Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research最新文献

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence in Orthodontics: A Scoping Review of Methods and Applications.","authors":"Yodhathai Satravaha, Chaiyapol Chaweewannakorn, Kawin Sipiyaruk, Supatchai Boonpratham, Ard Likitkulthanaporn, Supakit Peanchitlertkajorn, Zaw Htet Aung","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.70170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into orthodontics raises important questions about which methods are being applied, how they are being validated, and what barriers remain to clinical implementation. This study was conducted to inform orthodontic practitioners, researchers, and educators about the possibilities that AI could bring to orthodontics and to emphasise the need for increased collaboration among experts. The literature search was performed across four databases: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global (PQDT). All types of clinical studies involving the design and implementation of AI in all aspects of orthodontics published from January 2000 to August 2024 were included in this review. The search identified 1917 articles from the four databases (PubMed = 455, Scopus = 668, Embase = 554, and PQDT = 240). After 566 duplicates were removed, 1351 titles and abstracts were screened. Finally, 110 full text articles were included in this scoping review focusing on the following areas: diagnosis, treatment planning, practice management, evaluation of orthodontic devices, and orthodontic education. A thorough search across databases and relevant sources was conducted to gather a comprehensive understanding of how AI impacted orthodontics research. This scoping review carefully examined the existing literature on the applications of AI across various aspects of orthodontics. The findings provide insights into the utilisation of AI in this field, identify challenges faced when integrating AI-driven methods and uncover gaps in the knowledge that require further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148673946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient Harm From Orthodontic Care (Part I): Types and Frequency of Patient-Reported Harms From a National Database.","authors":"Nikolaos Ferlias, Athanasia Grigoroudi, Julian Woolley, Henrik P Nielsen, Peter Stoustrup","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.70168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patient safety is a fundamental prerequisite for high-quality healthcare and central to clinical practice, including orthodontics. Despite the widespread emphasis on safety in healthcare delivery, knowledge specific to patient safety in orthodontics remains limited.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>(1) To analyse the reasons why patients file claims for compensation related to orthodontic care, (2) to summarise the events that lead to patient harm, and (3) to describe the types of harms associated with the provision of orthodontic care.</p><p><strong>Materials & methods: </strong>Data from the Danish Dental Compensation Association (DDCA), a national compensation scheme established by law, were retrospectively extracted from the electronic database and included all patient-reported claims between June 2017 and August 2024 related to orthodontic care.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 644 patient-reported orthodontic-related claims were reviewed. Of these claims, 196 (30.4%) were recognized as patient harm and led to compensation. Orthodontic treatment was the most frequently reported source of harm (51.5%, n = 101), followed by delayed diagnosis (24.5%, n = 48) and retention-related complications (9.2%, n = 18). Among the 196 approved claims, the most common harm was apical root resorption leading to tooth loss (14.8%, n = 29), followed by gingival or soft-tissue injury (13.3%, n = 26), worsening of occlusion after treatment (9.2%, n = 18), and other harm such as diagnostic delays causing tooth damage (8.2%, n = 16).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Harm events can occur at any stage during the orthodontic treatment process, including the diagnostic and planning stage. Orthodontic harm mostly occurs in the active phase of treatment and is frequently a result of root resorption, soft tissue damage, and worsening of the occlusion. There is a discrepancy in patient-perceived harms and actual harm events that lead to compensation. This study highlights the importance of thorough risk assessment, optimal diagnostics and planning, clinical vigilance throughout treatment, and clear communication regarding potential side effects and patient concerns, particularly where perceptions of harm and compensability diverge.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148620994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Person Behind the Smile: A Review of Patient-Centred Orthodontic Care and a Pragmatic Framework.","authors":"Mauro Farella","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.70169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contemporary orthodontics is experiencing rapid technological advancement, yet its impact on outcomes that matter most to patients remains uncertain. Although patient-centred care has been widely advocated, a clear and teachable framework to support its consistent application across the orthodontic treatment journey is still lacking. Drawing on a critical review of current evidence, this article proposes a pragmatic, evidence-informed framework to address the mismatch that often arises between clinician-defined treatment goals and patient perceptions, expectations, and experiences, from the initial consultation through to retention. It examines key domains shaping patient-centred orthodontic care, including perceptions of dentofacial aesthetics, communication, treatment burden, adherence, and long-term stability, and considers how these factors interact across different stages of care. The proposed framework describes patient-centred orthodontics as a continuous clinical process centred on patient values and supported by five interconnected principles, summarised within the FACES framework: Focus on the patient behind the smile, Align treatment decisions with patient expectations while mantaining sound clinical judgement, Communicate clearly to reduce uncertainty and build trust, Ease treatment burden, and Sustain adherence and long-term stability. This framework offers a pragmatic and teachable structure for more consistent reflection, teaching, and application of patient-centred principles in everyday orthodontic practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148593011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Malocclusion Severity on the Number of Prescribed, Used Aligners and Treatment Duration; A Retrospective, Singe-Centre, Cohort Study.","authors":"Angeliki Anna Gkinosati, Candice Durgnat, Effimia Koumpia, Nikolaos Pandis, Christodoulos Laspos, Alexandra K Papadopoulou","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.70167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the impact of baseline malocclusion severity on the number of prescribed, used aligners and treatment duration.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>An unrestricted, independent search was conducted on the Invisalign ClinCheck database of a private practice for patients without any missing anterior teeth and whose treatment was finished between April 2021 and December 2024. Descriptive statistics were generated, and the feature selection Boruta algorithm (random forest algorithm) was implemented to identify important predictors for the number of aligners (prescribed, used) and treatment duration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 404 patients were included (age: 29.57 [10.7] years). Mean numbers of prescribed, used and unused aligners were 72.21 (37.52), 65.63 (30.40) and 6.57 (14.09), respectively. Important predictors of the numbers of the prescribed and used aligners were relatively similar and included molar and canine relationships, maxillary crowding, overjet, presence and number of missing or extracted posterior teeth, overbite, presence and number of teeth in posterior crossbite and midline discrepancies. Treatment duration was associated with baseline maxillary crowding, molar and canine relationships, overjet, overbite, midline discrepancies and the presence and number of missing or extracted posterior teeth.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Factors related to the baseline malocclusion severity significantly affect the number of prescribed, used aligners and treatment duration. This information could be used for informed practice and patient communication, including future evaluation of the biological and environmental footprint of aligners.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148472020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a Custom Three-Dimensional Surgical Guide in Mandibular Sagittal Split Osteotomy: An Exploratory Split-Mouth Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Evy Eida Vitria, Revini Nuita, Muhammad Kamil Hassan, Nissia Ananda, Tan Wui Jing, Zakiah Mat Ripen, Norliza Ibrahim","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70163","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This exploratory split-mouth randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the effect of a custom three-dimensional (3D) surgical guide on mandibular sagittal split osteotomy outcomes compared with conventional freehand osteotomy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients undergoing sagittal split osteotomy (SSO) were randomly assigned in a split-mouth design to receive mandibular osteotomy performed with a custom-made 3D surgical guide on one side and without a surgical guide on the contralateral side. The primary outcome was the postoperative lingual split scale (LSS) of the mandible. Secondary outcomes were lateral osteotomy end (LOE), assessed using postoperative CT-based evaluation, and intraoperative inferior alveolar nerve exposure (NE).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifteen patients contributed 30 mandibular sides for paired analysis. Guided sides showed more favourable LSS (p = 0.041) and LOE (p = 0.041) distributions compared with non-guided sides. No statistically significant difference was observed in NE (p = 0.763). These findings suggest that the use of a custom 3D surgical guide may improve osteotomy control and split predictability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The custom 3D surgical guide was associated with more favourable lingual split pattern and lateral osteotomy end distributions during sagittal split osteotomy. Given that the study population consisted predominantly of skeletal Class III patients, these findings should be interpreted primarily within the context of Class III patients. No significant reduction in intraoperative inferior alveolar nerve exposure was observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148471938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Immediate Loading on the Stability of Orthodontic Mini-Implant-An Ex Vivo Study.","authors":"Tehchai Richard Chang, K Pradeep, C V Padma Priya, Manda Anoosha, N Hari Babu, Avichal Singh Sodhi","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.70155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Mini-implant placement has become a routine method for providing anchorage in orthodontic treatment. The stability of these implants is influenced by several factors, including implant design, bone quality, site preparation, insertion angle, and loading protocol. Among these, implant and bone quality are largely unmodifiable. Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) is widely used to assess implant stability. This ex vivo study aimed to evaluate the impact of immediate loading on the stability of orthodontic mini-implants using RFA.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This prospective animal study assessed the primary stability of 72 self-drilling stainless steel mini-implants of three lengths (1.3 mm × 6 mm, 1.3 mm × 8 mm, and 1.3 mm × 10 mm). A 2 N load was applied using nickel-titanium coil springs. Stability was measured by RFA immediately after force application (T0) and after 5 weeks (T1).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Initial stability was comparable across all implant lengths. After 5 weeks of loading, all groups demonstrated a reduction in stability. The 6 mm implants showed a significantly greater loss of stability (5.31 ± 4.89) compared to the 8 mm (2.36 ± 4.08) and 10 mm (2.39 ± 1.64) implants. All lengths exhibited statistically significant stability loss post-loading (6 mm, p = 0.001; 8 mm, p = 0.009; 10 mm, p = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Variations in implant length did not significantly affect immediate stability following loading. However, over time, 6 mm implants experienced greater stability loss compared to 8 mm and 10 mm implants. Despite this, shorter implants exhibited slightly higher initial stability under load.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148448707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cleft Type Influences Volumetric Asymmetry of the Maxillary Sinus and Nasal Cavity: A CT Volumetric Study.","authors":"Aoi Kobayashi, Takenobu Ishii, Taiki Morikawa, Momoka Endo, Dai Ariizumi, Kaho Fujimori, Tatsuya Ishigaki, Teruo Sakamoto, Yasushi Nishii","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.70166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate whether cleft type influences volumetric asymmetry of the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity using three-dimensional computed tomography (CT).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 46 patients (24 unilateral cleft lip and palate [UCLP], 22 unilateral cleft lip and alveolus [UCLA]). Maxillary sinus and nasal cavity volumes were measured separately on the affected and non-affected sides using CT. An asymmetry index (AI, %) was calculated as (affected - non-affected)/(affected + non-affected) × 100. Within-group and between-group comparisons were performed, and multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine whether cleft type independently predicted volumetric asymmetry after adjustment for age and sex.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant side-to-side differences in both maxillary sinus and nasal cavity volumes were observed in the UCLP group (both p < 0.001), whereas no significant asymmetry was detected in the UCLA group. The asymmetry index differed significantly between groups for both structures (p < 0.001). Cleft type independently predicted maxillary sinus asymmetry (β = 8.11, p = 0.002) and nasal cavity asymmetry (β = -6.42, p = 0.026). No significant correlation between sinus and nasal cavity asymmetry was found in UCLP, whereas a significant positive correlation was observed in UCLA (p = 0.006).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cleft type significantly influences volumetric asymmetry and the relationship between adjacent paranasal compartments. UCLP is associated with more pronounced asymmetry, whereas UCLA demonstrates more coordinated morphologic development. Cleft type-specific three-dimensional assessment should be considered in cleft care.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148430611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy of Curve of Wilson Levelling and Posterior Tooth Inclination With Vestibular, Lingual Straight Wire Technique and Clear Aligners: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Francesca Cremonini, Rosita Tauro, Carlotta Preite, Enrico Albertini, Mario Palone, Luca Lombardo","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70165","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ocr.70165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the discrepancy between programmed and achieved posterior tooth inclination and to assess the accuracy of Curve of Wilson levelling and posterior tooth inclination in the mandibular arch across three different techniques: vestibular fixed appliance, lingual fixed appliance and aligners.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Seventy-five patients were retrospectively selected: 25 treated with the vestibular technique (SWM prescription), 25 treated with the lingual technique (STb), and 25 treated with F22 aligners. Intraoral scans were obtained to produce initial, planned and final models. Buccolingual crown inclination and the levelling of the COW were then assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant discrepancy between programmed and achieved posterior tooth inclination was observed across all techniques (p < 0.001), indicating incomplete expression of the programmed movement. Accuracy values for inclination ranged from 85% to 90% at the first and second premolars, with no statistically significant differences among techniques. At the molar level, vestibular and lingual techniques showed significantly higher accuracy than aligners, while second molars exhibited lower accuracy values across all techniques. Regarding COW levelling, the only significant difference was observed between the vestibular (89.3% ± 4.15%) and lingual (84.67% ± 7.36%) techniques.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>All techniques resulted in a reduction of posterior tooth inclination and a certain degree of COW levelling. However, a discrepancy between planned and achieved posterior tooth inclination was observed, indicating incomplete expression of the programmed movement. Differences among techniques emerged mainly at the molar level, where vestibular appliances showed the highest accuracy, whereas the lingual technique showed lower values for COW levelling.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148397222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Associations Between Palatal Morphology and Upper Airway Dimensions: Genetic and Environmental Contributions From A Twin Study.","authors":"Monika Šidlauskienė, Mantas Šidlauskas, Austė Antipovienė, Antanas Šidlauskas","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.70164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the structural associations between palatal morphology and upper airway dimensions in twins with completed craniofacial growth, while evaluating genetic and environmental contributions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The sample comprised 53 twin pairs (27 monozygotic, 26 dizygotic; mean age 17.8 years). Palatal parameters were obtained from digital 3D casts, and upper airway dimensions were assessed using lateral cephalograms. Pearson correlation analysis was performed, and multiple comparisons were controlled using the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate procedure. Heritability estimates were derived using structural equation modelling within the classical twin design (ACE model).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Interpremolar and intermolar widths were positively correlated with the PCV-AH distance (posterior cervical vertebra to anterior hyoid) (r = 0.27-0.43, p ≤ 0.005), representing the sagittal distance between the posterior pharyngeal wall and the anterior hyoid bone. Palatal surface area (r = 0.30, p ≤ 0.003) and palatal volume (r = 0.29, p ≤ 0.003) were also associated with PCV-AH. Palatal height showed moderate correlations with PCV-AH (r = 0.29-0.30).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Several palatal parameters were significantly associated with the PCV-AH distance, a measure showing substantial shared environmental influence. The environmental predominance of this airway parameter suggests functional plasticity within the maxilla-hypopharyngeal relationship. These findings indicate that structural maxillary characteristics may interact with environmental or functional factors and may be responsive to environmental or functional influences.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148382538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Simulated Obesity in Animals on RANK/RANKL/OPG Pathway During Orthodontic Tooth Movement.","authors":"Patrícia Maria Monteiro, Gabriela Leite Pedroso, Maria Cecília Gorita Dos Santos, Thaísa Maria Vellasco Queiroz Pimenta, Sara Gollino, Mirian Aiko Nakane Matsumoto, Maria Bernadete Sasso Stuani","doi":"10.1111/ocr.70157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.70157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the impact of simulated obesity in rats on Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB (RANK), Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand (RANKL) and Osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty male Wistar rats 6 weeks old were allocated into non-obese and obese groups. Obesity was simulated by a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. After, the left maxillary first molar was moved by stretched orthodontic nickel-titanium coiled springs. The animals were euthanized after 7 and 14 days of OTM, and the alveolar bone surrounding the roots of the left and right maxillary first molar was dissected to gene expression by qRT-PCR. TaqMan assays for RANK, RANKL, OPG and GAPDH were used, and the values of gene expression were compared by one- and two-way ANOVA with Tukey post-test (alpha = 5%).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RANK expression in OTM side at 7 days was statistically different between non- and obese rats (p < 0.01), but not at 14 days (p > 0.05). The RANKL and OPG expression levels on the OTM side did not differ between the groups after 7 or 14 days of OTM.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The RANKL and OPG gene expression is not affected by OTM in simulated obese rats. The impact of obesity on RANK gene expression needs to be further studied.</p>","PeriodicalId":19652,"journal":{"name":"Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148376167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}