Nicotine & Tobacco Research最新文献

{"title":"Cigarette Affordability and Consumption in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2010-2023: Implications for Tobacco Tax Policy.","authors":"Dragan Gligorić, Zoran Borović, Nikola Vidović, Vladana Ritan","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntag212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntag212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tobacco taxation effectively reduces cigarette consumption, but its success depends on whether price increases outpace income growth. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, rising incomes and stagnating excise taxes after 2019 have increased cigarette affordability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using quarterly data from 2010 to 2023, an error correction model estimated with instrumental variables exploiting policy-driven variation in tobacco excise taxes was applied to estimate (1) separate price and income elasticities and (2) affordability elasticity using the relative income price. The affordability-framework restriction (that price and income elasticities are equal in magnitude) was also tested, and policy simulations were conducted to estimate the tax increases needed to reduce consumption by 10%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Long-run price, income, and affordability elasticities were -0.965 ($p<0.001$), 0.752 ($p<0.001$), and -1.065 ($p<0.001$), respectively. The restriction of equal price and income effects was not rejected in the baseline model ($p=0.231$), but was rejected when controlling for a 2016 advertising ban ($p=0.019$). To achieve a 10% reduction in consumption under 1.37% annual income growth, required price increases were 11.43% (unrestricted model) versus 10.76% (affordability model), requiring specific excise tax increases of 40.83% and 33.53%, and raising excise revenues by 31.48% and 23.53%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Affordability elasticity provides a practical basis for policy, but should complement-rather than replace-unrestricted price-income models. Policymakers should implement substantial excise hikes and index tax adjustments to inflation and income growth to sustainably curb consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148990945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tobacco Industry corporate social responsibility activities in Poland in the years 2019-2024.","authors":"Paulina Dera, Maria Banach, Jakub Majchrzak, Krzysztof Bartosz Klimiuk, Mark Parascandola, Olga Kalinowska-Beszczyńska, Łukasz Balwicki","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntag213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntag213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The tobacco industry frequently uses corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities to build relationships with stakeholders and maintain its legitimacy despite the health harms caused by its products. In Poland, where direct tobacco advertising is prohibited, CSR may serve as an indirect mechanism of industry influence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a comprehensive review of publicly available information on CSR-related activities by the four largest tobacco companies in Poland (Philip Morris Polska, British American Tobacco Polska, Japan Tobacco International Polska, Imperial Tobacco Polska) from late 2019 through 2024. Sources included legal documents, government and local government websites, media reports, and the companies' social media, following a protocol aligned with the 6th recommendation of the Guidelines for Implementation of Article 5.3 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified four major categories of tobacco industry CSR activities: partnerships with educational institutions, cooperation with public institutions and government agencies, charitable initiatives, and engagement in policy and legislative processes. Across these categories, tobacco companies built relationships with public institutions and policymakers while presenting their activities as socially beneficial. Collectively, these activities extended beyond philanthropy, strengthening the industry's legitimacy despite restrictions on direct tobacco advertising.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings suggest that tobacco industry CSR in Poland functions as a broader mechanism of influence rather than solely as a philanthropic activity. Strengthening the implementation of WHO FCTC Article 5.3, increasing awareness among public institutions, and ensuring greater transparency in interactions with the tobacco industry are essential to protect public health policymaking.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148977425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A qualitative assessment of oral nicotine pouch use topography.","authors":"Patrick M Tomko, Hayley Curran, Joanne G Patterson, Alysha C Ennis, Kelsea F Cooper, Emma Jankowski, Leanne Atkinson, Sriya Suraapaneni, Marielle C Brinkman, Brittney Keller-Hamilton","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntag211","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntag211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Oral nicotine pouch (ONP) sales are growing in the U.S., yet little is known about how they are used (e.g., use topography). To inform assessments of ONPs' abuse liability, toxicity, and health effects, we examined typical ONP use behaviors and topographies among adults who use ONPs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted 16 virtual focus groups (2-9 participants each) with 44 adults who reported using ONPs at least some days per week: 16 adults with no history of cigarette smoking or smokeless tobacco (SLT) use and 28 adults with a history of cigarette smoking or SLT use. Participants completed an online survey and semi-structured focus group interview. Quantitative data were summarized descriptively, and qualitative transcripts underwent thematic analysis with a comparative approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants were 33 (SD=11) years old on average, had used ONPs for 1.7 (SD=1.5) years on average, 18% were women, and 82% used ONPs daily. Topography behaviors varied, with participants describing differing preferences for upper versus lower lip placement, frequent ONP movement around the mouth versus static \"parking,\" use of multiple ONPs simultaneously, and consecutive ONP additions without removal, i.e., \"stacking.\" Participants described strategies to titrate nicotine delivery through placement techniques, use duration, and stacking.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ONP use patterns vary among established users. Future evaluations of abuse liability, toxicity, and health effects should consider effects across different use topographies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148970336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors influencing engagement in smoking cessation for adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.","authors":"Sean Regnier, Haley S McManus, Martha Tillson, Hilary L Surratt, Hannah K Knudsen, Jennifer W Tidey, William W Stoops","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntag198","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntag198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) may experience tobacco use patterns that place them at elevated risk for nicotine dependence. However, there are few available interventions tailored for people with IDD, suggesting people with IDD may rely on approaches developed for people without disabilities. The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing engagement in tobacco treatment among adults with IDD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders (n = 39) were conducted, including adults with IDD who currently smoked cigarettes (n = 10), adults with IDD that had quit or reduced smoking (n = 9), disability service providers (n = 12), and tobacco treatment providers (n = 8). Codes were categorized based as individual, social, and structural factors influencing engagement in treatment. A hybrid inductive/deductive coding process was used: deductively structured using the Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model framework and inductively coded by the first two authors using participant responses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On the individual level, smoking to cope with stress and manage withdrawal were commonly reported by participants with IDD, while concerns over difficulties with comprehension of treatment components were reported by providers. Exposure to peer and provider cigarette smoking was a common social-level barrier reported by all participant groups. On the structural level, financial and transportation barriers were most commonly reported.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Understanding factors that impact smoking cessation treatment engagement can guide intervention development for adults with IDD. Person centered treatments should include coping-skills training, withdrawal management, and be developed including accessible, tailored materials. Future studies should evaluate these methods among people with IDD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148945486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global trends of menthol cigarette use among people who smoke in 25 countries of the International Tobacco Control Project, 2005-2023.","authors":"Janet Chung-Hall, Geoffrey T Fong, Gang Meng, Lorraine V Craig, For The Itc Project Collaborators","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntag177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntag177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>We examine menthol market share among adults who smoke cigarettes in 25 countries, comparing trends in four countries that banned menthol cigarettes versus 21 non-ban countries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from International Tobacco Control Surveys between 2005-23 in 25 countries (adults smoking menthol: N = 21 512; non-menthol: N = 125 214) were analyzed with logistic regression with generalized estimating equations (GEE) to estimate menthol market share (the percentage of smoking population using menthol cigarettes) and temporal trends. A GEE controlling for secular time trend estimated pre- and post-ban differences in menthol share in menthol-ban countries. Two-level models (country, individual) estimated the overall country-level average and linear time trends for non-ban countries. All models controlled for sex, age group, daily versus non-daily smoking, and time-in-sample.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At most recent survey, menthol share was highest in Zambia (2014 = 41.3%) and lowest in Spain (2021 = 0.6%), and menthol share was lower in menthol-ban versus non-ban countries (2.8% vs. 11.0%, P = .02). In pre-post analyses, menthol share decreased in all four menthol-ban countries (Canada: 7.3% [2010-16] to 4.1% [2018-22], P < .001; United Kingdom/England: 11.8% [2010-20] to 8.0% [2022], P < .001; Netherlands: 7.4% [2015-20] to 4.5% [2020-22], P < .001; and Spain: 0.9% [2016-18] to 0.5% [2021], P = .03). Among the 21 non-ban countries, menthol share increased in Zambia: 25.8% [2012] to 42.0% [2014], P < .001; China: 0.9% [2006] to 18.7% (2013-15), P < .001; Republic of Korea: 17.5% [2016] to 28.1% [2023], P = .002; and Mexico: 3.7% [2006] to 14.5% [2014-15], P < .001), and no significant declining trends were observed in 17 countries.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Banning the sale of menthol cigarettes is associated with a reduced menthol market share.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Findings from this study-the most comprehensive multi-country analysis of menthol cigarette market share to date-suggest that menthol cigarette bans are associated with reductions in menthol cigarette share. While menthol share did not decline to zero, all four countries that implemented menthol bans had significantly lower menthol share after the ban. In contrast, among the 21 countries without menthol bans, menthol share increased significantly in four countries and showed no significant declines in the remaining 17 countries over the available survey periods. These findings are consistent with previous studies linking menthol cigarette bans to reduced smoking cessation and increased cessation among people who smoke menthol cigarettes. Together, these findings provide international evidence that may inform countries considering the implementation of menthol cigarette bans, particularly those with a high smoking prevalence.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148930331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stigma and identity in nicotine and tobacco treatment and research.","authors":"Kylie Morphett","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntag210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntag210","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148920652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustained Smoking Abstinence Following Psychiatric Hospitalization is Associated with Substantial Decreases in Depression and Anxiety Symptoms.","authors":"Richard A Brown, Haruka Minami, Jason D Shumake, Nancy A Rigotti, R N Jacki Hecht, Lawrence H Price, Christopher W Kahler, Douglas E Levy, Kelly M Carpenter, Julie Farrington, Jasper A J Smits","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntag208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntag208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Individuals with psychiatric disorders experience substantial tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. Concerns persist that smoking cessation may exacerbate depression and anxiety, potentially limiting treatment efforts in psychiatric settings. This study examined whether sustained smoking abstinence following psychiatric hospitalization is associated with changes in depressive and anxiety symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This secondary analysis used data from the Helping HAND 3 RCT of a smoking cessation intervention among psychiatric inpatients. Participants (N=224) with elevated baseline depression and/or anxiety symptoms on the PROMIS Depression and Anxiety Short Forms 8a were assessed at 1-, 3-, and 6-months post-discharge. Self-reported continuous abstinence (vs. continuous smoking) was examined as a predictor of depressive and anxiety symptoms using linear mixed models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Continuous abstinence was associated with significant reductions in depressive (β = -3.88, 95% CI: -7.29, -0.47, p = .026) and anxiety symptoms (β = -5.06, 95% CI: -8.11, -2.02, p = .001) across follow-up. Significant abstinence-by-time interactions indicated that longer durations of abstinence were associated with greater symptom improvements. At 6 months, abstinence, compared to continued smoking, was associated with large reductions in depression (Cohen's d = 1.10) and anxiety (Cohen's d = 1.21). Participants who remained abstinent improved from markedly elevated baseline symptom levels to near population norms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sustained smoking abstinence following psychiatric hospitalization is associated with substantial improvements in depression and anxiety. These findings challenge concerns that tobacco cessation worsens psychiatric symptoms and suggest that integrating evidence-based cessation interventions into routine psychiatric care could improve overall treatment outcomes without compromising symptom stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148912575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying key beliefs for anti-disinformation messaging for Black adults about proposed US bans on menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars.","authors":"Ollie Ganz, Kymberle L Sterling, Charity Ntansah, Marisa Tomaino, Olivia A Wackowski, Aila Altunbilek, Jeannie Garmon, Amanda Johnson, Craig S Fryer, Andrea C Villanti","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntag185","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntag185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The goal of this study was to identify knowledge and beliefs held by Black adults that are associated with strongly favoring proposed menthol cigarette and flavored cigar bans in the United States.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eight hundred twenty-three US non-Hispanic Black adults (aged 18+) were surveyed in June 2024 through a nationally representative panel, oversampling people who currently smoke cigarettes. Participants completed items related to beliefs about and support for menthol cigarette and flavored cigar bans. Weighted bivariate analyses followed Hornik's approach to message planning strategies, assessing the proportion of participants holding each belief, the relationship between each belief and policy support, and \"percentage to gain\" (ie, intention to support the bans if a perfectly effective campaign moved everyone to strongly agree with a belief).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Approximately 40% of respondents strongly favored menthol cigarette and flavored cigar bans. Seven beliefs had the largest potential percentage to gain (>30%) for building policy support, pertaining to: focus of the proposed policies on tobacco companies and retailers versus individuals, positive impacts of the proposed bans, addressing concerns that bans would do more harm than good in Black communities, and adult choice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings support the opportunity to develop messages for Black adults on potential positive impacts of menthol cigarette and flavored cigar bans, which in turn may impact policy support. Findings also highlight the need to address disinformation regarding the impact of these policies on Black individuals rather than on the manufacture, distribution, and sales of menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>This study identified several beliefs that have the potential to influence policy support for bans on menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars. Findings from this study support the opportunity to message to Black adults on potential positive impacts of menthol cigarette and flavored cigar bans and to correct misperceptions about the bans, and that changing these beliefs may impact support for these policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13617659/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148920614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ZYN's Continuity Program Promoted on Social Media Sources from 2020-2025.","authors":"Page D Dobbs, Lauren Czaplicki, Rae-Anne Serville, Paula Hayek, Abbie Walls, Robert Jackler, Lisa Henriksen","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntag207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntag207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Continuity programs are a marketing strategy that use proof-of-purchase to redeem points that can be exchanged for prizes. Tobacco companies that sell nicotine pouches use continuity programs to promote their products, including the brand leader, ZYN (Philip Morris International). The purpose of this study was to characterize social media advertisements about ZYN's continuity program.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Social media advertisements about 'ZYN Rewards' (n=55) posted between 2020-2025 were accessed via Stanford's Research into the Impact of Tobacco Advertising (SRITA) website and ZYN's Facebook and Instagram accounts. Following codebook development and establishing coder reliability, three independent coders annotated advertisements for features, including continuity programs, product features (flavor, nicotine strength), warnings, and other visual cues (e.g., presence of alcohol).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among advertisements in our sample, 87.3% displayed prizes, which were categorized into technology (36.4%; e.g., Apple products, camera) and adventurer items (32.7%; e.g., coolers, tents, grills). A quarter of the prizes included the ZYN branded logo, including clothing (14.5%). Advertisements often (92.7%) included a nicotine addiction warning label, and 89.1% mentioned the minimum legal sales age for sale and participation in the continuity program. Nicotine strengths were displayed in 21.8% of the advertisements. Flavors were displayed (36.4%), with cool mint (10.9%) and wintergreen (9.1%) portrayed most often.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nicotine pouch continuity programs promote prizes that resemble those once used for cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products. As the tobacco industry recycles past marketing strategies to promote emerging nicotine products, researchers and policymakers should monitor appeal among young populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148906635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Harm Reduction to Youth Appeal: A Content Analysis of Nicotine Pouch Marketing by UK Online Retailers.","authors":"Aleksandr Ignatev, Dimitra Kale, Haoxiong Sun, Sarah E Jackson, Jamie Brown, Vera H Buss","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntag204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntag204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Nicotine pouches are relatively new on the UK market. Although prevalence remains relatively low overall in the UK, nicotine pouch use is growing rapidly, especially in young men. This study analysed the content of retailer websites selling nicotine pouches in the UK.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixteen UK-based nicotine pouch retailer websites were identified through a structured Google search plus manual search of the most popular brands in the UK in November 2024. A content analysis was performed by reviewing each site for pricing, product features, flavours, age verification, social media, and six predefined themes (i.e., 'Health benefits', 'Cessation claims', 'Environmental advantages', 'Cost savings', 'Other product benefits', and 'Health/Addiction warnings').</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nicotine pouches were widely described as 'affordable' and 'ready to use', with entry-level pricing as low as £1 per can. Most flavour descriptors were classified as 'sweet', particularly fruit flavours. Many retailers offered promotions, such as student discounts. The websites often linked to social media platforms. Most websites emphasised convenience and ease of use and included content about health benefits compared to other nicotine products, particularly cigarettes, and around half linked to smoking cessation. Only half displayed age verification prompts. Most had addiction warnings, but these varied in prominence and clarity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Retailer websites market nicotine pouches by highlighting affordability, convenience, and sweet flavours. These may appeal both to people who want to quit smoking and younger nicotine-naïve audiences. While these products are likely less harmful for adults who smoke, promotional messaging risks normalising nicotine use among youth.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148906543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}