claim based on the Eindhoven criteria and AI-assisted qualitative analysis. A large language model was used to identify and interpret the interplay between the contributory factors. Perceived avoidability of harm was based on a 6-point rating system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 125 claims of approved patient harm were included and reviewed. Based on the Eindhoven incident analysis, the most frequent root causes were human related factors (monitoring, verification and clinical knowledge among others) followed by organizational factors (management priorities, protocols and workplace culture), illustrating complex interrelationships. The majority of claims (70.1%, n = 82) were avoidable harm, being rated as either probably avoidable in more than 50% of cases, high certainty of avoidability, or completely avoidable. While low-avoidability harm events were characterized by few contributory factors, high-avoidability cases were characterized by the involvement of numerous human and organizational failures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The analysis of 125 compensated orthodontic harm cases showed that 70.1% of the cases were deemed avoidable and most harms were multifactorial in nature, with human and organizational contributors playing the primary role. This multifactorial pattern provides new insights and forms a foundation for future patient-safety initiatives in orthodontic practice and research.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148689494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}