Nicotine & Tobacco Research最新文献

{"title":"Use of flavored and modified risk smokeless tobacco products among American Indian adults.","authors":"Nasir Mushtaq, Kate Kouplen, Laura A Beebe","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntaf047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaf047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Little is known about the use of modified risk smokeless tobacco products (MRSTP) and flavored smokeless tobacco (ST) products among American Indians (AI). Aim of this study is to evaluate differences in tobacco use characteristics, ST dependence, and cotinine levels according to the use of flavored ST and MRSTP among AI ST users.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Study was based on cross-sectional data collected from a community-based sample of 120 adult male AI exclusive ST users. Sociodemographic characteristics, tobacco use behaviors, ST dependence, and characteristics of ST products were obtained through phone surveys. Saliva samples were collected to measure cotinine levels. MRSTP users were defined as those who used Copenhagen Classic snuff. Associations of flavored ST and MRSTP with tobacco use behaviors, cotinine, and ST dependence were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The majority of study participants (58.3%) used non-flavored ST, whereas 12% reported MRSTP use. Flavored ST use was significantly more prevalent among young adults (62.5%). Flavored ST users had significantly lower number of dips per day, cotinine levels, and severity of dependence compared to non-flavored product users. MRSTP users were significantly older in age and had more years of ST use compared to nonMRSTP users. There were no differences in cotinine level, ST dependence, and past quit attempts based on MRSTP use.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AI ST users have high prevalence of non-flavored ST use. Findings of ST-related abuse liability among MRSTP users suggest a limited role of these products in facilitating complete tobacco cessation.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>The study findings provide insights into the possible impact of FDA's smokeless tobacco-related regulations such as the designation of certain ST products as modified risk tobacco products and the sale of flavored ST products on ST use. The high prevalence of flavored ST among young AI ST users underscores the need for stringent regulations of flavored ST products. Findings of ST-related abuse liability among MRSTP users suggest a limited role of these products in facilitating complete tobacco cessation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143556925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The enduring effects of early life adversity on the dysregulation of the stress awakening response among dependent tobacco users.","authors":"Justin J Anker, Motohiro Nakajima, Dorothy Hatsukami, Sharon S Allen, Mustafa al'Absi","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntaf013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaf013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Adults with early life adversity (ELA) often exhibit stress system dysregulation and are prone to smoke for stress relief. This study, conducted as part of a larger project examining psychobiological stress responses in smokers, specifically focuses on the a priori research question of how ELA influences the cortisol awakening response (CAR) during acute tobacco withdrawal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using quasi-experimental design, adult daily (heavy) smokers were randomly assigned to either regular smoking (ad-lib) (N=37) or 24-hour withdrawal (N=55), and categorized into low or high ELA. CO levels verified smoking status, and CAR was assessed through salivary cortisol upon awakening and at 30 and 60 post-wakening. CAR was evaluated using mean cortisol levels, peak reactivity, and area under the curve with respect to increase (AUCi) and ground (AUCg) while controlling for possible covariates. Self-reported measures of mood, craving, and withdrawal were also analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Smoking status X ELA interaction on peak cortisol and AUCi. High ELA ad-lib smokers (vs. high ELA withdrawal) had elevated peak and AUCi levels and were higher than low ELA ad-lib smokers with respect to peak (ps < 0.05). Withdrawal (vs. ad-lib smokers) had lower positive affect and higher negative affect, craving, and withdrawal (ps < 0.05). Adult smokers with a history of ELA exhibit heightened stress response dysregulation, as evidenced by altered CAR, compared to those without ELA or in smoking withdrawal.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings demonstrate that early life adversity significantly exacerbates stress system dysregulation among adult smokers, as evidenced by alterations in the cortisol awakening response. Identifying ELA experiences in smokers may inform the development of more targeted interventions for stress management and tobacco cessation.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Findings from this study suggest ELA not only leads to an earlier initiation of smoking but also worsens stress system dysregulation in adult smokers. These insights highlight the importance of developing early prevention strategies aimed at adolescents with ELA to prevent smoking initiation and reduce its impact on stress regulation. Additionally, the findings support the need for customized, trauma-informed smoking cessation programs for adults with ELA, emphasizing the necessity to address the distinct challenges related to stress regulation and nicotine withdrawal they face.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the Impact of Vaping: What We Need to Know and Which Methods to Use.","authors":"Lion Shahab","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae204","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae204","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"561-563"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11847779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142120336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Because That is the Right Thing to do\": A Focus Group Study of Australian Expert Perspectives on Offering Smoking Cessation Support in Lung Cancer Screening.","authors":"Nathan J Harrison, Rachael H Dodd, Ashleigh R Sharman, Henry M Marshall, Emily Stone, Joel J Rhee, Mei Ling Yap, Sue McCullough, Christine Paul, Jacqueline A Bowden, Billie Bonevski, Nicole M Rankin","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae215","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Lung cancer screening (LCS) trials, targeting people with a smoking history, have demonstrated reduced mortality. How to optimally embed evidence-based smoking cessation support in LCS, including in Australia, needs to be better understood. We sought experts' perspectives to identify potential barriers and effective implementation strategies.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>Perceptions of providing smoking cessation support in LCS were elicited in 24 focus groups and three individual interviews with clinicians, cancer screening program managers/policymakers, and researchers during 2021. We conducted framework analysis and mapped key topics to the updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Experts (N = 84 participants) strongly supported capitalizing on an \"opportune time\" for smoking cessation and new LCS participant contact opportunities throughout the screening and assessment pathway. Many advocated for adapting existing cessation resources to the LCS setting and providing support without participant costs. Experts generally considered referral alone to established programs (eg, telephone Quitline) as insufficient, but likely helpful in follow-up, and dedicated cessation specialist roles as essential. Broader cessation messaging (via mass media/community channels) was also suggested to reinforce individualized support. Experts described inherent alignment, and an ethical responsibility, to deliver smoking cessation as a core LCS component. It was suggested that LCS-eligible participants' varied experiences of stigma, health literacy, and motivation, be considered in cessation support. Primary care support and individualized interventions were suggested to facilitate implementation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Experts considered smoking cessation support essential in LCS. The expert-identified and multi-level implementation strategies described here can directly inform smoking cessation-specific planning for Australia's forthcoming National LCS Program.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>The international literature includes few examples considering how best to provide smoking cessation support within a LCS program in advance of program commencement. Our analysis, using the updated CFIR, is one of the first to explore experts' perspectives within this context. Experts identified multiple implementation barriers to providing smoking cessation support within and outside of an Australian LCS program, including key work infrastructure barriers, and advocated for providing tailored interventions within this program. Our foundational work in a new targeted screening program's preimplementation phase will allow international comparisons to be made.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"387-397"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11847784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142146068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: What is the Relationship Between Raising the Minimum Legal Sales Age of Tobacco Above 20 and Cigarette Smoking? A Systematic Review.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae239","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae239","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"571"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11847769/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 90-Day Subchronic Exposure to Heated Tobacco Product Aerosol Caused Differences in Intestinal Inflammation and Microbiome Dysregulation in Rats.","authors":"Yushan Tian, Jiale Cheng, Yanan Yang, Hongjuan Wang, Yaning Fu, Xianmei Li, Wenming Wang, Shuhao Ma, Xiaoxiao Xu, Fengjun Lu, Pengxia Feng, Shulei Han, Huan Chen, Hongwei Hou, Qingyuan Hu, Chongming Wu","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae179","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Smoking is one of the most important predisposing factors of intestinal inflammatory diseases. Heated tobacco product (HTP) is a novel tobacco category that is claimed to deliver reduced chemicals to humans those reported in combustible cigarette smoke (CS). However, the effect of HTP on the intestine is still unknown.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>Our study aims to explore the potential effects of HTP on intestine. In the framework of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines 413 guidelines, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to HTP aerosol and CS for 13 weeks. The atmosphere was characterized and oxidative stress and inflammation of the intestine were investigated after exposure. Furthermore, the feces we performed with 16S sequencing and metabolomics analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HTP aerosol and CS led to obvious intestinal damage evidenced by increased intestinal proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in male and female rats After HTP and CS exposure, the abundance that obviously changed were Lactobacillus and Turiciacter in male rats and Lactobacillus and Prevotella in female rats. HTP mainly induces the metabolism of amino acids and fatty acyls such as short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan, while CS is involved in the main metabolism of bile acids, especially indole and derivatives. Although different metabolic pathways in the gut are mediated by HTP and CS, both inflammation and oxidative stress were ultimately induced.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HTP aerosol and CS-induced intestinal damage are mediated by different gut microbiota and metabolites, while both lead to inflammation and oxidative stress.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>The concentration of various harmful components in heated tobacco product aerosol is reported lower than that of traditional cigarette smoke, however, its health risk impact on consumers remains to be studied. Our research findings indicate that heated tobacco products and cigarette smoke inhalation induced intestinal damage through different metabolic pathways mediated by the gut microbiome, indicating the health risk of heated tobacco products in the intestine.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"438-446"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141724100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"It's changed my life. I'm not smoking anymore. I don't want to smoke anymore\": Exploring the Acceptability of Mailout Smoking Cessation Support for and by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People.","authors":"Kade Booth, Kayden Roberts-Barker Wiradjuri, Joley Foster Worimi, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Raglan Maddox Bagumani, Billie Bonevski, Catherine Chamberlain Palawa, Kerindy Clarke Worimi/Gamilaroi, Catherine Segan, Michelle Kennedy Wiradjuri","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae065","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people want to quit smoking. There is global evidence of combination nicotine replacement therapy (c-NRT) alongside behavioral support as a best practice approach to smoking cessation care. However, there is limited adherence and acceptability research regarding NRT and behavioral supports for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Similarly, there is limited research on what is considered culturally appropriate and safe support for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to quit smoking.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>This Aboriginal-led qualitative study explored the acceptability of the Koori Quit Pack. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander participants shared their experiences of quitting with the mailout c-NRT program and behavioral cessation support through Yarning. Collaborative Yarning and reflexive thematic analysis was used to develop themes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are motivated to quit smoking and have accessed cessation supports from health professionals. However, the support(s) received are not always appropriate or culturally safe. The Koori Quit Pack was deemed acceptable and useful for smoking cessation. Having access to smoking cessation care and knowledge of c-NRT helped people quit smoking and support others to quit too.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A combination of NRT products alongside culturally responsive behavioral support(s), delivered through a mailout package was a beneficial strategy to help Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people quit smoking. National implementation of such a package could assist to accelerate reductions in tobacco use, helping meet national smoking reduction targets and improve health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Cessation supports offered to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are not always culturally safe or effectively delivered. The Koori Quit Pack provided Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with culturally safe smoking cessation support delivered for and by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, demonstrating mailout smoking cessation supports as acceptable and highly valued. Mailout support eliminates accessibility barriers to cessation care while providing tools and knowledge to quit can lead to smoke-free behaviors among individuals and communities. Country-wide availability of this program can accelerate reductions in tobacco use, helping meet national targets and improve health outcomes consistent with the National Tobacco Strategy and the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"398-407"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11847780/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140853620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Much Longer Will We Ignore Nondaily Cigarette Smoking?","authors":"Somy Hooshmand, Erik J Rodriquez, Eliseo J Pérez-Stable","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae226","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae226","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"558-560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142350932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Nicotine Doses and Administration Frequencies on Mouse Body Weight and Adipose Tissues.","authors":"Runwen Qin, Yi Zhang, Shihua Xu, Yingwu Mei, Ge Jin, Yang Mi, Haifeng Zhang","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae208","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study investigates the effects of varying nicotine doses and administration frequencies on mouse body weight, adipose tissues, and liver.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>Male C57BL6/J mice received subcutaneous nicotine doses (0.5, 1, or 2 mg/kg) once daily (qd), twice daily (bid), or four times daily (qid) for 4 weeks. Body weight, inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT) weight and size, and UCP1 expression were assessed, along with liver fat deposition and morphology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nicotine administration reduced body weight and decreased the weight and size of iWAT and eWAT compared to controls. The frequency of nicotine administration had a more significant impact on body weight and fat tissues than the dosage itself, with 2 mg/kg bid being optimal for weight reduction. Nicotine increased BAT cell numbers and amplified UCP1 expression in iWAT and BAT. It had minor effects on eWAT UCP1 expression and no substantial impact on liver fat deposition or morphology, except for a reduction in liver weight with doses exceeding 4 mg/kg.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nicotine-induced weight reduction is frequency-dependent, with 2 mg/kg bid being the optimal regimen. The mechanisms may include reductions in iWAT and eWAT weights and cell sizes, induction of browning in iWAT, increased BAT quantity and UCP1 expression, and heightened energy expenditure in iWAT and BAT. Nicotine's ability to induce eWAT browning is relatively weak, indicating diverse mechanisms of action across different adipose tissue types. These findings provide a foundation for further exploration of nicotine's multifaceted functions and underlying mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>This study examines how different nicotine doses and administration frequencies affect mouse body weight and adipose tissues. It finds that administering nicotine bid (twice daily) at 2 mg/kg leads to optimal weight reduction. Nicotine induces browning in white adipose tissue, increases BAT quantity and UCP1 expression, and affects energy expenditure. The findings underscore nicotine's nuanced effects across different adipose tissue types and lay the groundwork for further exploration of its mechanisms and therapeutic potential in weight management.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"484-493"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142133366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electronic Nicotine Delivery Devices Function as a Complement for Cigarillos in Sexual and Gender Minority Young Adult Women.","authors":"Amanda J Quisenberry, Catherine C Osborn, Stephanie Pike Moore, Liane Schneller, Lovina John, Elizabeth G Klein, Erika Trapl","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae197","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cigarillos are the second most used tobacco product among younger populations. The highest prevalence of the use of cigars is among sexual and gender minority (SGM) women. Policy interventions like flavor bans and the availability of alternative tobacco products may have a disparate effect.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>The current study utilized an online store analog, The experimental tobacco marketplace, to investigate the effects of cigarillo and electronic nicotine delivery devices (ENDS) flavor bans on tobacco product purchasing. SGM (n = 72) and cisgender heterosexual (CisHet; n = 46) women viewed conditions in which cigarillo flavors were available or unavailable and ENDS flavors available or unavailable and the interaction between the two. Mixed models were conducted on each dependent variable with condition, price, and SGM identity as predictors and nicotine dependence, annual income, and race/ethnicity as covariates. Simple linear regressions were performed to determine the substitution profile for each tobacco product. Condition showed no effect.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found a main effect of price on cigarillo purchasing and a main effect of SGM identity in which SGM women purchased more ENDS than CisHet women. A complementary association between cigarillos and ENDS in which ENDS purchasing decreased as cigarillo purchasing decreased was found. This association was irrespective of flavor ban conditions and among SGM women only.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results suggest that flavor availability of cigarillos and ENDS may not influence women who use cigarillos to move to another tobacco product and that women SGM cigarillo users are not likely to substitute their cigarillo smoking behavior with ENDS.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>The results of this study suggest that SGM women are not likely to quit using cigarillos if flavors are removed from the market and instead will use unflavored products. Substituting their cigarillo use with ENDS does not appear likely given the complementary relation found between cigarillos and ENDS. The substitution patterns found for cigarettes and ENDS are not found for cigarillos and ENDS among young adult women who use cigarillos, further demonstrating the need for research on the conditions in which people who use cigarillos will decrease consumption or switch to a potentially less harmful product.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"494-501"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11847776/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142004827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}